Tissue engineering involves using scaffolds and cells to regenerate tissues. There are various sources of cells, including embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Scaffolds provide structure for cells and must have properties like porosity and biodegradability. Common scaffold fabrication methods include solvent casting, gas foaming, and 3D printing. Tissue engineering has applications in healing burns, wounds, cartilage, and more. The global market is growing and projected to be worth $32 billion due to increasing demand for treatments of diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Challenges include standardization, ethics, and high costs.

1. •Nikhil Bhalerao
•RahulKumar Bhol
•Girija Paranjpe
•Sonali Jadhav
•Pallavi Bodkhe

2. Tissue Engineering
 Tissue engineering is TECHNOLOGY.
 Similar to REGENARATIVE MEDICINES.
 Regenerative medicines means use of STEM CELLS.
 STEM CELLS:
1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Adult stem cells

4. Sources of cells
 Primary source – cells from individual(patient)
 Secondary source- cells from cell bank
 Autologous cells- cells from same person
 Allogenic cells-cells from same species
 Xenogenic cells- cells from another species
 Syngenic cells- cells from clones

5. Scaffolds
 Cells are implanted or 'seeded' into an artificial
structure capable of supporting three-dimensional
tissue formation. These structures typically are
called as scaffolds
 Scaffolds usually serve at least one of the following
purposes:
 Allow cell attachment and migration
 Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
 Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed
products

6. Requirements for scaffolds
 High porosity and an adequate pore size
 Biodegradability
 rate at which degradation occurs has to coincide as
much as possible with the rate of tissue formation
 Inject ability

7. Carbon Nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are
among the numerous types
for tissue engineering
scaffolds
They are-
biocompatible,
can be functionalized
with biomolecules.

8. Methods for tissue engineering
scaffolds:
Solvent Casting & Particulate Leaching (SCPL)
 It allows for the preparation of porous structures with
regular porosity, but with a limited thickness
 Polymer- polylactic acid
 Solvent- dichloromethane
 Porogen- sodium chloride, crystals of
saccharose, gelatin spheres or paraffin spheres

9. Gas Foaming
 To overcome the need to use organic solvents and solid
porogens
 Disc-shaped structures made
 Exposed to high pressure CO2 for several days
 Pressure inside the chamber is gradually restored to
atmospheric levels
 Pores are formed by the carbon dioxide molecules that
abandon the polymer

10. Emulsification/Freeze-drying
 This technique does not require the use of a solid
porogen
 A synthetic polymer is dissolved into a suitable solvent
 Water is added to the polymeric solution to obtain
emulsion
 Emulsion is cast into a mold and quickly frozen
 Frozen emulsion is subsequently freeze-dried to
remove the dispersed water and the solvent

11. Thermally Induced Phase
Separation (TIPS)

12. Electro spinning

13. CAD/CAM Technologies
 Three-dimensional structure is designed using CAD
software. The porosity can be tailored using
algorithms within the software

14. Tissue culture
 Includes creation of functional tissues and biological
structures in vitro
 It requires extensive culturing to promote
survival, growth and inducement of functionality
 The major problem is maintaining culture conditions

15. Bioreactors
•Bioreactor is a
device that
attempts to
simulate a
physiological
environment in
order to promote
cell or tissue
growth in vivo

16. Applications of Tissue Engineering
 Therapeutic cloning for tissue repair
 Coronary Heart Disease
 Myocardial Infarction
 Congestive Heart Failure
 Dysfunctional Heart Valves
 Peripheral Vascular Disorders
 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

17.  Neurological
 Stroke
 Parkinson’s Disease
 Alzheimer’s Disease
 Epilepsy
 Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury
 Multiple Sclerosis

18.  Orthopedic
 Non-union Fractures
 Cartilage Damage and Repair
 Ligament Damage
 Vertebral Disc Damage
 Bone Graft Materials
 Urological
 Incontinence
 Kidney Disease
 Bladder

19.  Dental
 Missing teeth
 Periodontal disease
 Skin/Integumentary
 Burns
 Diabetic Ulcers
 Venous Ulcers
 Plastic Surgery
 Ophthalmology
 Cornea
 Retina

20.  Gastrointestinal
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestine
 Colon
 Ear, Nose and
Throat/Respiratory/Cardiopulmonary
 Trachea
 Respiratory Epithelial Cells (Nasal Turbinates)
 Cancer

