Attitude theories
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This document discusses different theories of attitudes. It defines an attitude as an evaluative statement indicating one's feelings toward people, objects, events, or situations. It then outlines three major attitude theories: balance theory, which involves how a person relates to others and objects; congruity theory, which is based on how consistently a person holds attitudes; and cognitive dissonance theory, which examines the link between attitudes and behaviors and proposes that people seek to reduce inconsistencies between their actions and beliefs.
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This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal morals. The three structures are often in conflict, creating anxiety, which the ego defends against using mechanisms like repression, rationalization, and displacement. Defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
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Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to understand their environment. It involves receiving stimuli, selecting necessary stimuli for further processing based on internal and external factors, organizing the information into meaningful groups, interpreting and giving meaning to the organized stimuli, checking if the interpretation is correct, and reacting favorably or unfavorably to the perception. Perception is influenced by factors like perceptual set, attribution, stereotyping, halo effect, projection, and perceptual defense. It is a complex process that allows individuals to understand their surroundings.
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This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
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Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory suggests people are motivated to resolve inconsistencies among their cognitions to achieve harmony. When cognitions clash, dissonance occurs and people are driven to reduce or eliminate it through various methods like changing attitudes, acquiring new information, or justifying behaviors. Common ways dissonance is reduced include forced compliance, effort justification, and rationalizing decisions. Understanding cognitive dissonance provides insights into motivation, persuasion, consumer behavior, and promoting healthy choices.
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Attitudes are learned dispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably to an object and are formed through personal experience, needs, group associations, and exposure to media. Attitudes have direction, intensity, structure and consistency, and are influenced by theories like congruity, balance, and cognitive dissonance. New models of attitude include the tri-component model examining cognitive, affective, and connotive components, and multivariate models looking at objects, behaviors, reasoned action, and consumption. The relationship between attitude and behavior can be impacted by circumstances, time gaps, stability, situations, attitude strength, accuracy, and attitude conflicts.
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This document discusses attitudes, how they are formed and changed. It begins with an overview of key topics such as the definition of attitudes, their structure and functions. Attitudes are formed through both cognition (thinking) and affect (emotion). The cognitive response model and theory of reasoned action are presented as ways attitudes are formed through thinking. Emotional appeals and fear appeals can also shape attitudes. To change attitudes, one must target the underlying beliefs, evaluations, norms or emotions. Changing conditions and consequences of behaviors as well as using positive persuasion can help modify attitudes. Maintaining an optimistic, open-minded outlook and thinking independently also supports developing constructive attitudes.
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This document discusses attitudes, their components, and theories of attitude formation. It provides an overview of attitudes as basic expressions of likes and dislikes that are based on social information. It then outlines three main components of attitudes and four theories of attitude formation: learning theory, consistency theory, cognitive disconsistency theory, and social comparison. The document also discusses factors that influence attitude formation such as media, friends, religion, experiences, and teachers. Finally, it addresses the link between attitudes and behaviors.
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This document discusses methods for measuring attitudes through scales. It defines attitude and describes the characteristics and assumptions related to measuring attitudes. Two major methods are described: Thurstone's equal-appearing intervals method and Likert's method of summated ratings. Both methods involve collecting statements, sorting them, selecting statements for the final scale, and determining reliability and validity. The document also discusses analyzing and interpreting attitude scale data and limitations in measuring attitudes.
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Determinants of Personality
Genetic, physical, and environmental factors all influence personality development. Genetics determine traits like intelligence levels and temperament inherited from parents. The brain and nervous system also affect personality. Physical attributes and health can impact how one interacts with others. The geographical environment and culture one is raised in shape ideas and attitudes through transmission of values, beliefs, and social norms. Family relationships and socioeconomic status additionally mold personality in a person's formative years. While heredity provides potentials, the complex interplay between nature and nurture ultimately forms a unique and evolving personality pattern for each individual.
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This document summarizes several theories of motivation. It discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, Alderfer's ERG theory, Vroom's expectancy theory, Porter and Lawler's model, equity theory, attribution theory, and goal setting theory as ways to understand what motivates individual and workplace behavior. It also covers how motivation relates to job design and performance management in organizations.
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If you cannot change attitude, then change behavior ?
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Applebaum: Themes in phenomenological psychological research
Description of Event (150 words maximum): Descriptive phenomenology is a well-established approach to qualitative research in which the researcher develops the ability to carefully analyze participants’ descriptions of their experiences. Researchers learn to attend carefully to interview data, setting aside their preconceptions about participants’ experiences, and deepening their own ability to empathically listen and discover essential psychological meanings. This presentation accompanied a 2-day overview of the method and discussion of its applications. Students were introduced to the descriptive phenomenological method, which Giorgi, Wertz, Halling, and Englander have applied to a range of important psychological themes.
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Human psychology can be summarized as follows:
1. Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior, studying both conscious and unconscious phenomena as well as feelings and thoughts. It aims to understand individuals and groups to establish general principles.
2. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning "study of the soul". It refers to the academic study of mental processes and behavior.
3. Key areas of psychology include biological psychology which studies the biological bases of behavior; cognitive psychology which examines mental processes; developmental psychology which focuses on changes across the lifespan; and personality psychology which analyzes enduring patterns of thought and behavior.
สัปดาห์ที่ 17 แนวคิด พัฒนาการ
The document discusses several key concepts in sociological theory, including:
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2) Phenomenology, which studies conscious experience and how individuals construct the social world, influencing sociologists like Alfred Schutz.
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MGMT341 Organizational and Industrial PsychologyGroup A – at l.docx
MGMT341 Organizational and Industrial Psychology
Group A – at least 350 words each
1. How do motivation psychologists equivocate?
2. How can behaviorism be said to be an inconsistent psychology?
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4. Why have industrial psychologists been called the ‘servants of power’?
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5. Existentialism in workplace
6. The crises of adult life
7. The consequences of scientific psychology
8. Connection between Existentialism and psychology
Topic 7 – Group dynamics
MGMT341 – Industrial and Organizational Psychology
1
1
Summary of Topic 6
If psychology wants to be scientific, it must study entities that are observable
Concepts like ‘psyche’, ‘personality’, ‘mind’ or ‘self’ are ruled out from the onset
Two alternatives present themselves
Studying society instead of personality: psychologists have to become sociologists
Studying behaviour, without references to internal and unobservable causes, structures, states or events: psychologists have to become behaviourists
Anyone committed to personal responsibility will find either option unattractive, for both lead to considering human beings as products of their past and present environment, automatas unable to make choices
2
Social psychology
Another option must be sought after: rather than trying to study personality or society separately, one can study the relationship between the two
Many of the words used to make sense of human existence are relational words: power, authority, obedience, conformity, parent, husband, wife, teacher, student
This is the option favoured by those authors known as social psychologists
Important names: Lewin, Asch and Milgram in industrial psychology (this topic), Szasz in psychiatry (topic 9)
3
Topic 7: Agenda
The Hawthorne Studies
Gestalt theory
Force field analysis
Asch’s and Milgram’s experiments
Experimenting and deceiving
4
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The Hawthorne Studies
In 1924, members of the US National Academy of Science started a series of experiments at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric
In the spirit of Taylor, their intention was to study the effect of working conditions (notably lighting, working hours, rests and pay) on productivity
The experimental findings were unexpected and seemingly incomprehensible
Productivity increased whatever experimenters did, even under adverse working conditions
Monetary incentives had seemingly very little effect
The studies were abandoned, then resumed and continued until 1932 under the supervision of Elton Mayo of Harvard Business School
Video here
5
5
Interpreting the Hawthorne Studies
If managers welcomed the findings for obvious reasons (higher wages do not lead to higher productivity), psychologists were left puzzled
Mayo’s proposed answer (widely accepted to this day) was one made on social psychological lines
Social norms, group standards and shared beliefs more strongly influence individual output and work behavior t ...
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This document discusses several key topics in philosophy including:
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2. Perception and reality are different - perception is how we understand and interpret something through our senses, while reality is how things actually exist regardless of perception.
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Max Wertheimer was a pioneering Gestalt psychologist born in 1880 in Prague. He studied psychology and received his doctorate in 1905. From 1910-1914, he worked with Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka to develop the fundamental concepts of Gestalt theory through experiments testing their ideas. He later served as a professor of psychology in Frankfurt from 1929-1933 before immigrating to the United States in 1933. There, he joined the faculty at the New School for Social Research in New York City, where he remained for ten years until his death in 1943 working to complete his research on "productive thinking".
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Revenue collection :
Taxation-most equitable system of financing
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Attitude theories
- 2. ATTITUDE : Attitudes are evaluative statements indicating one’s feeling either favorably or unfavorably towards persons , objects , events or situations Attitude is very complex cognitive process just like personality of an individual.
- 3. ATTITUDE THEORIES : Balance Theory Congruity theory Cognitive dissonance theory
- 4. Balance Theory (Fritz Heider 1958) : The “granddaddy” of all consistency theories The most basic, simple model Involves three cognitive elements, P,O,X: P: Person (perceiver, self) O: Other person X: Attitude object (thing, event, action)
- 5. Congruity Theory (Osgood, Tannenbaum, & Suci, 1957) The theory is based upon the “semantic differential” scale Congruity exists when a person holds identical attitudes toward a source and a topic or issue. When two or more attitudes are linked by an assertion there is a tendency for both attitudes to change
- 6. Cognitive Dissonance Theory( Leon Festinger ) This theory sought to explain the linkage between attitudes and behavior. Leon Festinger recognized this issue and formulated the theory of Cognitive Dissonance based on the fact that humans are sensitive to inconsistencies between action and belief.
- 7. Thanq…