This document provides an introduction to a course on computer organization and assembly language. It will cover the main hardware components of a computer system, including memory, the CPU, and I/O ports. It will also discuss how instructions are executed in the fetch-execute cycle. Students will learn assembly language and how it maps to the underlying machine language understood by the CPU. They will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, a project, and a final exam.
Basic Computer Organization and Design
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The basic computer design represents all of the major concepts in CPU design without overwhelming students with the complexity of a modern commercial CPU.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
Basic Computer Organization and Design
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The basic computer design represents all of the major concepts in CPU design without overwhelming students with the complexity of a modern commercial CPU.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated cycle
There are three classes of hazards
Structural hazard
Data hazard
Branch hazard
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated cycle
There are three classes of hazards
Structural hazard
Data hazard
Branch hazard
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
Assembly Language and Structures of Microcomputer | Chap-1Nafis Ahmed
The first chapter of Assembly Language Programming explains the memory, cpu, i/o devices, how instructions are executed. It starts off by discussing bytes, words, organization of memory and how are buses used as communication lines that works as the artery of the computer system. It also dives into explaining how the Execution Unit and Bus Interface Unit simultaneously work to execute instructions in a CPU, taking the example of Intel 8086 microprocessor. Then, the chapter explains are circuit timing works using a simple Voltage against Time graph. It closes with an example of a simple program written in both Assembly Language and in Machine Language.
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
Computer Architecture and Organization.pptxLearnersCoach
Computer architecture is the definition of basic attributes of hardware components and their interconnections, in order to achieve certain specified goals in terms of functions and performance. Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Examples:
- the instruction set
- the number of bits used to represent various data types
- I/O mechanisms
- memory addressing techniques
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture/
Computer organization: the design and physical arrangement of various hardware units to work in tandem, in a orderly manner, in order to achieve the goals specified in the architecture.
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture-part2/
Topics included:
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The different types of computers
The basic structure of a computer and its operation
Machine instructions and their execution
Integer, floating-point, and character representations
Addition and subtraction of binary numbers
Basic performance issues in computer systems
A brief history of computer development
Basic Structure of Computers: Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, B...Abhishekn84
An implementation for one bit of register Ri is shown in Figure. A two-input multiplexer is used to select the data applied to the input of an edge-triggered D flip-flop. When the control input Riin is equal to 1, the multiplexer selects the data on the bus. This data will be loaded into the flip-flop at the rising edge of the clock. When Riin is equal to 0, the multiplexer feeds back the value currently stored in the flip-flop To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the processor. The main building blocks of a processor are interconnected in a variety of ways. A very simple organization is shown in above figure more complex structure that provides high performance will be presented at the end.
Figure shows an organization in which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and all the registers are interconnected through a single common bus, which is internal to the processor. The data and address lines of the external memory bus are shown in figure connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR, respectively. Register MDR has two inputs and two outputs.
Data may be loaded into MDR either from the memory bus or from the internal processor bus. The data stored in MDR may be placed on either bus. The input of MAR is connected to the internal bus, and its output is connected to the external bus. The control lines of the memory bus are connected to the instruction decoder and control logic block. This unit is responsible for issuing the signals that control the operation of all the units inside the processor and for interacting with the memory bus.
To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the processor. The main building blocks of a processor are interconnected in a variety of ways. A very simple organization is shown in above figure more complex structure that provides high performance will be presented at the end.
Figure shows an organization in which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and all the registers are interconnected through a single common bus, which is internal to the processor. The data and address lines of the external memory bus are shown in figure connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR, respectively. Register MDR has two inputs and two outputs.
Data may be loaded into MDR either from the memory bus or from the internal processor bus. The data stored in MDR may be placed on either bus. The input of MAR is connected to the internal bus, and its output is connected to the external bus. The control lines of the memory bus are connected to the instruction decoder and control logic block. This unit is responsible for issuing the signals that control the operation of all the units inside the processor and for interacting with the memory bus.To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalR - Slides Onl...Peter Gallagher
In this session delivered at Leeds IoT, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
MATHEMATICS BRIDGE COURSE (TEN DAYS PLANNER) (FOR CLASS XI STUDENTS GOING TO ...PinkySharma900491
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6. Part I: Computer
organization
• Main hardware components and their relation to the software.
