Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is specific to a particular computer architecture. It is converted into machine code by an assembler program. Assembly language allows programmers to understand how a computer works at a basic level by understanding how data is represented in memory and how the processor executes instructions. Key parts of an assembly language program include data, bss, and text sections to define memory usage, as well as directives, instructions, and macros. Common assemblers include NASM, MASM, and TASM.
this ppt is related to the introductory part of assembly language and will be very useful for beginners of information technology students either at their graduation level or at post graduation level
This is a presentation which explains exactly what machine language and assembly level language is and explains the role of assembler and two different passes of assembler in computer organization/ computer architecture.
It's a very simple slide describing what is Assembly Language, Assembler and Assembling Technique, Mnemonics, Why should we use assembly language?, and its limitations.
this ppt is related to the introductory part of assembly language and will be very useful for beginners of information technology students either at their graduation level or at post graduation level
This is a presentation which explains exactly what machine language and assembly level language is and explains the role of assembler and two different passes of assembler in computer organization/ computer architecture.
It's a very simple slide describing what is Assembly Language, Assembler and Assembling Technique, Mnemonics, Why should we use assembly language?, and its limitations.
This presentation covers very basics of assembly language with some computer organization concept. I took this session as part of on going series on assembly at NULL Hyderabad meets. PART II will cover instruction sets and more in detail.
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
Overview of Language Processor : Fundamentals of LP , Symbol Table , Data Str...Bhavin Darji
Fundamentals of Language Processor
Analysis Phase
Synthesis Phase
Lexical Analysis
Syntax Analysis
Semantic Analysis
Intermediate Code Generation
Symbol Table
Criteria of Classification of Data Structure of Language Processing
Linear Data Structure
Non-linear Data Structure
Symbol Table Organization
Sequential Search Organization
Binary Search Organization
Hash Table Organization
Allocation Data Structure : Stacks and Heaps
This presentation covers very basics of assembly language with some computer organization concept. I took this session as part of on going series on assembly at NULL Hyderabad meets. PART II will cover instruction sets and more in detail.
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
Overview of Language Processor : Fundamentals of LP , Symbol Table , Data Str...Bhavin Darji
Fundamentals of Language Processor
Analysis Phase
Synthesis Phase
Lexical Analysis
Syntax Analysis
Semantic Analysis
Intermediate Code Generation
Symbol Table
Criteria of Classification of Data Structure of Language Processing
Linear Data Structure
Non-linear Data Structure
Symbol Table Organization
Sequential Search Organization
Binary Search Organization
Hash Table Organization
Allocation Data Structure : Stacks and Heaps
1 Describe different types of Assemblers.Assembly language.docxaryan532920
1 Describe different types of Assemblers.
Assembly language
An assembly language (or assembler language[1]) is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture'smachine codeinstructions. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple architectures, but require interpreting or compiling.
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.
Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine instruction or operation. Typical operations require one or moreoperands in order to form a complete instruction, and most assemblers can therefore take labels, symbols and expressions as operands to represent addresses and other constants, freeing the programmer from tedious manual calculations. Macro assemblers include amacroinstruction facility so that (parameterized) assembly language text can be represented by a name, and that name can be used to insert the expanded text into other code. Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, to control the assembly process, and to aid debugging.
Key concepts
Assembler
An assembler is a program which creates object code by translating combinations of mnemonics and syntax for operations and addressing modes into their numerical equivalents. This representation typically includes an operation code ("opcode") as well as other control bits.[2] The assembler also calculates constant expressions and resolvessymbolic names for memory locations and other entities.[3] The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after program modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing textual substitution – e.g., to generate common short sequences of instructions as inline, instead of calledsubroutines.
Some assemblers may also be able to perform some simple types of instruction set-specific optimizations. One concrete example of this may be the ubiquitous x86 assemblers from various vendors. Most of them are able to perform jump-instruction replacements (long jumps replaced by short or relative jumps) in any number of passes, on request. Others may even do simple rearrangement or insertion of instructions, such as some assemblers for RISCarchitectures that can help optimize a sensible instruction scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline as efficiently as possible.[citation needed]
Like early programming languages such as Fortran, Algol, Cobol and Lisp, assemblers have been available since the 1950s and the first generations of text based computer interfaces. However, assemblers came fir ...
Please send the answers to my email. Mirre06@hotmail.comSomeone se.pdfebrahimbadushata00
Please send the answers to my email. Mirre06@hotmail.com
Someone sent me wrong answers so please send me correct answers thanks.
1) What is a register? Be precise. Name at least two components in the LMC that meet the
qualications for a register. Name several different kinds of values that a register might hold.
