This document discusses different types of sporangia and spores found in pteridophytes. It describes how sporangia have evolved from solitary structures to more complex groupings. The principal types - eusporangium, leptosporangium, and protoleptosporangium - are defined based on their development patterns. Sporangia can be either homosporous, producing similar spores, or heterosporous, producing microspores and megaspores. Spores themselves show variations in terms of chlorophyll content and germination patterns. Gender inequality arises from microspores producing male gametophytes and megaspores female gametophytes.
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
The timing of cambial reactivation plays an important role in determination of the amount and quality of wood and the environmental adaptavity of trees.
Environmental factors, such as temperatures, influence the growth and development of trees.
Temperatures from late winter to early spring affect the physiological process that are involved in the initiation of cambial cell division and xylem differentiation in trees.
Cumulative elevated temperatures from late winter to early spring result in earlier initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in tree stems and an extended growth period.
However, earlier cambial reactivation increases the risk for frost damage because the cold tolerance of cambium decreases after cambial reactivation.
A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate wood formation in trees and the influence of environmental conditions on such mechanisms should help in efforts to improve and enhance the exploitation of wood for commercial applications and to prepare for climatic change.
Wood is the product of vascular cambium, and the formation of wood depends on the cambial activity of trees.
In temperate and cool zones, the vascular cambium of the stems of trees undergoes seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy, which are collectively known as annual periodicity.
This periodicity plays an important role in the formation of wood and reflects the environmental adaptivity of trees, for example their tolerance to cold in winter in cool and temperate zones.
The quantity and quality of wood depend on the division of cambial cells and the differentiation of cambial derivatives.
Cambial activity in trees is regulated by both internal factors, such as plant hormones, and environmental factors, such as, temperature, rainfall and photoperiod.
Temperature provides the appropriate physical conditions for the growth and development of trees in temperate and cool climates.
Timing of cambial reactivation is controlled by temperature, which influences both the quantity and quality of wood.
During the period from late winter to early spring, new cell plates are formed in the cambium and this springtime phenomenon is referred to as cambial reactivation.
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts etc.
The defining feature of bryophytes is that they do not have true vascular tissue. Although some do have specialized tissues for the transport of water, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue since they do not contain lignin.
There are about 25,000 different species of bryophytes in the world today.
Even though these plants are small in size, they are one of the largest groups of land plants and can be found almost everywhere in the world.
Soral & Sporangial Characters in Pteridophytes.pdfANAKHA JACOB
Sporangia are Spore bearing structure.
• May be eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
• Homo- or Heterosporous.
• Terminal/ Lateral/ aggregated into specialized structures.
Tassel is regarded as primitive and acrostichoid condition as advanced.
The sporangia on expanded sporophyll are with or without the
indusium(protective covering).
• The sori lacking indusia are exindusiate or naked (Gleicheniaceae).
The timing of cambial reactivation plays an important role in determination of the amount and quality of wood and the environmental adaptavity of trees.
Environmental factors, such as temperatures, influence the growth and development of trees.
Temperatures from late winter to early spring affect the physiological process that are involved in the initiation of cambial cell division and xylem differentiation in trees.
Cumulative elevated temperatures from late winter to early spring result in earlier initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in tree stems and an extended growth period.
However, earlier cambial reactivation increases the risk for frost damage because the cold tolerance of cambium decreases after cambial reactivation.
A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate wood formation in trees and the influence of environmental conditions on such mechanisms should help in efforts to improve and enhance the exploitation of wood for commercial applications and to prepare for climatic change.
Wood is the product of vascular cambium, and the formation of wood depends on the cambial activity of trees.
In temperate and cool zones, the vascular cambium of the stems of trees undergoes seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy, which are collectively known as annual periodicity.
This periodicity plays an important role in the formation of wood and reflects the environmental adaptivity of trees, for example their tolerance to cold in winter in cool and temperate zones.
The quantity and quality of wood depend on the division of cambial cells and the differentiation of cambial derivatives.
Cambial activity in trees is regulated by both internal factors, such as plant hormones, and environmental factors, such as, temperature, rainfall and photoperiod.
Temperature provides the appropriate physical conditions for the growth and development of trees in temperate and cool climates.
Timing of cambial reactivation is controlled by temperature, which influences both the quantity and quality of wood.
During the period from late winter to early spring, new cell plates are formed in the cambium and this springtime phenomenon is referred to as cambial reactivation.
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts etc.
The defining feature of bryophytes is that they do not have true vascular tissue. Although some do have specialized tissues for the transport of water, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue since they do not contain lignin.
