Language translators convert programming source code into machine language understood by computer processors. The three major types are compilers, assemblers, and interpreters. Compilers translate high-level languages into machine code in one or more passes, assemblers assemble assembly language into machine code, and interpreters analyze and execute each line of source code as the program runs without pre-translation.
This document provides an overview of a project to build a website blocker using Python. It discusses the project idea, literature survey on existing website blocking tools, technologies used including Python and Tkinter, the workflow involving importing libraries and creating GUI elements and block/unblock functions, functions used in the project, pros and cons, and references. The objective is to create a tool that can block given websites from any device to help users avoid distractions.
A. Report
i) Introduction
ii) Screen shorts (output)
iii) Source code
iv) Disk/ CD neatly attached (Y/N)
B. Source Code
i) Style
a)Indentation
b)Self-documentation
ii)Modularity(small size functions)
iii)Error reporting capabilities
iv)Code efficiency and strategy
c. Program execution
i) Compile without errors
ii)User friendly
iii)Error free during runtime
iv)Program output
D. Presentation and Demonstration
i) Presentation and Communication skills
E. Bonus
i) Extra significant features
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
C programs are composed of six types of tokens: keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. Keywords are reserved words that serve as building blocks for statements and cannot be used as names. Identifiers name variables, functions, and arrays and must begin with a letter. Constants represent fixed values and come in numeric, character, and string forms. Special symbols include braces, parentheses, and brackets that indicate code blocks, function calls, and arrays. Operators perform arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logic, and other operations.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
This document discusses data types in C++. It describes the three main categories of data types: primitive/fundamental types like int and char, derived types which are based on primitive types, and user-defined types created with structures. It also covers data type modifiers, constants/literals of different data types, and rules for declaring variables in C++ like their scope and naming conventions.
This document provides an overview of a project to build a website blocker using Python. It discusses the project idea, literature survey on existing website blocking tools, technologies used including Python and Tkinter, the workflow involving importing libraries and creating GUI elements and block/unblock functions, functions used in the project, pros and cons, and references. The objective is to create a tool that can block given websites from any device to help users avoid distractions.
A. Report
i) Introduction
ii) Screen shorts (output)
iii) Source code
iv) Disk/ CD neatly attached (Y/N)
B. Source Code
i) Style
a)Indentation
b)Self-documentation
ii)Modularity(small size functions)
iii)Error reporting capabilities
iv)Code efficiency and strategy
c. Program execution
i) Compile without errors
ii)User friendly
iii)Error free during runtime
iv)Program output
D. Presentation and Demonstration
i) Presentation and Communication skills
E. Bonus
i) Extra significant features
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
C programs are composed of six types of tokens: keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. Keywords are reserved words that serve as building blocks for statements and cannot be used as names. Identifiers name variables, functions, and arrays and must begin with a letter. Constants represent fixed values and come in numeric, character, and string forms. Special symbols include braces, parentheses, and brackets that indicate code blocks, function calls, and arrays. Operators perform arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logic, and other operations.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
This document discusses data types in C++. It describes the three main categories of data types: primitive/fundamental types like int and char, derived types which are based on primitive types, and user-defined types created with structures. It also covers data type modifiers, constants/literals of different data types, and rules for declaring variables in C++ like their scope and naming conventions.
The document discusses operators in C programming. It defines an operator as something that specifies an operation to yield a value by joining variables, constants, or expressions. There are different types of operators that fall into categories like arithmetic, assignment, increment/decrement, relational, logical, conditional, comma, and bitwise. Relational operators specifically compare values of two expressions based on their relation and evaluate to 1 for true or 0 for false. Some examples of relational operators are less than, greater than, less than or equal to, and greater than or equal to.
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to tell computers what operations to perform. Programming languages provide tools for developing executable models for problem domains and exist at various levels from high-level languages that are closer to human language to low-level machine code. Some of the principal programming paradigms include imperative, object-oriented, logic/declarative, and functional programming. Popular high-level languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, C++, Java, and markup languages like HTML and XML.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
The document discusses the role and implementation of a lexical analyzer in compilers. A lexical analyzer is the first phase of a compiler that reads source code characters and generates a sequence of tokens. It groups characters into lexemes and determines the tokens based on patterns. A lexical analyzer may need to perform lookahead to unambiguously determine tokens. It associates attributes with tokens, such as symbol table entries for identifiers. The lexical analyzer and parser interact through a producer-consumer relationship using a token buffer.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document provides an introduction to Python programming including its features, uses, history, and installation process. Some key points covered include:
- Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language that is used for web development, scientific computing, and desktop applications.
- It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and named after the Monty Python comedy group.
- To install Python on Windows, users download the latest version from python.org and run the installer, which also installs the IDLE development environment.
- The document then covers basic Python concepts like variables, data types, operators, and input/output functions.
The document discusses different types of language translators including compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A language translator converts source code into object code that computers can understand. Compilers convert an entire program into object code at once, while interpreters convert code line-by-line. Compilers are generally faster but require more memory, and errors are detected after compilation. Interpreters are slower but use less memory and can detect errors as they interpret each line.