Suppose that the following instructions are found at the given locations in memory:
20
LDA
50
21
ADD
51
50
724
51
006
a. Show the contents of the IR, the PC, the MAR, the MDR, and A at the conclusion of
instruction 20.
b. Show the contents of each register as each step of the fetch–execute cycle is performed for
instruction 21.
3) what is the purpose of the instructions register? What takes the place of the instruction
register in the LMC?
4) What is the explanation for the reasons why programmed IO does not work very well when
the IO device is a hard disk or a graphics display?
5) the x86 series is an example of a CPU architecture. as you are probably aware there are a
number of different chip including the x86 architecture? What word defines the difference
between the various CPUs that share the same architecture? Name at least one different CPU
architecture
20
LDA
50
21
ADD
51
50
724
51
006
Solution
1)The Little Man Computer (LMC) is an instructional model of a computer, created by Dr. Stuart
Madnick in 1965.The LMC is generally used to teach students, because it models a simple von
Neumann architecture computer - which has all of the basic features of a modern computer. It
can be programmed in machine code (albeit in decimal rather than binary) or assembly code.
Register:
In a computer, a register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of a computer
processor . A register may hold a computer instruction , a storage address, or any kind of data
(such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of
the instruction. For example, an instruction may specify that the contents of two defined registers
be added together and then placed in a specified register. A register must be large enough to hold
an instruction - for example, in a 32-bit instruction computer, a register must be 32 bits in length.
In some computer designs, there are smaller registers - for example, half-registers - for shorter
instructions. Depending on the processor design and language rules, registers may be numbered
or have arbitrary names.
Small, permanent storage locations within the CPU used for a particular purpose
Manipulated directly by the Control Unit
Wired for specific function
Size in bits or bytes (not in MB like memory)
Can hold data, an address or an instruction
Use of Registers
Scratchpad for currently executing program
Holds data needed quickly or frequently
Stores information about status of CPU and currently executing program
Address of next program instruction
Signals from external devices
General Purpose Registers
User-visible registers
Hold intermediate results or data values, e.g., l.
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2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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3. Introduction
Assembly language is a low-level programming language
for a computer or other programmable device specific
to a particular computer architecture in contrast to
most high-level programming languages, which are
generally portable across multiple systems.
Assembly language is converted into executable
machine code by a utility program referred to as an
assembler like NASM, MASM, etc.
4. Introduction
Each personal computer has a microprocessor that
manages the computer's arithmetical, logical, and
control activities.
Each family of processors has its own set of
instructions for handling various operations such as
getting input from keyboard, displaying information
on screen and performing various other jobs.
These set of instructions are called 'machine
language instructions'.
5. Introduction
A processor understands only machine language
instructions, which are strings of 1's and 0’s.
However, machine language is too obscure and
complex for using in software development.
the low-level assembly language is designed for a
specific family of processors that represents various
instructions in symbolic code and a more
understandable form.
6. Advantages of
Assembly Language
Having an understanding of assembly language makes
one aware of −
How programs interface with OS, processor, and BIOS;
How data is represented in memory and other external
devices;
How the processor accesses and executes instruction;
How instructions access and process data;
How a program accesses external devices.
7. Advantages of
Assembly Language
Other advantages of using assembly language are −
It requires less memory and execution time;
It allows hardware-specific complex jobs in an easier
way;
It is suitable for time-critical jobs;
It is most suitable for writing interrupt service routines
and other memory resident programs.
8. Basic Features of PC Hardware
The main internal hardware of a PC consists of
processor, memory, and registers.
Registers are processor components that hold data and
address. To execute a program, the system copies it
from the external device into the internal memory.
The processor executes the program instructions.
The fundamental unit of computer storage is a bit; it
could be ON (1) or OFF (0) and a group of 8 related
bits makes a byte on most of the modern computers.
9. Basic Features of PC Hardware
The processor supports the following data sizes −
Word: a 2-byte data item
Doubleword: a 4-byte (32 bit) data item
Quadword: an 8-byte (64 bit) data item
Paragraph: a 16-byte (128 bit) area
Kilobyte: 1024 bytes
Megabyte: 1,048,576 bytes
10. Assembly Language Parts
An assembly program can be divided into three sections −
The data section,
The bss section, and
The text section.
11. Data section
The data section is used for declaring initialized data or
constants.
This data does not change at runtime.
You can declare various constant values, file names, or
buffer size, etc., in this section.
The syntax for declaring data section is −
section.data
12. bss section
The bss section is used for declaring variables.
