The document discusses perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as how we organize and interpret our sensory impressions to understand the world around us. It then outlines the key stages of the perceptual process, which include receiving stimuli, selecting stimuli based on internal and external factors, organizing stimuli through grouping and figure-ground perception, interpreting stimuli based on perceptual sets and biases, checking perceptions against others', and reacting through impression formation and action. Limitations of perception like generalizations and preconceived notions are also noted.

1. PERCEPTION
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2.  Perception refers to the way we try to understand the world around
us. We gather information through our five sense organs, but
perception adds meaning to these sensory inputs.
 Perception is the process by which we organize and interpret our
sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment.
Here, a situation may be the same but the interpretation of that
situation by two individuals may be immensely different.
 Perception is the set of processes by which an individual becomes
aware of and interprets information about the environment.
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3. Versions of what we see
Figure 11.2
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4. What is Perceptual Process
• The Process by which people select, organize, interpret,
retrieve and respond to information.
• The first process of perception is selection & attention
• The process of perceptual selection is based on internal
factors & external factors
i) Internal – relating to the state of the individual
ii) External – the environment
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5. THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
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PROCESS OF RECEIVING STIMULI
PROCESS OF SELECTING STIMULI
PROCESS OR ORGANIZING STIMULI
PROCESS OF INTERPRETING
PROCESS OF CHECKING
PROCESS OF REACTING
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6. Fctors:govern the selection of
stimulus)External factors Influencing
Selection
• Intensity – Adv, Strikes(generally, stimuli which are high in
intensity are perceived more readily than those of low
intensity)
• Size
• Contrast – differ from familiar
• Movement
• Repetition
• Familiarity
• Novelty
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7. Internal factors Influencing Selection
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Psychological need
Background
Experience
Personality
Self-acceptance
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8. Process of Organizing Stimuli
Grouping:
• Similarity – stimuli which are similar are put together.
• Proximity – objects or persons closer put together
• Closure – Triangle
• Figure – ground – tendency to keep something in focus and
the others in the background
• Perceptual Constancy – tendency to stabilize perceptions
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9. Factors that attribute to the Process of
Interpreting
• Perceptual set – Previously held beliefs
• Stereo Typing(generally favorable or unfavorable
opinion a person holds for a particular group of
person)
• Halo Effect(opinion or attitude towards a single
person)positive & negative halo effect.
• Perceptual defense
• (contextual factors)
• Interpersonal context
• Other person’s background
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10. Process of checking
• Comparing your perceptions with other
people’s
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11. Process of reacting
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Impression formation – judgment
Action may be covert or overt
Covert action: the formation of opinion
Overt action: is a definite action in response to the perception.
Limitations
1. Generalizations
2. Surroundings
3. Situational limitation – cannot show behaviors critical for
impression formation
4. Preconceived Notions
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12. Perceptual Process Model
Environmental Stimuli
Feeling
Hearing
Seeing
Smelling
Tasting
Selective Attention
Organization and
Interpretation
Emotions and
Behavior
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14. • The perceptions and judgments regarding a person’s actions are
often significantly influenced by the assumptions we make about the
person’s internal state.
• Attribution theory refers to the ways in which we judge people
differently, depending on what meaning we attribute to a given
behaviour.
• Whenever we observe the behaviour of an individual, we attempt to
determine whether it was internally or externally caused.
• Attributions are found to strongly affect various functions in an
organization, e.g. the process of employee performance evaluations,
nature of supervision or guidance or the general attitude towards the
organization in general.
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There are often some errors or biases in our judgment about others.
When we make judgment about other people’s behaviour, we tend to
underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of
internal or personal factors. This is called fundamental
attribution error.
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Another noticeable tendency, called self-serving bias, refers to the inclination for
individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the
blame for failures on external factors.
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