This document discusses artificial organs and tissue engineering. It provides examples of artificial organs that are currently being developed or used, such as artificial hearts, lungs, kidneys, and more sensory organs like tongues and noses. The document outlines the process of tissue engineering, including extracting cells, using scaffolds, and implanting engineered tissues. Both artificial organs and tissue engineering can extend lives but have health risks, though tissue engineering may provide more biocompatible replacements.

1. ARTIFICAL ORGANS AND TISSUE
PRESENTED BY : KOMAL ZULFIQAR

2. ArtificialOrgans
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3. Presentation Flow
What Is An ArtificialOrgan?
Artificial Heart
Artificial Lungs
Artificial Kidneys
Artificial Tongue
Artificial Nose
What are theAdvantages and Disadvantages
of Artificial Organs
Health Risks
References
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4. What Is An Artificial Organ ?
 An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted or
integrated into a human to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of
restoring a specific function or a group of related functions so the
patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible.
 Usually made out of stem cells from the patient.
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5. Artificial Heart
 Used for patients with heart failure awaiting heart transplant
 Two types used:
1) Ventricle Assist Device (V.A.D).
2) Total Artificial Heart (T.A.H).
Ventricle Assist Device (V.A.D) Total Artificial Heart (T.A.H)
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6. Ventricle Assist Device (V.A.D).
 Ventricle assist device (V.A.D)
 Used to help partially working ventricles of heart
 Example:
NovaCare LVAS
 How it works: Pump connected to left ventricle.
When heart pumps, bloods enters from left ventricle through inflow
conduit and into artificial heart pump. Low resistance from blood
moving out of the left ventricle reduces load greatly allowing heart to
have normal stroke volume. Blood in pump then leaves through an
outflow conduit and into arterial system of body.
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7. Total Artificial Heart (T.A.H).
 Total Artificial Heart(T.A.H)
 Replaces both ventricles of an almost completely failed heart
attached to upper chamber of heart (left and right atrium)
 Two types: Cardio west andAbiocor
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9. Artificial Lungs
 Still in development and testing
 Example: Biolung
 How it works: can sized lung attached to right ventricle of heart.
When blood is pumped through CO2 leaves blood and O2 enters as
blood passes through array of microfibers. Blood travels back to left
atrium of heart.
 Improvements needed: Determine optimal fiber shape, distance of fibers
and number of fibers.
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10. Artificial Kidneys
 Kidney cleanses blood of waste products
 Kidney/renal failure causes kidneys to not function properly, leads to
abnormal concentration of fluids within body
 Kidney transplant needed in order to survive.
 Artificial kidney/dialyzer used to keep patient alive while he/she waits
 Dialyzer contains several small tubes and microscopic holes
 Contains special fluid known as dialysate
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11. Dialysis
 Blood enters dialyzer with dialysate
 Waste products move from blood to dialysate
 Certain chemicals from dialysate enrich blood
 Blood leaves dialyzer goes through air bubble detector and back into
bloodstream
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12. Artificial Tongue / Electronic tongues
 Chemical compound responsible for taste are detected by human taste
receptors, and the seven sensors of electronic instruments detect the
same dissolved organic and inorganic compounds.
 Like human receptors, each sensor has a spectrum of reactions different
from the other. The information given by each sensor is complementary
and the combination of all sensors' results generates a unique fingerprint.
 Most of the detection thresholds of sensors are similar to or better than
those of human receptors.
Input
GAS
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13. Applications
Electronic tongues have several applications in various industrial areas:
the Pharmaceutical industry, food and beverage sector, etc. It can be used to:
 analyze flavor ageing in beverages (for instance fruit juice, alcoholic or
non alcoholic drinks, flavored milks…)
 quantify bitterness or “spicy level” of drinks or dissolved compounds (e.g.
bitterness measurement and prediction of teas)
 quantify taste masking efficiency of formulations (tablets, syrups, powders,
capsules, lozenges…)
 analyze medicines stability in terms of taste
 benchmark target products.
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14. Artificial Nose / Electronic Nose
 An electronic nose is a device intended to detect odors or flavors.
 Over the last decade, "electronic sensing" or "e-sensing" technologies have
undergone important developments from a technical and commercial point of view.
 The expression "electronic sensing" refers to the capability of reproducing human
senses using sensor arrays and pattern recognition systems.
 Since 1982, research has been conducted to develop technologies, commonly
referred to as electronic noses, that could detect and recognize odors and flavors.
 The stages of the recognition process are similar to human olfaction and are
performed for identification, comparison, quantification and other applications,
including data storage and retrieval.
 However, hedonic evaluation is a specificity of the human nose given that it is
related to subjective opinions. These devices have undergone much development
and are now used to fulfill industrial needs.
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15. Applications
 The fields of health and security
- The detection of dangerous and harmful bacteria, such as software that has been specifically
developed to recognize the smell of the MRSA (Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus
Aureus).
 In quality control laboratories
- Detection of contamination, spoilage, adulteration
- Conformity of raw materials, intermediate and final products
- Monitoring of storage conditions.
 In process and production departments
- Cleaning in place monitoring
- Managing raw material variability
 The field of crime prevention and security
- The ability of the electronic nose to detect odorless chemicals makes it ideal for use in the
police force, such as the ability to detect drug odors despite other airborne odors capable of
confusing police dogs.
- It may also be used as a bomb detection method in airports.
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16. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of
Artificial Organs ?
 Only one major advantage, extends life increasing chance
of
receiving organ transplant.
 Disadvantage: Cost, artificial heart costs between $100000
to
$300000
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17. Health Risks
 Bio artificial organs have a possible presence of disease if the tissue
that was used to create the organ has been infected
 Death, disabling injury, stroke, foreign body rejection, infection,
device malfunction, cognitive impairment, and weakening over time
are potential complications among completely artificial organs (heart
mortality rate: 14-27%)
 Artificial hearts are only able to sustain life for up to 18 months at a
time
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18. ARTIFICIAL TISSUE

