#1: The TMS320C54XX DSP uses a modified Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses for high parallelism. It has multiple buses and on-chip memory for efficient data and program flow.
#2: The CPU has a MAC unit, accumulators, ALU, and other components for powerful DSP computing. On-chip peripherals and memory-mapped registers provide efficient I/O.
#3: The architecture utilizes eight buses, on-chip memory blocks, and specialized units like the CSSU to optimize performance of DSP algorithms like Viterbi processing.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
This presentation is about the design and function of a microprocessor, how to program and how to interface it with other electronics machines and devices
A 4-bit CPU is implemented using TTL components and was based on micro-programmed control. The system implements 12 basic arithmetic, logic and control instructions with a 4 bit data bus and an 8 bit address bus. This project was done during 2nd year at IIT Guwahati
Register Organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Description of 8086, Physical Memory
Organization, General Bus Operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Special Processor Activities,
Minimum Mode 8086 System and Timings, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timings.
Addressing Modes of 8086.
This presentation gives you easier way to study 8086 i.e. 16 bit microprocessor. 8086 microprocessor's architecture contains two basic functional units namely Bus Interface Unit and Execution Unit. BIS fetches the instructions from memory. It reads/writes instructions to/from memory. Input/Output of data to/from I/O peripheral ports. Address generation of memory reference. Queing instructions. Thus, BIU handles all transfer of data and address. Tasks of EU: Decodes the instructions. Executes the decoded instructions. Tells BIU from where to fetch the instruction. EU takes care of performing operation on the data. EU is also known as heart of the data.
Synthesis Process, synthesis Model, Why Perform Logic synthesis, Resource Sharing,Example of Resource sharing,Pipe-lining,Power Analysis of FPGA Based System
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
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Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
$21.92 billion in 2023 to $28.11 billion in 2024 at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Experience the thrill of Progressive Puzzle Adventures, like Scavenger Hunt Games and Escape Room Activities combined Solve Treasure Hunt Puzzles online.
3. INTROUCTION
This unit provides the architectural overview of TMS320C54XX
which comprises of :-
• CPU
• On Chip Memory
• On Chip Peripherals
• Addressing Modes
• Interrupts
• Program Control
• Internal Memory Bus Organization
• Buses
• Pipelining
9/14/2017 Dr. Sudhir N Shelke
4. INTROUCTION
• The C54XX DSP uses modified harvard architecture that
maximizes processing power eight buses.
• Separate Program & Data buses allow simultaneous access to
program & data providing high degree of parallelism.
• Data can be transferred between program & data memory.
9/14/2017 Dr. Sudhir N Shelke
5. Efficient data/program flow
#1: CPU designed for efficient DSP processing
MAC unit, 2 Accumulators, Additional Adder,
Barrel Shifter
#2: Multiple busses for efficient data
and program flow
Four busses and large on-chip memory that
result in sustained performance near peak
#3: Highly tuned instruction set for
powerful DSP computing
Sophisticated instructions that execute in fewer
cycles, with less code and low power demands
9/14/2017 Dr. Sudhir N Shelke
8. Buses in C54XX
The C54XX architecture is built around 8 major 16 bit buses.
The Program Bus carries the instruction code & immediate operands
from program memory.
Three data buses (CB,DB,EB) interconnect to various elements such
as CPU, Data address generation logic ,on chip Peripherals & data
memory.
The CB & DB carry the data operands that are read from memory.
The EB carries the data to be written to memory.
Four address buses (PAB, CAB, DAB, and EAB) carry the addresses
needed for instruction execution.
9/14/2017 Dr. Sudhir N Shelke
12. Buses
• The C54x DSP can generate up to two data-memory addresses
per cycle using the two auxiliary register arithmetic units
(ARAU0 and ARAU1).
• The PB can carry data operands stored in program space to
the multiplier and adder for multiply/accumulate operations
or to a destination in data space for data move instructions.
• The C54x DSP also has an on-chip bidirectional bus for
accessing on-chip peripherals. This bus is connected to DB
and EB through the bus exchanger in the CPU interface
9/14/2017 Dr. Sudhir N Shelke
15. Internal Memory Organization
The C54XX DSP memory is organized into three individually
selectable spaces: program, data, and I/O space.
The C54x devices can contain random access memory (RAM)
and read-only memory (ROM).
Among the devices, the following types of RAM are
represented: dual-access RAM (DARAM), single-access RAM
(SARAM), and two-way shared RAM.