A compiler translates high-level code into machine-readable code, while an interpreter converts each line of high-level code into machine code as the program runs. The document provides examples of compiler and interpreter code and compares key differences between compilers and interpreters, such as compilers generating standalone executable files while interpreters execute code on a line-by-line basis without generating separate files. It also gives examples of languages typically using each approach, such as C/C++ commonly being compiled and Visual Basic/LISP commonly being interpreted.
This document provides information about C++ stream input/output (I/O) manipulation over 17 pages. It discusses the standard header files for stream I/O, the class hierarchy for stream I/O in C++, stream manipulators for formatting output, stream format states for controlling formatting, and various member functions for manipulating streams and performing formatted I/O. It also provides an example program demonstrating the use of manipulators and member functions for stream I/O.
Keywords are predefined reserved words in C that have special meanings and cannot be used as variable or constant names. Some common keywords include int, float, if, else, while, and return. Keywords are used to define variables and functions and control program flow. This document provides examples of how keywords like int and float declare variable types and return is used to exit a function. It also lists all the keywords allowed in the ANSI C standard.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans source code as characters and converts them into tokens.
2. Syntax analysis checks token arrangements against the grammar to ensure syntactic correctness.
3. Semantic analysis checks that rules like type compatibility are followed.
4. Intermediate code is generated for an abstract machine.
5. Code optimization removes unnecessary code and improves efficiency.
6. Code generation translates the optimized intermediate code to machine language.
This document discusses the five main types of tokens in C++ - keywords, variables, constants, strings, and operators. It provides definitions and examples of each token type. Keywords are reserved words that cannot be used as variable names, while variables store values that can change. Constants represent fixed values, strings group characters within double quotes, and operators perform actions on operands like arithmetic, comparison, and assignment.
This document discusses type conversion in C++. It explains that type conversion is the process of converting one predefined type into another. It discusses implicit type conversion performed by the compiler without programmer intervention when differing data types are mixed in an expression. It also discusses explicit type conversion using constructor functions and casting operators to convert between basic and class types. Examples are provided of converting between integer, float, and class types.
Lect 1. introduction to programming languagesVarun Garg
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages because they have evolved over time as better ways to design them have been developed. Programming languages can be categorized based on their generation or programming paradigm such as imperative, object-oriented, logic-based, and functional. Characteristics like writability, readability, reliability and maintainability are important qualities for programming languages.
This document provides a history of the C programming language. It discusses how C evolved from earlier languages like BCPL and B that were used for operating systems and were typeless. It then describes key events like Dennis Ritchie creating C at Bell Labs in 1972 and the influential book The C Programming Language by Kernighan & Ritchie in 1978 that helped popularize C. The document also gives brief overviews of influential earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL that influenced the creation of C.
This document provides an overview of common fastener types categorized by screws, bolts, nuts, washers, drive types, head styles, and nut types. It includes definitions and abbreviations for various fasteners like wood screws, machine screws, hex bolts, carriage bolts, lag bolts, hex nuts, nylon insert lock nuts, flat washers, and more. The chart is intended to help users identify different fasteners for their applications.
9 Two5 Motoring Alternative Fuels Conversion Management White Paperuniversalffg
Alternative Fuel Conversion business case simply stated is a need to lower fuel costs, have clean burning fuels, an opportunity to re-train our labor force, a way to re-build business infrastructures and reduce our dependency on foreign oil imports.
Commercialization of innovative technologies is important to the creation of high-quality jobs, new wealth, and economic prosperity. It is also the key to the future of the Alternative Vehicle Fuels Conversion Industry
The document discusses operators in C programming. It defines an operator as something that specifies an operation to yield a value by joining variables, constants, or expressions. There are different types of operators that fall into categories like arithmetic, assignment, increment/decrement, relational, logical, conditional, comma, and bitwise. Relational operators specifically compare values of two expressions based on their relation and evaluate to 1 for true or 0 for false. Some examples of relational operators are less than, greater than, less than or equal to, and greater than or equal to.
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to tell computers what operations to perform. Programming languages provide tools for developing executable models for problem domains and exist at various levels from high-level languages that are closer to human language to low-level machine code. Some of the principal programming paradigms include imperative, object-oriented, logic/declarative, and functional programming. Popular high-level languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, C++, Java, and markup languages like HTML and XML.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
The document discusses the role and implementation of a lexical analyzer in compilers. A lexical analyzer is the first phase of a compiler that reads source code characters and generates a sequence of tokens. It groups characters into lexemes and determines the tokens based on patterns. A lexical analyzer may need to perform lookahead to unambiguously determine tokens. It associates attributes with tokens, such as symbol table entries for identifiers. The lexical analyzer and parser interact through a producer-consumer relationship using a token buffer.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document provides an introduction to Python programming including its features, uses, history, and installation process. Some key points covered include:
- Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language that is used for web development, scientific computing, and desktop applications.
- It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and named after the Monty Python comedy group.
- To install Python on Windows, users download the latest version from python.org and run the installer, which also installs the IDLE development environment.
- The document then covers basic Python concepts like variables, data types, operators, and input/output functions.
