1. The document discusses the history and state of artificial organs, including artificial hearts, pancreases, livers, and other applications. 2. It describes technologies like total artificial hearts, which replace both ventricles of the natural heart, and discusses how they can extend life for patients awaiting transplants. 3. While artificial organs can save lives, many challenges remain regarding device durability, infection risk, and long-term patient outcomes. Researchers continue working to develop more effective and reliable artificial organ technologies.

1. ARTIFICIAL
HEART
A PROMISING APPROACH IN ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering
Professor Maria Teresa Pinheiro
May 31st, 2012
Liliana Agostinho, 65109
Joana Paulo, 72455

2. Introduction
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Artificial Heart
History
Mechanical Heart
Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial Heart
Conclusion
References

3. Introduction Introduction
Anatomy and DEFINITION
Physiology
“An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted into the human body
Pathology to replace one or many functions of a natural organ, which usually are related
to life support.”
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning Life support to prevent Dramatic improvement
imminent death while of the patient’s ability
Total Artificial awaiting a transplant for self-care
Heart
Conclusion
Improvement of Esthetic restoration
References patient’s ability to after cancer surgery or
interact socially accident

4. Introduction
State of the Art
ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
Prevention or delay of chronic Less patient inconvenience
References
complications of diabetes and discomfort

5. Introduction
ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Islets of Langerhans, collected from animals or designed from stem cells,
producing insulin, amylin and glucanon.

6. Introduction
ARTIFICIAL LIVER
Anatomy and
Physiology
EXTRACORPOREAL LIVER ASSIST DEVICE (ELAD)
Pathology
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References

7. Introduction
ARTIFICIAL LIVER
Anatomy and
Physiology
First bioartificial liver developed from
Pathology stem cells with the size of a coin
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
HepaLife’s device consists on PICM-19
Conclusion cells inside a bioreactor that can
function as an external liver
References

8. Introduction
Anatomy and
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Physiology
Pathology ü Dialysis machine;
Mechanical ü Artificial trachea;
Heart Valve
ü Cochlear implant;
Heart Cloning
ü Brain pacemakers;
Total Artificial
Heart ü Artificial eye (miniature digital camera with a remote unidirectional electronic interface
Conclusion implanted on the retina, optic nerve, or other related locations inside the brain;
References
ü Artificial limbs.

9. Introduction Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion ü Localization and layers;
References ü Heart chambers and valves;
ü Cardiac cycle.

10. Introduction Pathology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical -Cardiovascular disease
Heart Valve
-Heart attack
Heart Cloning
-High blood pressure
Total Artificial
-Heart diseases that attack
Heart
the heart muscle or the
Conclusion
cardiac valves
References Heart Failure

11. Introduction Valve’s Evolution
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical 1952 1960 1979
Heart Valve Cage Ball Valve Tilting-disc valves Bileaflet valve Biological tissue valves
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Mechanical Heart Valves
Heart
Subject to thrombus
Made with high strength deposition and complications
Conclusion resulting from emboli
biocompatible material are
durable and have long-term Patients with implanted
References
functional capability. mechanical valves need to
be on long-term
anticoagulant therapy.

12. Introduction
Mechanical Heart Valve
Anatomy and
Physiology Bending
Pathology
Stretching Twisting
Mechanical
Heart Valve Mechanical
Properties
Heart Cloning Material requirements
Total Artificial ü Cause minimal trauma to blood elements and the endothelial tissue surrounding the
Heart valve;
ü Good resistance to wear;
Conclusion
ü Minimize chances for thrombus deposition;
References ü Be non-degradable in the physiological environment;
ü Neither absorb blood constituents or release foreign substances into the blood;
ü Good surface finish.