19. INTRODUCTION :
• Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells,engineering and
materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors
to improve or replace biological functions
• The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical
functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. An artificial
pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
• A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and
Vicenti is “An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and
life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain,
or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ”

20. EXAMPLES :
• Bioartificial liver device
• Artificial pancreas Cartilage
 Doris Taylor ‘s heart in a jar Tissue
 engineered airway Tissue engineered
 vessels Artificial skin
• Artificial bone marrow
• Artificial bone
• Oral mucosa tissue engineering
• Foreskin

21. STEPS
FOLLOWED

22. PROCESS OF TISSUE
ENGINEERING
(1)Start building material (e.g., extracellular matrix, biodegradable
polymer).
(2) Shape it as needed.
(3) Seed it with living cells .
(4) Bathe it with growth factors.
(5)Cells multiply & fill up the scaffold & grow into three-dimensional
tissue.
(6) Implanted in the body.
(7) Cells recreate their intended tissue functions.
(8) Blood vessels attach themselves to the new tissue.
(9) The scaffold dissolves.
(10)The newly grown tissue eventually blends in with its surroundings.

23. Extraction
From fluid tissues such as blood, cells
are extracted by bulk methods, usually
centrifugation or apheresis.
From solid tissues, extraction is more
difficult. Usually the tissue is minced, and
then digested with the enzymes trypsin or
collagenase to remove the extracellular
matrix (ECM)
that holds the cells. After that, the cells are
free floating, and extracted using
centrifugation or apheresis

24. CELLS AS BUILDING BLOCKS
Tissue engineering utilizes living cells as engineering materials.
Examples include using living fibroblasts in skin replacement or repair,
cartilage repaired with living chondrocytes,

26. APPLICATIONS
Tissue engineering covers a broad range of applications, in practice the
term has come to represent applications that repair or replace structural
tissues (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, etc). These are
tissues that function by virtue of their mechanical properties.
Aclosely related (and older) field is cell transplantation.
This field is concerned with the transplantation of cells
that perform a specific biochemical function (e.g., an
artificial pancreas, or an artificial liver).
Tissue engineering solves problems by using living cells as
engineering materials.
These could be artificial skin that includes living fibroblasts,
cartilage repaired with living chondrocytes, or other types of
cells used in other ways.

27. Tissue engineered heart valves offer a promising
alternative for the replacement of diseased heart valves
avoiding the limitations faced with currently available bio
prosthetic and mechanical heart valves.
Tissue-engineered skin is a significant advance in the field of wound healing and
was developed due to limitations associated with the use of autografts.

29. Thank You !
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