The document discusses different types of language translators including compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A language translator converts source code into object code that computers can understand. Compilers convert an entire program into object code at once, while interpreters convert code line-by-line. Compilers are generally faster but require more memory, and errors are detected after compilation. Interpreters are slower but use less memory and can detect errors as they interpret each line.
A compiler translates high-level code into machine-readable code, while an interpreter converts each line of high-level code into machine code as the program runs. The document provides examples of compiler and interpreter code and compares key differences between compilers and interpreters, such as compilers generating standalone executable files while interpreters execute code on a line-by-line basis without generating separate files. It also gives examples of languages typically using each approach, such as C/C++ commonly being compiled and Visual Basic/LISP commonly being interpreted.
This document provides information about C++ stream input/output (I/O) manipulation over 17 pages. It discusses the standard header files for stream I/O, the class hierarchy for stream I/O in C++, stream manipulators for formatting output, stream format states for controlling formatting, and various member functions for manipulating streams and performing formatted I/O. It also provides an example program demonstrating the use of manipulators and member functions for stream I/O.
Keywords are predefined reserved words in C that have special meanings and cannot be used as variable or constant names. Some common keywords include int, float, if, else, while, and return. Keywords are used to define variables and functions and control program flow. This document provides examples of how keywords like int and float declare variable types and return is used to exit a function. It also lists all the keywords allowed in the ANSI C standard.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans source code as characters and converts them into tokens.
2. Syntax analysis checks token arrangements against the grammar to ensure syntactic correctness.
3. Semantic analysis checks that rules like type compatibility are followed.
4. Intermediate code is generated for an abstract machine.
5. Code optimization removes unnecessary code and improves efficiency.
6. Code generation translates the optimized intermediate code to machine language.
This document discusses the five main types of tokens in C++ - keywords, variables, constants, strings, and operators. It provides definitions and examples of each token type. Keywords are reserved words that cannot be used as variable names, while variables store values that can change. Constants represent fixed values, strings group characters within double quotes, and operators perform actions on operands like arithmetic, comparison, and assignment.
This document discusses type conversion in C++. It explains that type conversion is the process of converting one predefined type into another. It discusses implicit type conversion performed by the compiler without programmer intervention when differing data types are mixed in an expression. It also discusses explicit type conversion using constructor functions and casting operators to convert between basic and class types. Examples are provided of converting between integer, float, and class types.
Lect 1. introduction to programming languagesVarun Garg
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages because they have evolved over time as better ways to design them have been developed. Programming languages can be categorized based on their generation or programming paradigm such as imperative, object-oriented, logic-based, and functional. Characteristics like writability, readability, reliability and maintainability are important qualities for programming languages.
This document provides a history of the C programming language. It discusses how C evolved from earlier languages like BCPL and B that were used for operating systems and were typeless. It then describes key events like Dennis Ritchie creating C at Bell Labs in 1972 and the influential book The C Programming Language by Kernighan & Ritchie in 1978 that helped popularize C. The document also gives brief overviews of influential earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL that influenced the creation of C.
This document provides an overview of common fastener types categorized by screws, bolts, nuts, washers, drive types, head styles, and nut types. It includes definitions and abbreviations for various fasteners like wood screws, machine screws, hex bolts, carriage bolts, lag bolts, hex nuts, nylon insert lock nuts, flat washers, and more. The chart is intended to help users identify different fasteners for their applications.
9 Two5 Motoring Alternative Fuels Conversion Management White Paperuniversalffg
Alternative Fuel Conversion business case simply stated is a need to lower fuel costs, have clean burning fuels, an opportunity to re-train our labor force, a way to re-build business infrastructures and reduce our dependency on foreign oil imports.
Commercialization of innovative technologies is important to the creation of high-quality jobs, new wealth, and economic prosperity. It is also the key to the future of the Alternative Vehicle Fuels Conversion Industry
Bill Gates is an American business magnate, investor, author, and philanthropist. He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation. Some key facts about Bill Gates include:
1) He was born in Seattle, Washington in 1955 and co-founded Microsoft with his childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975.
2) Under Gates' leadership, Microsoft became the worldwide leader in PC software in the 1980s and 1990s and made him the richest man in the world for a time.
3) In addition to being a successful businessman, Gates engages in extensive philanthropic work through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which focuses on global health and development issues.
4) He
This document provides a strategic profile of the Tata Nano car project in West Bengal. It discusses the background of the project including Tata Motors' goal of producing a $2,000 car for the Indian market and their agreement with the West Bengal government to set up a manufacturing plant. It summarizes the key issues around land acquisition from local farmers and the resulting political opposition led by Mamata Banerjee. An internal, external, competitor and SWOT analysis is also provided. The document concludes by outlining Tata's decision to move the project to Gujarat due to delays and discusses the strategic benefits of this alternative location.
This short document discusses winter weather and encourages the reader not to complain about winter by stating they haven't seen real winter until experiencing something very cold. The document emphasizes how cold it is with multiple periods and exclamation points at the end.
The Inspire Directive is a European Union directive that aims to create a European spatial data infrastructure. It establishes common rules and standards for sharing spatial data across public organizations in Europe. The directive requires that member states publish and make available for use and sharing a wide range of spatial data sets related to topics such as cadastre, geography, environment, transportation and other domains. It also requires that metadata and data conformance to certain technical specifications be ensured. The directive is expected to generate economic and social benefits by facilitating the creation of new location-based services and applications and increasing transparency.