There are about 25,000 different species of bryophytes in the world today.
Even though these plants are small in size, they are one of the largest groups of land plants and can be found almost everywhere in the world.
Soral & Sporangial Characters in Pteridophytes.pdfANAKHA JACOB
Sporangia are Spore bearing structure.
• May be eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
• Homo- or Heterosporous.
• Terminal/ Lateral/ aggregated into specialized structures.
Tassel is regarded as primitive and acrostichoid condition as advanced.
The sporangia on expanded sporophyll are with or without the
indusium(protective covering).
• The sori lacking indusia are exindusiate or naked (Gleicheniaceae).
• Marsilea hirsuta & Marsilea quadrifolia are two most common Indian species, usually found growing in marshy places, wet soil or near muddy margins of ponds.
• The species are hydrophytic or amphibious i.e., they grow rooted in mud or marshes and shallow pools or are completely submerged or partially or entirely out of water in wet habitats.
This is a Life Cycle of Shpagnum, A good content for Masters Students. (But this content is not made by me...but i thought that this will help many students who are in search for content)
Thank you 😊
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
Types of sporangia and spores submitted by shreyasi dey.roll no 08, 2nd semester, nbu
1. TYPES OF SPORANGIA
AND SPORES IN
PTTERIDOPHYTES
Submitted & Presented by-
Shreyasi Dey
Roll No.08, 2nd Semester
Department-Botany, N.B.U
2. BRIEF HIGHLIGHTS
• Sporangium-the spore case
• Orientation
• Variety through modification
• Evolution through Variation
• Principal types of sporangium
• KEY Features
• Development pattern
• Affinities of Protoleptosporangium
• Gender of sporangium
• Spores variety
• Gender Inequality
• Spore- The unit of Reproduction
3. SPORANGIUM-The Spore Case
• Vascular cryptogams are an assemblage of seedless
vascular plants that have successfully invaded the
land and reproduce by means of spores.
• It is an enclosure in which spores are formed
• Can be composed of a single cell or can be
multicellular
• Most primitive sporangial types are stalk less, or
sessile. If a stalk is present at all, it is merely a
slightly raised multicellular area at the base of the
sporangial capsule.
• The trend in sporangial evolution is evidently from
solitary large capsules to increasingly elaborate
groupings of smaller sporangia.
4. ORIENTATION
• The leaves in most of filicophyta serve a dual purpose
of photosynthesis and reproduction.
• In the common ferns like Adiantum, Pteris ,Dryopteris
any leaf or leaflet can bear sori on its under surface.
• There is no distinction between fertile and sterile
leaves
• There are however some ferns that exhibit segregation
of photosynthetic and reproductive function.
• Their position vary in different groups, viz.
• Cauline –Psilotum, Rhynia; Adaxial Leaf surface-
Lycopodium, Selaginella; Leaf axil- Ophioglossum
5. VARIETYTHROUGHMODIFICATION
SYANANGIUM: a group of FUSED sporangia in which spores develop
SPIKE: sporangia borne on an outgrowth-The fertile SPIKE projecting from the
adaxial leaf surface. Sporangia found on the margins of spike
SPOROPHYLL: sporangia containing fertile leaves
STROBILUS: sporophylls grouped in definite areas
SORUS: sporangia are aggregated in clusters. Sporangia and especially sori have traditionally provided the
most important characters for fern classification.
SPOROCARP: sporangia present within specialized structure. Mostly oval or bean shaped biconvex, flattened
structure. It is green and soft when it is young but at maturity it becomes very hard and brown in colour.
6. EVOLUTUON THROUGH VARIATION
Simple Sorus
All sporangia originate and mature at the same time
All sporangia are at the same stage of development
Example- Osmunda, Ophioglossum
Gradatae Sorus
Sporangia develop over a period of time
Mature sporangia at Center and the younger ones at peripheral sides
Example-Marsilea, Cythea
MixedSorus
• Mature and Immature sporangia of Different ages are arranged in
Irregular Fashion
• Exampe- Pteris, Adiantum
7. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF SPORANGIUM
• On the basis of sporangial development they are classified as 3 types.
• The Advanced Leptosporangium and Primitive Eusporangium
• The Transition type- Protoleptosporangium intermediate between the EUSPORANGIAUM and
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
• But they should in no case can be regarded as phylogenetic links between them. They have a
long evolutionary history and were represented in the Permian, the living members of this type
can be regarded as LIVING FOSSILS.