The DARAM or SARAM can be shared within subsystems of
a multiple-CPU core device.
We can configure the DARAM and SARAM as data memory
or program/data memory.
The C54x DSP also has 26 CPU registers plus peripheral
registers that are mapped in data-memory space.
9/14/2017 Dr. Sudhir N Shelke
17. On Chip ROM
The on-chip ROM is part of the program memory space and,
in some cases, part of the data memory space.
The amount of on-chip ROM available on each device varies
On most devices, the ROM contains a boot loader that is
useful for booting to faster on-chip or external RAM.
On devices with large amounts of ROM, a portion of the
ROM may be mapped into both data and program space.
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18. On Chip DARAM
The amount of on-chip DARAM available on each device
varies.
The DARAM is composed of several blocks. Because each
DARAM block can be accessed twice per machine cycle.
The CPU and peripherals, such as a buffered serial port
(BSP) and host-port interface (HPI), can read from and write
to a DARAM memory address in the same cycle.
The DARAM is always mapped in data space and is primarily
intended to store data values. It can also be mapped into
program space and used to store program code.
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19. On Chip SARAM
The amount of on-chip SARAM available on each device
varies.
The SARAM is composed of several blocks. Each block is
accessible once per machine cycle for either a read or a write.
The SARAM is always mapped in data space and is primarily
intended to store data values.
It can also be mapped into program space and used to store
program code.
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20. MEMORY MAPPED REGISTERS (MMR)
• The data memory space contains memory-mapped registers for
the CPU and the on-chip peripherals.
• These registers are located on data page 0, simplifying
access to them.
• The memory-mapped access provides a convenient way to
save and restore the registers for context switches and to
transfer information between the accumulators and the other
registers.
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21. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
40 Bit ALU
Two 40 bit Accumulators
Barrel Shifter
17 X 17 bit Multiplier
40 Bit Adder
16 Bit Temp Register
CSSU
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22. STATUS REGISTERS
ST0: Contains the status of flags (OVA, OVB, C, TC)
produced by arithmetic operations & bit
manipulations.
ST1: Contain the status of various conditions &
modes. Bits of ST0 & ST1 registers can be set or clear
with the SSBX & RSBX instructions.
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23. ST0
•DP: Data memory page pointer, concatenated with the 7-LSBs of an
instruction word to form a direct memory address of 16-bits, if CPL = 0.
• OVB: Overflow for AccB.
• OVA: Overflow for AccA.
•C: Carry,
1 for Carry generated by addition. 0 for Borrow generated by
subtraction otherwise, 0 for add & 1 for sub.
• TC: Test/Control flag, Stores the result of ALU test bit
operations.
• ARP: Auxiliary Register Pointer, Selects AR0 –AR7 for
indirect single-operand addressing.
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24. ST1
•15.BRAF: Block-Rep active flag
BRAF=0, when BRC< zero; BRAF=1, when RPTB
• 14.CPL: Compiler mode.
CPL=0, DP is selected; CPL=1, SP is selected
• 13.XF: External flag, a GP O/P pin for multiprocessor configuration.
Set: SSBX; Reset: RSBX
• 12.HM: Hold Mode, determines whether the CPU stops or continues
execution when acknowledging an active HOLD signal.
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25. • 11.INTM: Interrupt mode.
0, all unmasked interrupts are enabled
1, all maskable interrupts are enabled
• 10. O: Overflow.
• 09.OVM: Overflow mode, enables (1) / disables(0) the
accumulator to saturate on overflow.
• 08.SXM: Sign extension mode, enables / disables sign
extension of an arithmetic operation
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26. •07.C16: Dual 16-bit/ Double precision arithmetic mode.
C16=0, ALU operates in double precision mode
C16=1, ALU operates in dual 16 bit arithmetic mode
• 06.FRCT: Fractional mode (multiplication)
If 1, multiplier output is left shifted by 1 bit to compensate for extra
sign bit
• 05.CMPT: Compatibility mode for ARP.
(ARP not updated(0), ARP updated(1))
• 04.ASM: Accumulator Shift Mode.
Specifies a shift value of -16 to +15 range and is coded as 2’s
complement value
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27. ALU
• The 40-bit ALU, implements a wide range of arithmetic and
logical functions, most of which execute in a single clock
cycle.
• After an operation is performed in the ALU, the result is
usually transferred to a destination accumulator (accumulator
A or B).
