The document discusses the ARM programmer's model. It describes the register set used in ARM including the general purpose registers, program counter, and current program status register. It also covers the memory system and exceptions handling in ARM. When exceptions occur, the current state is saved by copying the program counter and program status register values. The processor then switches to exception mode and the program counter is set to the vector address for the exception handler.

1. ARM programmer’s model
M. Anbuselvi
ASP/ECE

2. 2 v 1.1
Session Objective
• To understand ARM programmer’s model
– Register set
– Memory system
– Exceptions

3. 3 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• Each instruction can be viewed as performing a defined
transformation from the state before the instruction is executed to
the state after it has completed.
• Note that although a processor will typically have many invisible
registers involved in executing an instruction,
• The values of these registers before and after the instruction is
executed are not significant;
• Only the values in the visible registers have any significance.

4. 4 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• When writing user-level programs,
• only the 15 general-purpose 32-bit registers (r0 to r14),
• the program counter (r15) and
• the current program status register (CPSR)
• The remaining registers are used only for system-level programming
and for handling exceptions (for example, interrupts).

5. 5 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model

6. 6 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• Modes of ARM processor
• User mode  Non-Privileged mode
• Supervisor mode
• Abort mode
• Interrupt mode
• Fast interrupt mode
• Undefined mode
Privileged mode

7. 7 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• CPSR

8. 8 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• Memory system

9. 9 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• Exceptions:
• The current state is saved by copying the PC into r14_exc and the
CPSR into SPSR_exc (where exc stands for the exception type).
• The processor operating mode is changed to the appropriate
exception mode.
• The PC is forced to a value between 0016 and 1C16, the particular
value depending on the type of exception.

10. 10 v 1.1
ARM programmer’s model
• The instruction at the location the PC is forced to (the vector
address) will usually contain a branch to the exception handler.
• The exception handler will use r13_exc, which will normally have
been initialized to point to a dedicated stack in memory, to save
some user registers for use as work registers.
• The return to the user program is achieved by restoring the user
registers and then using an instruction to restore the PC and the
CPSR atomically.
• This may involve some adjustment of the PC value saved in r14_exc
to compensate for the state of the pipeline when the exception arose

11. 11 v 1.1
ARM development tools
• Cross- development

12. 12 v 1.1
Summary
• Learnt the ARM programmer’s model

13. 13 v 1.1
Test Your Understanding
• How many modes are there in ARM processor and what
are privileged modes?
• What are exceptions? What are the registers involved in
handling the exceptions?

14. 14
References
• Steve Furber, ‘’ARM System - On - Chip architecture”
Addision Wesley, 2000.

15. 15 v 1.1
Thank you