8. KEY FEATURES
Eusporangium
1. Several cells are concerned in its
initiation
2. Mature sporangium has a short and
thick stalk
3. Sporogenous cells are sometimes
cubical
4. Annulus is less developed and is
present on only one side of the
sporangium
5. Number of spores is comparatively
large
6. Presence of cholorophyll in the
spores is sometimes observed.
Leptosporangium
1. Conical shape of sporangial initial
2. Wall is one or two layered
3. Tapetum orogiantes from the outermost
sporogenous cells
4. Presence of a thin walled Stomium
5. The spore case itself is few celled, and
the outer wall is only one cell thick at
maturity.
6. The number of spores produced usually
only 128, 64, or 32, most commonly 64.
7. Most leptosporangia have a bow or
annulus made up of strongly modified,
thickened cells
9. DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
Sporangium develops from GROUP of superficial
cells.
These cells divide periclinally into primary wall
layers and inner primary sporogenous cells.
The outer wall layers form the wall of the
sporangium while inner sporogenous cells divide
meiotically and form spores
Arises from a SINGLE superficial cell
Divides transversely to form an outer and inner
cell. While inner cell forms the stalk, the entire
sporangium develops from outer cell.
Sporogenous tissue divides meiotically to give rise
to HAPLOID spores
10. AFFINITIES OF PROTOLEPTOSPORANGIUM
Similarities with Eusporangium
• 1. Large number of spores
are produced .Sporangia
massive and not arranged in
distinct sori.
• 2. Structure and
development of the
archegonium
• 3. Antheridia large in size and
have many wall cells and
produce many spermatozoids
• 4. Internal structure of the
petiole. Presence of stipule like
expansions at the base of
petiole
Similarities with Leptosporangium
• 1. Origin of tapetum from the
archesporial cells
• 2. Presence of a primitive type of
annulus in the sporangia
• 3. Presence of a thin walled
tapetum
• 4. Wall of archegonium is single
layered
• 5. Antheridia and archegoinia are
of projecting type
• 6. The prothallus lack endophytic
fungus and is of cordate type
• 7. Embryo development is of prone
type i.e the first division of zygote is
vertical
11. GENDER OF THE SPORANGIUM
• Depending on the gender of spore content,
Sporangium is 2 types-
• Microsporangium and Megasporangium
a) Microsporangium- it is the producer of microspores which are small
spores, numerous in number and give rise to male gametophyte
b) Megasporangium- produces big spore called megaspores, fewer in number
and give rise to female gametophyte
• Depending on the type of spores, Sporangium is –
• either Homosporous or Heterosporous
a) Homosporous-all spores are alike.
• In homosporous Pteridophytes prothalli are monoecious
a) Heterosporous- micro and megaspores are produced separately.
• In heterosporous species prothalli are always dioecious.
12. SPORES VARIETY
Depending on the presence of chlorophyll-
Green/Chlorophyllous and Non green/Non chlorophyllous
Green Spores
• First, they exhibit a clear tendency to a quick
germination, which is in mean of 1.5 days.
• Second, their germination ability is very rapidly lost,
with a mean viability of around 48 days.
• Green spores, in a state of active respiration with a
higher water content and with chlorophyll present in
an active state, can germinate almost immediately
after sowing.
• Do not enter into a period of dormancy characteristic
of non-green spores.
• The constant physiological activity of the green spore
utilizes the storage compounds in an apparently
short period of time.
• As the storage compounds are totally used up, the
spores become non-viable. Water loss may also play a
part in reducing the length of viability in green spores.
Non-Green Spores
• Great majority of ferns have non-green spores, i.e., which are
without evident chloroplasts at the time of dissemination.
These spores do possess proplastids.
• The length of time between sowing and germination in non-
green spores is variable, from four to six days or even to 210
days
• Must absorb additional water and produce chloroplastids
from proplastids before germinating.
• This difference in activity would account for the differences in
germination rate
• In contrast to green spores, non-green spores remain viable
for extremely long periods, up to 48 years in Asplenium.
• The absolute record to date of spore viability is reported
within the heterosporous genus Marsilea: megaspores
obtained from 100-year-old sporocarps of M. oligospora
germinated forming rhizoids and archegonia (Johnson 1985).
13. GENDER INEQUALITY
• The gender of a pteridophyte is based on the
spore
• Microspore ensures the Male plant body as
after fertilisation it produces the Male
Gametophyte only
• On the other hand Megaspore is the Female
spore which gives rise to Female Gametophyte
• DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
