This document discusses system software and its evolution. It defines system software as programs designed to operate and control computer hardware, with examples being operating systems and assemblers. Application software enables users to complete tasks. There are two main types of system software components: macros, which expand instructions to perform tasks, and assemblers, which translate programs into machine code. The document then outlines the evolution of system software from early machine code programming to modern operating systems with features like paging, virtual memory, and time sharing to better manage resources and improve efficiency.

2. Introduction
 System
 Program
 Programming
 Software
 System program
 System programming
8/3/2016 jaya 2

3. Introduction
 Two types of software
 System software
 designed to operate and control the computer hardware
 Example: OS ,assembler
 application software
 are often called productivity programs or end-user programs
because they enable the user to complete tasks such as
creating documents, spreadsheets, databases, and
publications ,etc .
 Example: word processor, database program,IRCTC.
8/3/2016 jaya 3

4. Introduction
 Need of system Software:-
 To achieve effective performance of the system.
 To make effective execution of general user program.
 To make effective utilization of human resources.
 To make available new, better facilities.
8/3/2016 jaya 4

5. Introduction
 Application of system software:-
 It increases the productivity of computer
 translate normal language into machine language.
 efficient management of various resources.
 manages multiprocessing, paging, segmentation, resource
allocation.
 Operating system and File systems allow flexible storing and
retrieval of information
8/3/2016 jaya 5

6. Introduction
 Components of system programming:-
 Interpreter
 Assembler
 Compiler
 Macros and microprocessor
 Formal systems
 Debugger
 Linkers
 Operating system.
8/3/2016 jaya 6

7. Introduction
8/3/2016 jaya 7

8. Macros
 a single instruction that expands automatically into a
set of instructions to perform a particular task.
 used as general text handlers and for specializing
operating system
 To design OS.
 Macro processor processes macro(macro call and
macro expansion)
8/3/2016 jaya 8

9. Macros
 Example
:
:
ADD 1, DATA
ADD 2, DATA
MEND
:
ADD 1, DATA
ADD 2, DATA
:
DATA DC F’5’
8/3/2016 jaya 9

10. Macros
 Example(Macro definition)
Syntax example
MACRO MACRO
MACRO NAME INCR
INSTRUCTION 1 A 1, DATA
INSTRUCTION 2 A 2, DATA
.
.
.
MEND MEND
8/3/2016 jaya 10

11. Assembler
 Components of system programming:-
8/3/2016 jaya 11

12. Macros
 Example(Macro call)
Macro call(SYNTAX) macro call(example)
MACRO MACRO
MACRO NAME INCR
INSTRUCTION 1 ADD 1, DATA
INSTRUCTION 2 ADD 2, DATA
:
:
MEND MEND
:
INSTRUCTION ADD 3, DATA
:
MACRO NAME INCR
:
: DATA DC F’5
8/3/2016 jaya 12

13. Macros
8/3/2016 jaya 13

14. EVOLUTION OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:-
 The earliest computers were entirely programmed in a M/C
language.
 Programmer hand assemble into machine code.
 Use of assembler
 Use of relocating loaders
 Linkers
 Multiple copies of the same program run at the same time.
8/3/2016 jaya 14

15. EVOLUTION OF OPERATING
SYSTEM:-
 It is the software which manages hardware of the
computer and provides those resources, through an
API, to application programs.
 FORTRAN
 Batch Operating System:
 Multiprogramming :
8/3/2016 jaya 15

16. EVOLUTION OF OPERATING
SYSTEM:-
 FORTRAN
 place the FORTRAN compiler (green deck) in the card
hopper
 Place source code deck into the card hopper and punch
object code on red card.
 Load a pink deck of cards marked “loader”
 Place newly translated object deck in the card hopper
 Place the card of subroutine in card hopper
 the loader would transfer execution to the users
program & add data card
8/3/2016 jaya 16

17. EVOLUTION OF OPERATING
SYSTEM:-
 FORTRAN disadvantages
 Waste of computer time
 Batch operating system
 advantages
 facility to batch jobs was provided
 Utilization of computer time
 Disadvantages
 inefficient management of resources
 Costly
 Memory wastage
8/3/2016 jaya 17

18. EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM:-
 Multiprogramming OS with partitioned core memory
 Fragmentation
 reloadable partitions
 Paging
 Simple paging
 Demand Paging
 Traffic controller
 Scheduler
 I/O processor
 I/O programming
 Segment
 Files
 Directories
 Data or Programs
 Time sharing
 Virtual memory
8/3/2016 jaya 18