Financial Solutions in a Troubling EconomyStuart Little
The document provides information about the history and business model of Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing, a network marketing company. Some key details:
- Founded in 2001 and led by an experienced management team focused on representative success.
- Offers representatives tools to improve health and increase wealth by becoming a middleman for products and services and sharing the business opportunity with others.
- Headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky and financially solid as a 100% debt-free company with an A rating.
eurococ.eu is a leading online provider of Certificates of Conformity (COC) for new and used cars in Europe. They have over 13,000 clients after 4 years in business due to their unique database of suppliers, relationships with importers, and multilingual customer service. Customers can order a COC by logging onto the website, selecting a vehicle's country and type, paying online, and receiving both a digital and physical COC. eurococ.eu allows dealers to save time, pay up to 50% less than importers, and order COCs before vehicles arrive.
How Encryption For Strong Security Worksguestf50fcba
This document discusses different types of encryption for strong security. It describes data encryption, file encryption, link encryption, and VPN. Data encryption uses a symmetric-key algorithm and is mainly used in the US and UNIX systems. File encryption codes files that can only be decoded with a password. Link encryption encrypts and decrypts traffic between communication lines, while VPN allows using a public line as a private line.
Pharma-Friendly Social Sharing Widget Now Available -- The share»send»save widget enables content sharing through social networks, links via e-mail, and by saving or bookmarking information to Web browsers. It's similar to free widgets currently available like ShareThis, but with one key difference: it's designed especially for the highly regulated pharmaceutical industry, so it offers added control over how content is shared.
This document provides keyboard shortcuts for navigating and interacting with various elements in Windows and Microsoft Office applications, including:
- Switching between programs and windows using ALT+TAB, ALT+SHIFT+TAB, and CTRL+ESC.
- Splitting and navigating between panes in a worksheet using F6 and SHIFT+F6.
- Interacting with smart tags by displaying menus with ALT+SHIFT+F10 and selecting options with the arrow keys.
- Accessing and navigating task panes using F6, CTRL+TAB, and TAB/SHIFT+TAB.
- Opening menus and toolbars with F10/ALT and selecting options using arrow keys, ENTER,
1) The document describes an interactive cloth simulation implemented using a mass-spring model. The simulation allows users to manipulate a piece of cloth in real-time through mouse/keyboard controls.
2) A bending force model is used to add wrinkles and folds to the simulated cloth as it interacts with other objects. Particle motion is determined by integrating internal and external forces using numerical methods.
3) Bounding volume hierarchies and collision detection/resolution algorithms are employed to efficiently handle self-collisions and collisions between the cloth and other objects in the simulation.
This document provides an overview of infections in newborns, including risk factors, clinical signs, screening, workups, treatment, and prevention. It discusses the immature immune system of newborns and how this makes them more vulnerable to infection. Common infectious agents are described such as group B streptococcus, E. coli, and other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Evaluation and management of neonatal sepsis and other infections is outlined.
Germ Warfare Presentation Y Gamble 052709universalffg
The document discusses the potential threat of biological weapons and germ warfare. It notes that the origin of the H1N1 virus is unknown and current lack of a vaccine. It raises concerns that a biological attack could happen in the next few years based on a 2008 Senate report. It outlines recent U.S. biological research facilities and programs, including new labs at Fort Detrick and secret aerosol testing facilities. It discusses the development of new anti-microbial drugs, gene editing technologies, and portable pathogen detection devices that could be used for defense or terrorism. While technology has given humans new abilities, it has also increased the risks of catastrophic destruction if used for warfare instead of humanitarian purposes.
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of rules that instructs a computer to perform tasks. High-level languages like BASIC, C, Java, and Pascal are easier for humans than machine language but still need to be converted. Conversion can be done through compiling, which directly translates to machine language, or interpreting, which executes instructions without compilation. Popular languages today include Python, C, Java, and C++.
This document provides an overview of compilers and their various phases. It begins by introducing compilers and their importance for increasing programmer productivity and enabling reverse engineering. It then covers the classification of programming languages and the history of compilers. The rest of the document details each phase of the compiler process, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and the role of the symbol table. It provides definitions and examples for each phase to explain how a source program is translated from a high-level language into executable machine code.
The document discusses the basics of compiler construction. It begins by defining key terms like compilers, source and target languages. It then describes the main phases of compilation as lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization and machine code generation. It also discusses symbol tables, compiler tools and generations of programming languages.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler, which are typically divided into analysis and synthesis phases. The analysis phase includes lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis. The synthesis phase includes intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. Other topics discussed include symbol tables, error handlers, examples of common compilers, and reasons for learning about compilers.
The phases of a compiler are:
1. Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens
2. Syntax analysis checks the token order and builds a parse tree
3. Semantic analysis checks for type errors and builds symbol tables
4. Code generation converts the parse tree into target code
Chapter 2 Program language translation.pptxdawod yimer
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans the source code and groups characters into tokens like keywords, identifiers, and punctuation.
