Focused Attention
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The document discusses early theories of focused attention, including Broadbent's filter model where a filter blocks some information, Treisman's attenuator model where information is attenuated but not blocked, and Deutsch and Deutsch's late selection pertinence model where all information is processed and selection occurs later based on relevance. Later research found issues with assuming a single channel and supported models with multiple stages of processing to avoid overloading limited capacity.
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Attention is the concentration of mental energy required to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Preconscious attention can be seen through priming effects, tip-of-the-tongue experiences, automatization through practice, and habituation to repeated stimuli. Divided attention research shows that the number of tasks one can perform simultaneously improves with practice and is not fixed, and dual task experiments reveal delays in responding to the second task, known as the psychological refractory period effect. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Attention and Consciousness
Attention is the concentration of mental energy needed to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Examples of preconscious attention include priming effects and automatic habituation to repeated stimuli. Conscious attention allows us to selectively focus on specific information and divide our attention between multiple tasks, though the ability to divide attention is limited. Disorders of attention like ADHD are characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Atencion-Capitulo-3.ppt
Attention is the concentration of mental energy needed to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Examples of preconscious attention include priming effects, tip-of-the-tongue experiences, and automatization from repeated exposure or habituation to stimuli. With practice, attention becomes more automatic through habituation and less mental effort is required for certain tasks. Divided attention research shows that humans can perform multiple tasks simultaneously but performance suffers when tasks make competing demands on our limited attentional resources.
SELECTIVE ATTENTION.pptx
This document discusses selective attention and models of attention. It defines selective attention as focusing on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli. Two types of selective attention are visual and auditory attention. Models of selective attention discussed include the spotlight model, zoom-lens model, Broadbent's filter model, and Treisman's attenuation model. Broadbent's model proposed stimuli are filtered based on physical characteristics, while Treisman's model proposed unattended stimuli are attenuated, not eliminated. Experiments using dichotic listening tasks provided evidence unattended messages can still be processed for meaning.
Attention Basics
این ارائه در کارگاه توانبخشی توجه از سری کارگاه های آخر هفته های شناختی توسط دکتر مهدی علیزاده تدریس شده است. برای مشاهده دیگر ارائه ها، به وب سایت فروردین به آدرس زیر مراجعه کنید:
www.farvardin-group.com
Memory psychology
Short term memory can last between 2-30 seconds, while long term memory has no duration limit. Mnemonic techniques like acronyms, rhymes, and the method of loci can improve memory by organizing information in verbal or visual ways. Organization helps memory by creating links between pieces of information.
14297421661257090778
The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory consists of three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information is transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory through attention and rehearsal. It then passes to long-term memory through further rehearsal, where it is stored more permanently. Research provides support for distinguishing between the stores but also suggests the model is an oversimplification.
Chapter5
This chapter discusses models and research methods related to memory. It describes the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval in memory. It also discusses different types of memory tests like recall and recognition tasks. The chapter reviews research on sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also summarizes several influential models of memory including Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model, Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model, Baddeley's working memory model, and Tulving's multiple memory systems model.
Chapter5
This chapter discusses models and research methods related to memory. It describes the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval in memory. It also discusses different types of memory tests like recall and recognition tasks. The chapter reviews research on sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also summarizes several influential models of memory including Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model, Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model, Baddeley's working memory model, and Tulving's multiple memory systems model.
Chapter5
This chapter discusses models and research methods related to memory. It covers the main processes involved in memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It also describes different types of memory tests like recall and recognition tasks. Several influential models of memory are introduced, such as the multi-store model, levels of processing model, working memory model, and multiple memory systems model. Key research on sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, and amnesia is summarized.
Atkinson & Shiffrin's Multi-Store Model of Memory
The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory consists of three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory lasts 1-2 seconds and information is either transferred to short-term memory or lost. Short-term memory can hold 7 pieces of information for about 30 seconds before it is transferred to long-term memory. Long-term memory stores information indefinitely. The model explains how information moves through these stages but is criticized for being too simplistic and not explaining how memory affects behavior.
Learning objectives By the end of this presentation you will be.docx
Learning objectives: By the end of this presentation you will be able to…
compare feature to conjunctive searches and the typical outcomes of these visual search tasks
describe stages of Treisman’s feature integration theory and interpret outcomes of visual search tasks in terms of the theory; define “binding.”
define inattention blindness, describe three forms of it, and interpret inattention blindness in terms of feature integration theory.
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
I. Visual Search Tasks
A. Feature search
find the target by looking for a single feature.
what is the effect of increasing the number of other objects and what does this mean?