• What the computer does when it executes an instruction.
7. Topics to be covered
• Part I: Topics to be covered
• The Components of a Microcomputer System
I. Memory
II. The CPU
III. I/O Ports
• Instruction Cycle
• I/O Devices
• Programming Languages
8. Microcomputer Systems:
• I/O devices are also called peripherals.
• Integrated circuit , also known as chips , digital circuits.
• IC circuits are known as digital circuits because to operates on
discrete voltage signals levels typically a high voltage and a
low voltage represent by 0 and 1’s.
• These symbols are called binary digits or bits.
• All information processed by the computer is represented by
strings of 0’s and 1’s that is by bit string.
9. Motherboard:
• The motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the
foundation of a computer, located at the bottom of the
computer case.
• It allocates power to the CPU, RAM, and all other
computer hardware components.
• Most importantly, the motherboard allows hardware
components to communicate with one another.
10. Bytes and Words
• Information processed by the computer is stored in its
memory.
• The memory circuits are usually organized into groups that
can store eight bits of data.
• A string of eight bits is called a byte.
• Each memory byte is identified by a number that is called
address.
11. Bytes and Words
• The data stored in a memory byte are called its contents.
• The address of a memory byte is fixed and is different from
the address of any other memory byte in the computer.
• The contents of a memory byte are not unique and are subject
to change, because they denote the data currently being
stored.
13. Bit Position
• The positions are numbered from right to left, starting with 0.
• In a word, the bits 0 to 7 form the low byte and the bits 8 to
15 form the high byte.
• For a word stored in memory, its low byte comes from the
memory byte with the lower address and its high byte is from
the memory byte with the higher address.
15. Buses
• A processor communicates with memory and I/O circuits by
using signals that travel along a set of wires or connections
called buses.
• There are three kinds of signals: address, data, and control.
• And there are three buses: address bus, data bus, and control
bus.
16. Buses:
• For example, to read the contents of a memory location, the
CPU places the address of the memory location on the
address bus, and it receives the data, sent by the memory
circuits, on the data bus.
• A control signal is required to inform the memory to perform
a read operation.
• The CPU sends the control signal on the control bus.
20. Execution Unit ( EU ):
• The purpose of the EU is to execute instructions.
• The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) can perform arithmetic (+,
‐, x, /) and logic (AND, OR, NOT) operations.
• The data for the operations are stored in circuits called
registers.
• The EU has 8 registers.
• The EU contains temporary registers for holding operands for
the ALU and flag registers whose individual bits reflect the
results of a computation.
21. Bus Interface Unit ( BIU ):
• The BIU facilitates communication between the EU and the
memory or I/O circuits.
• The BIU is responsible for transmitting addresses, data, and
control signals on the buses.
• The instruction pointer (IP) contains the address of the next
instruction to be executed by the EU.
22. Instruction Prefetch:
• While the EU is executing an instruction, the BIU fetches up to
six bytes of the next instruction and places them in the
instruction queue.
23. Machine Instruction:
• The Opcode specifies the type of operation.
• The Operands are often given as memory addresses to the
data to be operated on.
24. Fetch Execute Cycle:‐
Fetch
•Fetch an instruction from memory.
•Decode the instruction to determine the operation.
•Fetch data from memory if necessary. Execute
•Perform the operation on the data.
•Store the result in memory if needed.
25. Programming Languages
• The operations of the computer’s hardware are controlled by
its software.
• When the computer is on, it is always in the process of
executing instructions.
26. Machine Language:
• The CPU can only execute machine language instructions.
• They are bit strings.
• Machine Instruction Operation
• 10100001 00000000 00000000 Fetch the contents of memory
word 0 and put it in register AX.
• 00000101 00000100 00000000 Add 4 to AX.
• 10100011 00000000 00000000 Store the contents of
• AX in memory word 0.
27. Assembly Language:
• A more convenient language to use is assembly language.
• In assembly language, we use symbolic names to represent
operations, registers, and memory locations.
• If location 0 is symbolized by A, the preceding program
expressed in IBM PC assembly language would look like this:
28. Assembly Language:
Assembly Instruction Comment
MOV AX, A ; fetch the contents of
; location A and put it in
; register AX
ADD AX, 4 ; add 4 to AX
MOV A, AX ; move the contents of AX
; into location A