2. Syntax analysis checks that the tokens are combined according to the rules of the language.
3. Code generation translates the intermediate representation into the target machine code.
The document discusses the functions and purposes of translators in computing. It describes:
1) Interpreters and compilers translate programs from high-level languages to machine code. Compilers translate the entire program at once, while interpreters translate instructions one at a time as the program runs.
2) Translation from high-level languages to machine code involves multiple stages including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, code generation, and optimization.
3) Linkers and loaders are used to combine separately compiled modules into a complete executable program by resolving addresses and linking the modules together.
This Slide will clear all the Question Regarding compiler development and will also help to understand how a compiler works and how the phases are connected to each one
The document provides an introduction to compilers, including definitions of key terms like compiler, interpreter, assembler, translator, and phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also discusses compiler types like native compilers, cross compilers, source-to-source compilers, and just-in-time compilers. The phases of a compiler include breaking down a program, generating intermediate code, optimizing, and creating target code.
An assembler translates assembly language instructions into machine code through a one-to-one mapping. An interpreter directly executes program source code line by line without compiling. A compiler translates high-level language source code into an executable machine code program.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler:
- Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens by grouping characters into lexemes. Each lexeme is mapped to a token with an abstract symbol and attribute value.
- Syntax analysis (parsing) uses the tokens to build a syntax tree that represents the grammatical structure.
- Semantic analysis checks the syntax tree and symbol table for semantic consistency with the language definition and gathers type information.
- Later phases include intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation to produce the target code.
THIS PPT CONTAINS THE DETAILS ABOUT THE VARIOUS LANGUAGE PROCESSORS/LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS- THE COMPILER & THE INTERPRETER, OPERATING SYSTEMS & ITS FUNCTION, PARALLEL & CLOUD COMPUTING
1 Describe different types of Assemblers.Assembly language.docxaryan532920
1 Describe different types of Assemblers.
Assembly language
An assembly language (or assembler language[1]) is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture'smachine codeinstructions. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple architectures, but require interpreting or compiling.
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.
Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine instruction or operation. Typical operations require one or moreoperands in order to form a complete instruction, and most assemblers can therefore take labels, symbols and expressions as operands to represent addresses and other constants, freeing the programmer from tedious manual calculations. Macro assemblers include amacroinstruction facility so that (parameterized) assembly language text can be represented by a name, and that name can be used to insert the expanded text into other code. Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, to control the assembly process, and to aid debugging.
Key concepts
Assembler
An assembler is a program which creates object code by translating combinations of mnemonics and syntax for operations and addressing modes into their numerical equivalents. This representation typically includes an operation code ("opcode") as well as other control bits.[2] The assembler also calculates constant expressions and resolvessymbolic names for memory locations and other entities.[3] The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after program modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing textual substitution – e.g., to generate common short sequences of instructions as inline, instead of calledsubroutines.
Some assemblers may also be able to perform some simple types of instruction set-specific optimizations. One concrete example of this may be the ubiquitous x86 assemblers from various vendors. Most of them are able to perform jump-instruction replacements (long jumps replaced by short or relative jumps) in any number of passes, on request. Others may even do simple rearrangement or insertion of instructions, such as some assemblers for RISCarchitectures that can help optimize a sensible instruction scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline as efficiently as possible.[citation needed]
Like early programming languages such as Fortran, Algol, Cobol and Lisp, assemblers have been available since the 1950s and the first generations of text based computer interfaces. However, assemblers came fir ...
The document discusses compilers and their design. It explains that compilers translate human-oriented programming languages into machine languages. It describes the typical structure of a compiler, which includes phases like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and optimization. The document also discusses how programming language design and computer architecture influence compiler design considerations.
Lecture 1 introduction to language processorsRebaz Najeeb
The document provides an overview of the different phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It discusses each phase briefly and provides examples to illustrate how a program is processed through each step of compilation.
This document provides an overview of compiler design and the different phases involved in compiling a program. It begins with defining a compiler as a program that translates code written in one programming language into another target language to be executed by a computer. The major phases of a compiler are then described as the analysis phase (front-end) which breaks down and analyzes the source code, and the synthesis phase (back-end) which generates the target code. Key phases in the front-end include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis, while the back-end includes code optimization and code generation. Different types of compilers such as single-pass, two-pass, and multi-pass compilers are also introduced based on how many times
The document contains a quiz on C programming concepts for embedded systems with 7 questions and their answers. It discusses key topics like:
1) The compiler translates C code to machine code like AVR assembly. Compiling has steps like preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking.
2) A native compiler compiles for the current machine, while a cross compiler compiles for another machine.
3) Libraries are groups of reusable functions and declarations that can be accessed by other programs through header and implementation files.
The document contains a quiz on C programming concepts for embedded systems with 7 questions and their answers. It discusses key topics like:
1) The compiler translates C code to machine code like AVR assembly. Compiling has steps like preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking.
2) A native compiler compiles for the current machine, while a cross compiler compiles for another machine.
3) Libraries provide reusable functions through header and implementation files, and can call functions from other libraries.
It also notes that C is well-suited for embedded systems due to direct memory access, portability across compilers, and ability to generate assembly for microcontrollers.
