Fungi can reproduce asexually through several methods including fragmentation, fission, budding, and sporulation. Sporulation involves the production of spores, which can be sporangiospores formed inside sporangia or conidiospores formed on conidiophores. Sporangiospores are motile zoospores or non-motile aplanospores, while conidiospores vary in morphology and septation. Fungal reproduction allows growth and survival in favorable or unfavorable conditions.
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Soral & Sporangial Characters in Pteridophytes.pdfANAKHA JACOB
Sporangia are Spore bearing structure.
• May be eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
• Homo- or Heterosporous.
• Terminal/ Lateral/ aggregated into specialized structures.
Tassel is regarded as primitive and acrostichoid condition as advanced.
The sporangia on expanded sporophyll are with or without the
indusium(protective covering).
• The sori lacking indusia are exindusiate or naked (Gleicheniaceae).
Soral & Sporangial Characters in Pteridophytes.pdfANAKHA JACOB
Sporangia are Spore bearing structure.
• May be eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
• Homo- or Heterosporous.
• Terminal/ Lateral/ aggregated into specialized structures.
Tassel is regarded as primitive and acrostichoid condition as advanced.
The sporangia on expanded sporophyll are with or without the
indusium(protective covering).
• The sori lacking indusia are exindusiate or naked (Gleicheniaceae).
Detail description about important fungi that comes under chytridiomycota and zygomycota has been described, gives an idea about fungi and their life cycles under thus groups
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• About 20% fungi propogate only by asexual means
• Also known as imperfect stage
• Technically called as anamorphic stage(without nuclear change)
• There is no union of nuclei / sex cells /sex organs
• Takes place during favourable condition by formation of a variety
of spores
• Such spores produced by asexual reproduction are called
mitospores
3. METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATION
• Most common method
• In this method, a piece of the mycelium, the body of the fungus,
splits off. The resulting fragment can eventually produce a new
colony of fungi.
• The spores produced by fragmentation are called arthrospores or
oidia
• Sometimes,the contents of intercalary cells of hyphae rounded off
and surrounded by a thick wall and formed as chlamydospores
• Eg. Fusarium oxysporum, Ustilago tritici
•
4. FISSION
• The parent cell elongates, nucleus undergo mitotic division and
forms two nuclei
• Then the contents divide into equal halves by the formation of a
transverse septum and separates into two daughter cells
• Eg. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5. BUDDING
• The parent cell puts out initially a
small outgrowth called bud / blastos
• As the bud is formed,nucleus of parent
cell divides and one daughter nucleus
migrates into the bud
• The bud increase in size while still
attached to parent cell and eventually
breaks off and forms a new individual
• The spores formed through budding
are called blastospores
• Eg: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
6. SPORULATION
• The process of production of spores is called sporulation
THEREARE TWO MAIN TYPESOF SPORES
❖SPORANGIOSPORES
• The sporangiospores are produced inside a sac-like structure
called sporangium
• The hypha bearing a sporangium is called sporangiophore
• They are characteristically branched
• A small sporangium with or without columella containing a
few or single spore is called as sporangiolum.
1) ENDOGENOUSSPORES
7. • Sporangium which is cylindrical in shape is
called as merosporangium. Eg. Saprolegnia
sp.
Sporangium with columella is called as
columellate sporangium. Eg. Rhizopus
stolonifer
In holocarphic thallus, the entire thallus
becomes sporangium
In eucarphic thallus, sporangia are produced
at the end of undifferentiated or on
specialized spore bearing structures called as
sporangiophores.
8. SPORANGIOSPORES ARE OF TWO TYPES
A)Zoospores / planospores
• Sporangiospores which are motile by
flagella
• Eg. Pythium, Phytophthora (Oomycota).
B)Aplanospores
• Sporangiospores which are non-motile without
flagella
• Eg. Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor (Zygomycota).
9. TYPES OF FLAGELLA
UNIFLAGELLATE ZOOSPORE
• A zoospore with a single flagellum, may
be placed at anterior or posterior end of
spore
TTTINSEL
• It is a feathery structure
consisting of a long rachis with
lateral hair like projections called
mastigonemes or flimmers on all
sides along its entire length
BIFLAGELLATE ZOOSPORE
• Biflagellate zoospore: A zoospore with
two flagella, situated laterally or
anteriorly on zoospore
WWHIPLASH
• A flagellum with long, thick,
rigid basal portion and with a
short, narrow, flexible, upper
portion
10. 2)EXOGENOUS SPORE
A)THALLOSPORES
• They arise directly from a pre-existing segment of the
fungal thallus and detached from the parent hyphae and
not by astrictions.
B)ARTHROSPORE
• It is specialized uninucleate cells, which function as
spore. It is also called oidia
• Eg. Saccharomycopsis javanensis, Geotrichum candidum
11. C)CHLAMYDOPORES
• It is a thick-walled, non-deciduous, intercalary or terminal, asexual
spore formed by the rounding of a cell or cells of the hypha
• They do not detach from the parent hypha and remain viable even
after the hypha decays, with reserve food materials and possess
thick wall to withstand unfavourable conditions.
• The walls may often covered with dark melanin pigment
• Eg. Fusarium solani
12. D)CONIDIOSPORES
Conidia are non-motile asexual spores which
may arise directly from somatic hyphae or from
specialized conidiogenous cells or on
conidiophore
Conidia are produced freely on conidiophore ie.,
at the tips or sides of conidiophore or may be
produced in specialized asexual fruiting bodies
viz., pycnidium, acervulus, sporodochium and
synnemata.
13. CONIDIOSPORES BASED ON SEPTATION
AMEROSPORAE
• conidia non septate (single celled), spherical, ovoid to elongated, or short cylindric
DIDYMOSPORAE
• conidia ovoid to oblong, one septate (two celled)
PHRAGMOSPORAE
• conidia oblong, two to many septate (3 or more celled), only transverse septa present
DICTYOSPORAE
• conidia ovoid to oblong, both longitudinal and transverse septa present
SCOLECOSPORAE
• conidia thread like to worm like, filiform, septate or aseptate
HELICOSPORAE
• conidia spirally cylindrical, curved (allantoid), septate or aseptate
STAUROSPORAE
• conidia stellate (star shaped), radially lobed, septate or aseptate
14. COLOUR OF CONIDIA
A)HYALOSPORA
• cell wall of conidia hyaline
FRUITING BODIES(SHAPE)
A)PYCNIDIUM
• It is a globose or flask shaped fruiting body lined in side with
conidiophores which produce conidia
• It may be completely closed or may have an opening called ostiole.
• Eg. Phomopsis, Phoma, Macrophomina, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia etc
B)PHAEOSPORAE
• cell wall of conidia coloured/ pigmented
15. B)ACERVELUS
A flat or saucer shaped fruiting body with a stromatic mat of hyphae producing conidia on
short conidiophores
An acervulus lacks a definite wall structure and not having an ostiole or definite line of
dehiscence
Eg. Colletotrichum, Pestalotiopsis
C)SPORODOCHIUM
• A cushion shaped asexual fruiting body
• Conidiophores arise from a central stroma and they are woven together
on a mass of hyphae and produce conidia
• . Eg. Fusarium,Epicoccum, Mycospherella, Tubercularia etc.
16. D)SYNNEMATA
• A group of conidiophores often united at the base and free at the top.
Conidia may be formed at its tip or along the length of synnema,
resembling a long handled feather duster.
• Eg. Ceratocystis, Graphium.