The syntax for declaring bss section is −
section.bss
13. Text section
The text section is used for keeping the actual
code.
This section must begin with the declaration global
_start, which tells the kernel where the program
execution begins.
The syntax for declaring text section is −
section.text global _start_start:
14. Comments
Assembly language comment begins with a
semicolon (;). It may contain any printable
character including blank. It can appear on a line
by itself, like −
; This program displays a message on screen
or, on the same line along with an instruction, like
−
add eax, ebx ; adds ebx to eax
15. Assembly Language Statements
Assembly language programs consist of three types of
statements −
Executable instructions or instructions,
Assembler directives or pseudo-ops, and
Macros.
16. Assembly Language Statements
The executable instructions or
simply instructions tell the processor what to do.
Each instruction consists of an operation
code (opcode).
Each executable instruction generates one
machine language instruction.
17. Assembly Language Statements
The assembler directives or pseudo-ops tell the
assembler about the various aspects of the
assembly process.
These are non-executable and do not generate
machine language instructions.
Macros are basically a text substitution
mechanism.
.
18. Syntax of Assembly Language
Statements
Assembly language statements are entered one statement
per line. Each statement follows the following format −
[label] mnemonic [operands] [;comment]
The fields in the square brackets are optional. A basic
instruction has two parts, the first one is the name of the
instruction (or the mnemonic), which is to be executed,
and the second are the operands or the parameters of
the command.
20. Structure of a NASM Program
NASM is line-based. Most programs consist
of directives followed by one or more sections.
Lines can have an optional label. Most lines have
an instruction followed by zero or more operands.
This is the project webpage for the Netwide Assembler
(NASM), an assembler for the x86 CPU architecture portable
to nearly every modern platform, and with code generation
for many platforms old and new
22. Memory Segments
A segmented memory model divides the system
memory into groups of independent segments
referenced by pointers located in the segment
registers.
Each segment is used to contain a specific type of
data.
One segment is used to contain instruction codes,
another segment stores the data elements, and a
third segment keeps the program stack.
23. Memory Segments
In the light of the above discussion, we can specify
various memory segments as −
Data segment − It is represented by .data section and
the .bss. The .data section is used to declare the
memory region, where data elements are stored for
the program. This section cannot be expanded after
the data elements are declared, and it remains static
throughout the program.
The .bss section is also a static memory section that
contains buffers for data to be declared later in the
program. This buffer memory is zero-filled.
24. Memory Segments
Code segment − It is represented
by .text section. This defines an area in memory
that stores the instruction codes. This is also a
fixed area.
Stack − This segment contains data values passed
to functions and procedures within the program.
25. TASM
Turbo Assembler (sometimes shortened to
the name of the executable, TASM) is an
assembler for software development
published by Borland in 1989. It runs on and
produces code for 16- or 32-bit x86 MS-DOS
and compatible on Microsoft Windows
26. MASM
The Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) is an
x86 assembler that uses the Intel syntax for
MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.
Beginning with MASM 8.0, there are two
versions of the assembler: One for 16-bit &
32-bit assembly sources, and another for
64-bit sources only.
27. Assemblers expect either the original syntax used
in the Intel instruction set documentation - the
Intel syntax - or the so-called AT&T syntax
developed at the AT&T Bell Labs.
AT&T uses mov src, dest, Intel uses mov dest, src,
amongst other differences.
28. Windows assemblers prefer Intel syntax (TASM,
MASM), most Linux/UNIX assemblers use AT&T.
NASM uses a variant of the Intel syntax.
Assemblers have their own syntax for directives
affecting the assembly process, macros and
comments. These usually differ from assembler to
assembler
30. ______________1. What symbol defines Comments in Assembly Language?
______________2. This section is used to declare the memory region,
where data elements are stored for the program.
______________3. This defines an area in memory that stores the
instruction codes. This is also a fixed area.
______________4. Which part of the assembly language tells the kernel
where the program execution begins?
______________5. Which tells the assembler about the various aspects of
the assembly process. These are non-executable and do not generate
machine language instructions.
______________6. What is the syntax in declaring data section?
______________7. This segment contains data values passed to functions
and procedures within the program.
______________8. What is the fundamental unit of computer storage?
_____9_______10. Advantages of understanding Assembly language
31. 1. Semicolon
2. Data segment
3. Code segment
4. global _start,
5. assembler directives
6. section.data
7. Stack
8. bit
How programs interface with OS, processor, and BIOS;
How data is represented in memory and other external devices;
How the processor accesses and executes instruction;
How instructions access and process data;
How a program accesses external devices.