This document provides an introduction to compiler design, including definitions of key terms and an overview of the compiler construction process. It discusses what a compiler is, the differences between compilers and interpreters, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The document then covers the major phases of compiler design: analysis, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation. It describes the roles of lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, and code generation. Finally, it lists some common tools used in compiler construction.
This document provides lecture notes on compiler design. It discusses the structure of a compiler including phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, table management and error handling. It also discusses different types of translators like compilers, interpreters and preprocessors. Finally, it discusses the evolution of programming languages, classification of languages and applications of compiler technology.
This document provides an overview of virtual reality (VR) technology. It discusses the key components of a VR system, including input devices like 3D positional trackers and gesture interfaces that allow user interaction, and output devices like head-mounted displays and haptic feedback interfaces that provide visual and tactile feedback. It also describes computer architectures for VR and the modeling techniques used to create virtual environments. The document is divided into sections covering input devices, output devices, computer architectures, modeling, and VR programming.
This document discusses data representation and number systems in computing. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Data such as numbers and coded information are represented using bits and bytes which can represent values, characters, or instructions. Common number systems used in computing include binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal, which use different radixes or bases to represent quantities with distinct symbols. Methods for converting between number systems involve grouping bits or digits into the appropriate radix and determining the place value of each position to arrive at the value in the target base.
Here are some ideas for emerging technologies and their potential applications:
- Augmented reality (AR) - overlaying digital information on the real world. Could be used for navigation, education, entertainment, remote collaboration.
- Artificial intelligence (AI) assistants - more advanced digital assistants that can understand natural language, learn from interactions. Could be helpful for many tasks like scheduling, information lookup.
- Brain-computer interfaces - technologies that allow direct communication between the brain and external devices. Potential applications in healthcare for disabilities, augmented cognition.
- Quantum computing - computers that leverage quantum mechanics able to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. Applications in materials science, drug discovery, artificial intelligence.
- Space exploration technologies
Humanware refers to hardware and software designed around the end user experience rather than the task. The design of humanware starts by understanding user needs and limitations, then works backwards to the final product. Extensive testing is done to ensure the design enhances the user experience as intended, such as technology for persons with disabilities which understands user needs before design.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers based on the underlying technologies used. The first generation used vacuum tube technology, while the second used transistors. The third generation was based on integrated circuits, and the fourth used microchips and microprocessors. The fifth generation aims to develop true artificial intelligence capabilities such as thinking and learning. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, speed, reliability and capabilities.
Flowcharts are diagrams that visually represent the flow of data through an information processing system by using common symbols to indicate the sequence of steps in a process. A flowchart clarifies understanding of a process and helps identify areas for improvement by mapping it out in a clear, logical manner from start to finish using standard symbols. Flowcharts are useful for communicating, analyzing, documenting, coding, debugging, and maintaining processes. However, complex logic can make flowcharts clumsy, and alterations may require redrawing.
This document provides an overview of computers and how they affect daily life. It discusses how computers have become pervasive in tasks involving repetition, calculation, and data storage. The document defines a computer and provides examples of devices that are and aren't computers. It also describes different types of computers based on their components, purpose, and data representation. Finally, it outlines common applications and tools used to make computers useful, such as word processors, spreadsheets, databases, programming languages, and web browsers.
This document provides an overview of research on the social uses of wireless communication technology across different regions and cultures. It examines the diffusion of mobile telephony globally and regionally, comparing penetration rates in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Key factors influencing adoption are identified, including economic, geographic, industry, policy and socio-cultural factors. The report also analyzes social differentiation of wireless users by age, gender and socioeconomic status cross-culturally. Finally, it provides in-depth analyses of social uses in specific areas and countries, including Europe, the US, Japan, and South Korea.
This document provides an overview of a 3-day winter training course on Unix and Shell Programming held in December 2011 at Delhi Technological University. The training covered 3 units: 1) Introduction to Unix, 2) Shell Scripting, and 3) Advanced Shell Scripting, Sed, and Awk. Unit 1 focused on the Unix operating system, commands, file system, and vi text editor. The instructor for the training was Divyashikha Sethia.
This document contains a use case diagram for a railway management system. The diagram shows actors such as administrators, customers, reservation clerks, and DEOs interacting with use cases like login, account management, ticket reservation, fare calculation, report generation, and train and station management. The administrator can perform all use cases while customers and clerks have limited access focused on reservations, tickets, and schedules.
Wireless communication allows transferring information between locations separated by distance or conditions preventing wired communication. The first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880. Wireless spectrum is allocated differently in various countries/frequency bands, with TV broadcasting and defense using significant portions in the UK. Cellular systems divide land into hexagonal cells served by base stations using distinct frequencies to allow frequency reuse and handovers between cells. This allows mobile communication across wide areas.
This document provides an overview of conducting polymers, focusing on synthetic strategies for electron-conducting polymers. The main types of conducting polymers are introduced as electron-conducting, proton-conducting, and ion-conducting. Poly(acetylene) is discussed as the simplest conjugated polymer, with early synthesis routes producing insoluble powders and later routes enabling the production of processable films. Other discussed electron-conducting polymers include poly(diacetylene), poly(phenylene), and poly(thiophene). Precursor routes are described as an important method for obtaining processable poly(acetylene) with controlled morphology and improved properties over early synthesis methods.