21. Organ Transplantation
 Bioartificial liver device:
 Artificial pancreas:.
 Artificial bladders:
 Cartilage:
 Artificial skin constructed from human skin cells
embedded in collagen
-Artificial bone marrow
-Artificial bone
-Artificial penis
-Oral mucosa tissue engineering

22. Some Interesting Things…

23. In vitro meat

24. Skin gun heals skin burns

25. Bullet Proof Skin

26. Living Doll

27. Tissue engineered Toys

28. Market scenario
 Treatments via cell therapy and tissue engineering constitute a $6.9
billion worldwide market.
 Market is predicted to grow nearly $32 billion in less than ten years.
 Market is growing at rate of 16%.
 Market demand increasing for innovative product.
 Over the 2009–2018 period,
- organ transplantation segment is expected to grow by 46%.
- dental decay and disease segment expected to grow by 21%.
 Increase in Indian tissue engineering market due to Medical tourism

29.  Apligraf, by Organogenesis, is the first manufactured
living human organ in 1997
 Different product categories:
− Skin substitutes
− Orthopedic cartilage and bone replacement
− Cardiovascular substitutes
− Organs (e.g. kidney, liver, lung)
− Nervous system
− Soft tissue

30. Tissue engineering market

31. Major Market segment:
 Orthopedics:
 Cardiology:
 Wound healing:
 Diabetes:
 Neurodegenerative diseases:

32. Market segment and
opportunities
Orthopedics:
 Orthopedic segment grow at nearly 15% per year
 This market include spine, bone grafts, and bone substitutes.
 Regenerative medicine therapy is favorable.
 Orthopedic treatment is most popular area in Indian medical tourism.
 Cardiology:
 Regenerative medicine with applications in cardiology and vascular medicine
will rank among the three fastest growing segments .
 As CHD (and CVD) rates increase, estimate increases to 17.9 million by 2030.
 In 2005, India was estimated to have 3.5 crore CHD patients while in 2010, the
number stood at 4.6 crores.
 The most promising area for regenerative medicine is the treatment of
myocardial infarction

33. Wound healing
 Globally, 500,000 surgeries were performed to treat
diabetic ulcers
 500,000 surgeries to treat venous ulcers
 45,000 burn surgeries
 940,000 plastic surgeries are performed each year
 The most common application for regenerative medicine is
for the treatment of burns.

34. Diabetes:
 The number of people with diabetes globally will likely
double between 2003-2030.
 An estimated 285 million people, corresponding to 6.4% of
the world's adult population, will live with diabetes in 2010
 Surgical transplantation of pancreatic islet cells is
promising application
Neurodegenerative diseases:
 18 million people worldwide with Alzheimer’s disease.
 20 million people each year will suffer from stroke.
 6.3 million people have Parkinson’s disease.

35. Challenges:
 Quality control of the materials used in various
surgical applications
 Acquiring a fundamental understanding of tissue
differentiation mechanisms
 The industry is challenged to develop tissue-
engineered products for a number of surgery-
related applications,
 Ethical issue.
.

36. Major market players

37. Future:
 Technical advances in the various components of the
industry will contribute to market growth.
 Focus on the safety and efficacy standards.
 Continued development of artificial organs with
appropriate support structures.
 Focus on disease areas that have the most patients and
the largest unmet needs

38. Problems with Tissue engineering
 Complexity using Human tissue implants
 Variability of cells grown.
 Standardization of process
 Irreversible process
 Risk assessment in clinical trials & commercialization.
 Ethical problems

39. Ethical problems
•Using Xenogenic cells: Species boundaries crossed
•Using Human embryonic cells: Unethical to use human
embryo & aborted fetus.
•Use of human embryo with large scale cultivation for profit
•Rights of Tissue Donors:
-Profit making
-Information

40. Ethical Problems
 Role of Cell banks:
 Privacy of Donor
 Prolonging of life through Tissue engineering:
Set goal for raising life span through tissue engineering
 Playing THEE!!!
 Organ trafficking
 Cost of using Technology.

41. Organizations in TE
 Society for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine (India) (STERMI)
 Society for Biomaterials & Artificial organs
 Society for regenerative medicines & tissue
engineering (SRMTE)
 European tissue repair society
 Tissue & cell engineering society
 Tissue engineering & Regenerative Medicine
International Society