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
I. Visual Search Tasks
A. Feature search
B. Conjunctive search
find the target that combines two or more features (e.g. color and orientation)
what is the effect of increasing the number of objects and what does this mean?
Find the Blue Letter
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Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
I. Visual Search Tasks
II. Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory
Steps in Treisman’s feature integration theory. Objects are analyzed into their features in the preattentive stage, and then the features are combined later with the aid of attention.
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
I. Visual Search Tasks
II. Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory
III. Inattention Blindness
A. Examples
Example 1
The next video is a test of the limits of your conscious attention. You’ll see people in white shirts passing a basketball along with people in black shirts passing a basketball. Pay close attention and see if you can keep track of how many passes are made by the white shirts.
How many times did the white shirts pass the ball?
Ans: 14
Oh, and Did You Happen to Notice the…
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
I. Visual Search Tasks
II. Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory
III. Inattention Blindness
A. Examples
Example 2: Change Blindness
Attention Binds: Inattention Blindness
I. Visual Search Tasks
II. Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory
III. Inattention Blindness
A. Examples
B. Explained
Attention Binds: Inattention Blind.
Short Term Memory Recall
The document discusses an experiment that aimed to analyze the effects of external auditory stimuli on short-term visual memory recall and retention, as well as the effects of age. It introduces short-term memory as the stage where information is temporarily stored for up to a few minutes unless rehearsed. The experiment tested participants' ability to recall visual stimuli with and without auditory stimuli and investigated the impact of age on short-term memory retention.
IB Psychology Paper 1 Cognitivel Level of Analysis
1. The document discusses various topics related to cognitive psychology and memory, including principles of cognition, memory models, factors affecting memory, reliability of memory, and technology used to study memory and language.
2. Memory is discussed in the context of the multi-store model and working memory model, which propose sensory, short-term, and long-term memory stores. Factors like biology, culture, and emotions can influence memory.
3. While memory of highly emotional events may be more detailed initially, flashbulb memories have been found to fade over time and become unreliable, containing biases and errors.
Psychology- Memory
1. The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory consists of three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
2. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, short-term memory can hold information for seconds to minutes, and long-term memory stores information indefinitely.
3. The working memory model updated the multi-store model by proposing two slave systems - the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad - that actively maintain information in short-term memory under the control of a central executive.
CHILDHOOD MENTAL DISORDERS - Unit 4
This document provides an overview of several models of information processing and memory. It discusses:
1) Waugh and Norman's model of primary and secondary memory, which distinguishes between a short-term primary memory system and a longer-term secondary memory system.
2) Atkinson and Shiffrin's stage model of memory, which describes memory as occurring in three stages - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves between these stages through rehearsal.
3) Levels of processing theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart, which suggests that how deeply information is processed (e.g. shallow sensory analysis vs. deeper semantic analysis) impacts how well it is remembered
Basic psychological processes memory
This document provides an overview of memory, including:
- Memory refers to the process of storing information that can later be retrieved. It has three main stages - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
- Short-term memory can only hold a small amount of information for a brief period of time (around 30 seconds), while long-term memory can store much larger amounts of information for the long run.
- Forgetting occurs due to factors like decay over time, interference from new information, and shallow levels of initial processing. Strategies to enhance memory include deep processing, minimizing interference, and using memory aids.
Similar to Focused Attention (20)
Learning objectives By the end of this presentation you will be.docx
Learning objectives By the end of this presentation you will be.docx
IB Psychology Paper 1 Cognitivel Level of Analysis
IB Psychology Paper 1 Cognitivel Level of Analysis
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One year -old infants follow others' voice direction
1) One-year-old infants can follow the direction of an unseen adult's voice to locate an object, demonstrating their ability to discern voice directionality without visual cues.
2) In a follow-up study, 16-month-olds continued to successfully locate objects based on voice direction even when the speaker was positioned opposite to the target, indicating they were following voice direction rather than just approaching the sound source.
3) While 12-month-olds also performed above chance overall, their ability was less robust, showing emerging but not fully developed skills in following voice direction. In contrast, chimpanzees did not demonstrate an ability to use voice direction to locate objects.
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2. Both CI and NH children showed similar lexical effects, with better word than pseudoword discrimination, suggesting similar influence of lexical knowledge on speech perception abilities.
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Perceptual Load
1) The document discusses the perceptual load theory of attention, which proposes that early selection of visual information occurs under conditions of high perceptual load (many relevant items), while late selection occurs under low load (few relevant items).
2) Studies manipulating perceptual load through varying display size or number of relevant items provide evidence that irrelevant distractors are only processed under conditions of low load.
3) Both the level of perceptual load and the physical distinctiveness between relevant and irrelevant items determine whether early or late selection will occur in visual attention.