CDMA Technology & IS-95
- CDMA uses spread spectrum techniques where signals are spread over a wide frequency band before transmission. IS-95 is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA.
- IS-95 defines forward and reverse air interfaces with different channel structures using techniques like orthogonal codes, power control, and RAKE receivers.
- The document discusses the technical details of the IS-95 forward and reverse channel structures including the pilot, sync, paging and traffic channels.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
National Security Agency - NSA mobile device best practices
Language translators
1. Language Translators
Language translators convert programming source code into language that the computer
processor understands. Programming source code has various structures and commands, but
computer processors only understand machine language. Different types of translations must
occur to turn programming source code into machine language, which is made up of bits of
binary data. The three major types of language translators are compilers, assemblers, and
interpreters.
1. Compilers
Most 3GL and higher-level programming languages use a compiler for language translation. A
compiler is a special program that takes written source code and turns it into machine language.
When a compiler executes, it analyzes all of the language statements in the source code and
builds the machine language object code. After a program is compiled, it is then a form that the
processor can execute one instruction at a time.
In some operating systems, an additional step called linking is required after compilation.
Linking resolves the relative location of instructions and data when more than one object module
needs to be run at the same time and both modules cross-reference each otherüs instruction
sequences or data.
Most high-level programming languages come with a compiler. However, object code is unique
for each type of computer. Many different compilers exist for each language in order to translate
for each type of computer. In addition, the compiler industry is quite competitive, so there are
actually many compilers for each language on each type of computer. Although they require an
extra step before execution, compiled programs often run faster than programs executed using an
interpreter.
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a
computer language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language,
often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to
transform source code is to create an executable program.
The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level
programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language or machine code). A
program that translates from a low level language to a higher level one is a decompiler. A
program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator,
source to source translator, or language converter. A language rewriter is usually a program
that translates the form of expressions without a change of language.
A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations: lexical analysis,
preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, and code optimization.
2. a) NATIVE AND CROSS COMPILERS
A native or hosted compiler is one whose output is intended to directly run on the same type of
computer and operating system that the compiler itself runs on. The output of a cross compiler is
designed to run on a different platform. Cross compilers are often used when developing
software for embedded systems that are not intended to support a software development
environment.
The output of a compiler that produces code for a virtual machine (VM) may or may not be
executed on the same platform as the compiler that produced it. For this reason such compilers
are not usually classified as native or cross compilers.
b) ONE PASS AND MULTI PASS COMPILERS
Classifying compilers by number of passes has its background in the hardware resource
limitations of computers. Compiling involves performing lots of work and early computers did
not have enough memory to contain one program that did all of this work. So compilers were
split up into smaller programs which each made a pass over the source (or some representation of
it) performing some of the required analysis and translations.
The ability to compile in a single pass is often seen as a benefit because it simplifies the job of
writing a compiler and one pass compilers generally compile faster than multi-pass compilers.
Many languages were designed so that they could be compiled in a single pass (e.g., Pascal).
The front end analyzes the source code to build an internal representation of the program, called
the intermediate representation or IR. It also manages the symbol table, a data structure mapping
each symbol in the source code to associated information such as location, type and scope. This
is done over several phases, which includes some of the following:
1. Line reconstruction. Languages which strop their keywords or allow arbitrary spaces
within identifiers require a phase before parsing, which converts the input character
sequence to a canonical form ready for the parser. The top-down, recursive-descent,
table-driven parsers used in the 1960s typically read the source one character at a time
and did not require a separate tokenizing phase. Atlas Autocode, and Imp (and some
implementations of Algol and Coral66) are examples of stropped languages whose
compilers would have a Line Reconstruction phase.
2. Lexical analysis breaks the source code text into small pieces called tokens. Each token
is a single atomic unit of the language, for instance a keyword, identifier or symbol name.
The token syntax is typically a regular language, so a finite state automaton constructed
from a regular expression can be used to recognize it. This phase is also called lexing or
scanning, and the software doing lexical analysis is called a lexical analyzer or scanner.
3. Preprocessing. Some languages, e.g., C, require a preprocessing phase which supports
macro substitution and conditional compilation. Typically the preprocessing phase occurs
before syntactic or semantic analysis; e.g. in the case of C, the preprocessor manipulates
lexical tokens rather than syntactic forms. However, some languages such as Scheme
support macro substitutions based on syntactic forms.
3. 4. Syntax analysis involves parsing the token sequence to identify the syntactic structure of
the program. This phase typically builds a parse tree, which replaces the linear sequence
of tokens with a tree structure built according to the rules of a formal grammar which
define the language's syntax. The parse tree is often analyzed, augmented, and
transformed by later phases in the compiler.
5. Semantic analysis is the phase in which the compiler adds semantic information to the
parse tree and builds the symbol table. This phase performs semantic checks such as type
checking (checking for type errors), or object binding (associating variable and function
references with their definitions), or definite assignment (requiring all local variables to
be initialized before use), rejecting incorrect programs or issuing warnings. Semantic
analysis usually requires a complete parse tree, meaning that this phase logically follows
the parsing phase, and logically precedes the code generation phase, though it is often
possible to fold multiple phases into one pass over the code in a compiler
implementation.