13. Introduction
Problems
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Degradation of
Mechanical valve components
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart Clinical
Structural
complications
failure
Conclusion (Valve)
References

14. Introduction
Heart Cloning – Case study
Anatomy and
① Stem cells are injected by intra-coronary method.
Physiology
② A guiding catheter is put into the coronary artery to achieve the target.
Pathology ③ A balloon is sent and then inflated to stop the blood supply for a couple of minutes.
④ A lumen is inserted, through which a million stem cells, cultivated from the bone
Mechanical
Heart Valve marrow of the patient, are injected in the artery.
⑤ Stem cells reach the target area.
Heart Cloning
⑥ The balloon is inflated till the stem cells are injected so that blood does not flow
Total Artificial during the process.
Heart
Conclusion
References

15. Introduction
Total Artificial Heart
Anatomy and Total Artificial Heart (TAH) - device that replaces the two lower chambers of the
Physiology heart (ventricles) and is attached to your heart's upper chambers.
Pathology
CARDIOWEST TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Tubes exit the body and connect to a machine that powers and controls how the
CardioWest TAH works.

16. Introduction ABIOCOR TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
AbioCor TAH is completely contained inside the chest. A battery powers this TAH. The
References
battery is charged through the skin with a special magnetic charger
v TAH usually extends life for months beyond what is expected with end-stage heart
failure. If you're waiting for a heart transplant, a TAH can keep you alive while you
wait for a donor heart. However, it’s a very complex device.

17. Introduction
Last Research
Anatomy and
Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical
Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References

18. Introduction
Conclusion
Anatomy and
Physiology
Some devices will provide assistance while new therapies incorporating
Pathology
stem cells, gene therapy, or engineered tissues are employed to repair or
replace the damaged organ.
Mechanical
Heart Valve
There has been considerable improvement in the durability and
Heart Cloning functional efficiency of mechanical heart valves
Total Artificial
Heart
All current models of mechanical heart valves need anti coagulation
Conclusion
therapy to minimize the risk of thrombosis and embolism.
References
With the current technology, it is plausible that the use of TAHs will increase,
as will the development of devices with lower mechanical faults, more
systemic control, increased patient freedom and fewer overall complications.

19. Introduction References
Anatomy and [1] - http://www.bmecentral.com/artificial-organs.html (last login in 16/07/2012);
[2] - MILLER, G., Artificial Organs, Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering, 2006, doi: 10.2200/
Physiology
S00023ED1V01Y200604BME004;
[3] - http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/programs/medical_devices/ (last login in 16/07/2012);
Pathology [4] - http://echo.gmu.edu/bionics/exhibits.htm (last login in 16/07/2012);
[5] - JAREMKO, J. and RORSTAD, O., Advances Toward the Implantable Artificial Pancreas for Treatment of
Mechanical Diabetes, Diabetes Care, Volume 21, Number 3, March 1998, 444-450;
Heart Valve [6] - SHETKY, L. et al, A Closed Loop Implantable Artificial Pancreas Using Thin Film Nitinol MEMS Pumps,
Proceedings, International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-2003), Pacific Grove,
Heart Cloning California (2003);
[7] – MURAKAMI, A. and SABBATINI, A., Sensores de glucose e bombas de insulina – em busca do pâncreas
artificial;
Total Artificial
[8]http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/38003/ (last login in 16/07/2012);
Heart http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/04/health/artificial-pancreas/index.html
[9] Mitamura Y, Hosooka K, Matsomoto T, Otaki K and Sakai K. Development of a fine ceramic Heart valves. Journal of
Conclusion Biomaterials Application. Publisher Sage Publication, London.
[10] JOUNG, G. and CHO, B., An Energy Transmission System for an Artificial Heart Using Leakage Inductance
References Compensation of Transcutaneous Transformer, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 6, November
1998, 1013-1022;
[11] WESTABY, S., The need for artificial hearts, Heart 1996; 76:200-206;
[12] GONZÁLEZ, B. et al., Biomechanics of mechanical heart valve, Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine,
GED at University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, December 2003;
[13] http://www.publico.pt/Ciências/coracao-artificial-primeiro-orgao-biologico-feito-em-laboratorio-1316632
[14] SLEPIAN, M. et al., The Syncardia CardiowestTM Total Artificial Heart.