Ch4
Automatic processing can lead to action slips when tasks become habitual. Reason categorized common types of action slips as storage failures, test failures, sub-routine failures, discrimination failures, and program assembly failures. Later theories tried to explain action slips, but had limitations. For example, Sellen and Norman's schema theory did not account for slips under deliberate control, and Reason's open-loop/closed-loop model could not explain slips in closed-loop situations. Improving sustained attention through training may help reduce slips.
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The document discusses theories of visual attention control, representation, and time course. It summarizes that attention can be controlled in a top-down, goal-directed manner or in a bottom-up, stimulus-driven way, and these interact. Feature singletons and abrupt onsets sometimes do or do not capture attention depending on the observer's goals. The representational basis of attention includes objects and their parts. The time course of attention includes how quickly it can be directed or moved, and how long it dwells at locations during tasks like visual search or rapid serial visual presentation.
Attention And Pattern Recognition(1)
This document provides an overview of attention and pattern recognition. It discusses what attention is, including focused attention which allows us to pick out information from a mass of data, and divided attention which allows us to allocate attention to multiple tasks simultaneously. It also looks at how attention and pattern recognition are studied, through methods like dichotic listening tasks and diary studies. Finally, it briefly introduces pattern recognition and the information processing approach.
Chapter3
This document summarizes theories of divided attention from psychological literature. It describes dual task experiments and factors like task similarity, difficulty, and practice that influence performance. Early theories proposed either a single, limited central processor (Kahneman) or multiple specialized modules (Allport). Later theories like multiple resource theory (Navon & Gopher) and Baddeley's model of working memory provided a synthesis, combining a central executive with modality-specific subsystems to better explain dual task findings. However, all theories have limitations in fully specifying the cognitive architecture underlying divided attention.
The Advantage Of Being Left Handed In Interactive Sports
1. Left-handed athletes have been shown to have an advantage in interactive sports such as tennis, with left-handers making up a disproportionately high percentage of top players.
2. One theory for this advantage is the "negative perceptual frequency effects" hypothesis, which suggests that right-handed athletes are less practiced at perceiving and predicting movements from left-handed opponents.
3. A study tested this by having right and left-handed participants with different levels of tennis experience try to predict the direction and depth of tennis shots from video clips of both right and left-handed players. It found support for the idea that the ability to perceive left-handed movements is less developed.
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Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Focused Attention
- 1. Focused Attention Introduction Early Research Broadbent’s theory – the filter model Treisman’s theory – the attenuator model Deutsch and Deutsch - the pertinence model Evaluation of single channel models Early or late selection Summary
- 3. Early Research Perception and Communication (Broadbent , 1958) Experiments by Cherry (1953) and Broadbent (1954)
- 5. Broadbent (1954)- split span procedure 5 6 3 2 4 9
- 6. pair-by-pair V.S. ear-by-ear Accuracy 20% 65%
- 8. Broadbent’s theory – the filter model Perception and Communication(1958) The first modern theory of attention and introduced a number of key concepts. 1.Attention has a limited capacity 2.The filter
- 9. Broadbent’s theory – the filter model SENSES FILTER SHORT-TERM STORE LIMITED CAPACITY CHANNEL LONG-TERM MEMORY
- 10. This model is described as an early selection model
- 12. Gray and Wedderburn (1960) presented either different short phrases or syllables to each ear simultaneously Left ear: OB-2-TIVE Dear-4-Jane Right ear: 6-JEC-9 8-Aunt-2 Participants: OBJECTIVE Dear Aunt Jane Syllable Phrase
- 15. Treisman suggested that the filter does not block rejected Information but the information is attenuated. Treisman’s theory – the attenuator model
- 16. SENSES SHORT-TERM STORE FILTER ATTENUATOR SEMANTIC ANALYSIS RESPONSES
- 18. Occasionally some of the rejected,or attenuatted,Information will be analysed if this information is important or highly relevant .
- 20. Treisman suggested that we have” word units ”which we use when analysing and recognising sentence.
- 24. ‘ Dear Aunt Jane’ Treisman would argue that this is because, at the moment ‘4’ and ’Aunt’ are played,paticipants expect to hear a word like Aunt and it momentarily has a low threshold.
- 28. CENTRAL PROCESSOR STIMULUS- ANALYSING MECHANISMS SENSES PERTINENCE SELECTED FOR ATTENTION
- 30. MacKay, 1973 They were throwing stones at the bank River / Money Bank referred to a riverbank Bank referred to a high street bank Support for the pertinence model that shows information in an “unattended” message is processed and analyzed.
- 39. THANK YOU!