2. Assembler
An assembler translates assembly language into machine language. Assembly language is one
step removed from machine language. It uses computer-specific commands and structure similar
to machine language, but assembly language uses names instead of numbers.
An assembler is similar to a compiler, but it is specific to translating programs written in
assembly language into machine language. To do this, the assembler takes basic computer
instructions from assembly language and converts them into a pattern of bits for the computer
processor to use to perform its operations.
Typically a modern assembler creates object code by translating assembly instruction
mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic names for memory locations and other
entities.[1] The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious
calculations and manual address updates after program modifications. Most assemblers also
include macro facilities for performing textual substitution—e.g., to generate common short
sequences of instructions to run inline, instead of in a subroutine.
Assemblers are generally simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages, and have
been available since the 1950s. Modern assemblers, especially for RISC based architectures,
such as MIPS, Sun SPARC, and HP PA-RISC, as well as x86(-64), optimize instruction
scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline efficiently.
There are two types of assemblers based on how many passes through the source are needed to
produce the executable program. One-pass assemblers go through the source code once and
assumes that all symbols will be defined before any instruction that references them. Two-pass
assemblers (and multi-pass assemblers) create a table with all unresolved symbols in the first
pass, then use the 2nd pass to resolve these addresses. The advantage in one-pass assemblers is
speed - which is not as important as it once was with advances in computer speed and
4. capabilities. The advantage of the two-pass assembler is that symbols can be defined anywhere
in the program source. As a result, the program can be defined in a more logical and meaningful
way. This makes two-pass assembler programs easier to read and maintain.
More sophisticated high-level assemblers provide language abstractions such as:
Advanced control structures
High-level procedure/function declarations and invocations
High-level abstract data types, including structures/records, unions, classes, and sets
Sophisticated macro processing
Object-Oriented features such as encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, interfaces
3. Interpreters
Many high-level programming languages have the option of using an interpreter instead of a
compiler. Some of these languages exclusively use an interpreter. An interpreter behaves very
differently from compilers and assemblers. It converts programs into machine-executable form
each time they are executed. It analyzes and executes each line of source code, in order, without
looking at the entire program. Instead of requiring a step before program execution, an
interpreter processes the program as it is being executed.
In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program which reads source code written in a
high-level programming language, transforms the code to machine code, and executes the
machine code. Using an interpreter, a single source file can produce equal results even in vastly
different systems (e.g. a PC and a PlayStation3). Using a compiler, a single source file can
produce equal results only if it is compiled to distinct, system-specific executables.
Interpreting code is slower than running the compiled code because the interpreter must analyze
each statement in the program each time it is executed and then perform the desired action,
whereas the compiled code just performs the action within a fixed context determined by the
compilation. This run-time analysis is known as "interpretive overhead". Access to variables is
also slower in an interpreter because the mapping of identifiers to storage locations must be done
repeatedly at run-time rather than at compile time. There are various compromises between the
development speed when using an interpreter and the execution speed when using a compiler.
Some systems (e.g., some LISPs) allow interpreted and compiled code to call each other and to
share variables. This means that once a routine has been tested and debugged under the
interpreter it can be compiled and thus benefit from faster execution while other routines are
being developed. Many interpreters do not execute the source code as it stands but convert it into
some more compact internal form. For example, some BASIC interpreters replace keywords with
single byte tokens which can be used to find the instruction in a jump table. An interpreter might
well use the same lexical analyzer and parser as the compiler and then interpret the resulting
abstract syntax tree.
5. A compiler takes a text file written in a programming language, and converts it into binary code
that a processor can understand: it makes an ".exe" file. You compile only once, then always run
the "exe" file. Borland Turbo C is a compiler: you write in C in a text file, then you compile to
get and exe file.
An interpreter does the same, BUT in real time: each time you run the code, it is "compiled", line
by line: Basic is an interpreter.
An assembler is similar, in the way that, instead of taking a plain text file, ie in C, it takes a code
written in Assembler Mnemonics, and convert it into binaries.
All "executable" files are in binaries (just 1's and 0's) - maybe viewed in hex (0x12de...)
In a nutshell: A compiler takes your source programming code and converts it into an executable
form that the computer can understand. This is a very broad explanation though, because some
compilers only go so far as to convert it into a binary file that must then be "linked" with several
other libraries of code before it can actually execute. Other compilers can compile straight to
executable code. Still other compilers convert it to a sort of tokenized code that still needs to be
semi-interpreted by a virtual machine, such as Java.
An interpreter does not compile code. Instead, it typically reads a source code file statement by
statement and then executes it. Most early forms of BASIC were interpeted languages.
An assembler is similar to a compiler, except that it takes source code written in "Assembly
Language", which is just shorthand for the actual machine/processor specific instructions, values,
and memory locations, and it converts those instructions to the equivalent machine language.
Very fast and small executable code but very tedious to write.
Incidentally, many compilers, especially older C compilers, for example, actually convert the C
source code to assembly language and then pass it through an assembler. The benefit is that
someone adept at assembly can tweak the compiler-generatd assembler code for speed or size.