• The ALU can also function as two 16-bit ALUs and perform
two 16-bit operations simultaneously.
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28. ACCUMULATORS
The C54XX devices have two 40 bit ACC’s A & B.
Accumulators A and B store the output from the ALU or the
multiplier/adder block. They can also provide a second input to the ALU.
Accumulator A can be an input to the multiplier/adder.
Each accumulator is divided into three parts:
Guard bits (bits 39–32)
High-order word (bits 31–16)
Low-order word (bits 15–0)
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29. BARREL SHIFTER
• The C54x DSP barrel shifter has a 40-bit input connected to the accumulators
or to data memory (using CB or DB), and a 40-bit output connected to the ALU
or to data memory (using EB).
• The barrel shifter can produce a left shift of 0 to 31 bits and a right shift of 0
to 16 bits on the input data.
• The shift requirements are defined in the shift count field of the instruction,
the shift count field (ASM = Accu shift mode) of status register ST1, or in
temporary register T (when it is designated as a shift count register).
• The shift count determines how many bits to shift. Positive shift values
correspond to left shifts, whereas negative values correspond to right shifts.
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30. MAC UNIT
The C54xx CPU has a 17-bit × 17-bit hardware multiplier coupled to a
40-bit dedicated adder.
This multiplier/adder unit provides multiply and accumulate (MAC)
capability in one pipeline phase cycle.
Signed / unsigned multiplication.
First Input to the Multiplier:-
Temp Register
Data Memory Operand from DB
ACC A (32-16)
Second Input to the Multiplier:-
Data Memory Operand from CB
Data Memory Operand from DB
Data Memory Operand from EB
ACC A (32-16)
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31. REGISTERS
Temporary Registers:-
• It may hold one of the multiplicands for Multiplication
Instructions.
• A dynamic shift count for instructions with shift operation
such as ADD & SUB instruction.
• It may hold branch metrics of Viterbi decoding.
• In addition the EXP instruction stores the exponent value
computed into Temp Reg & the NORM instruction uses the
Temp Register value to normalize the number
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32. REGISTERS
Transition Register:-
• The 16 bit Transition Register holds the transition decisions
for the path to new metrics to perform Viterbi algorithm.
• The CMPS instruction compares the updates the content of
TRN Reg on the basis of comparison between ACC High
Word & ACC Low Word.
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33. REGISTERS
Auxillary Registers:-
• The Eight 16 bit ARs (AR0 – AR7) can be accessed by CPU &
modified by ARAU.
• The primary function of ARs is to generate 16 bit addresses
for data space.
• However these registers can also act as general purpose
registers.
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34. REGISTERS
Stack Pointer:-
• The 16 bit Stack Pointer (SP) Register contains the 16 bit
address of Top of Stack.
• The SP always points to last element pushed onto the stack.
• The stack is manipulated by Interrupts, Traps , Calls,
Returns, PSHD,PSHM,POPD,POPM Instructions.
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35. COMAPRE SELECT STORE UNIT(CSSU)
The compare, select, and store unit (CSSU) is an
application-specific hardware unit dedicated to
add/compare/select (ACS) operations of the Viterbi operator.
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36. CSSU
The CSSU allows the C54x device to support various Viterbi
butterfly algorithms used in equalizers and channel
decoders.
The add function of the Viterbi operator is performed by the
ALU. This function consists of a double addition function
(Met1 ± D1 and Met2 ± D2).
Double addition is completed in one machine cycle if the
ALU is configured for dual 16-bit mode by setting the C16
bit in ST1.
With the ALU configured in dual 16-bit mode, all the long-
word (32-bit) instructions become dual 16-bit arithmetic
instructions.
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38. Working of CSSU
1. The CSSU implements the compare and select operation via
the CMPS instruction, a comparator, and the 16-bit transition
register (TRN).
2. This operation compares two 16-bit parts of the specified
accumulator and shifts the decision into bit 0 of TRN.
3. This decision is also stored in the TC bit of ST0.
4. Based on the decision, the corresponding 16-bit part of the
accumulator is stored in data memory.
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39. PROGRAM CONTROL
The Program Control unit of TMS320C54XX processors
contain:-
Program Counter
Hardware Stack
Repeat Counters
Status Registers
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40. Program Counter
The PC addresses the Program Memory either on chip or off chip
& is loaded in one of the several ways:-
Code Operation Address loaded into PC
Reset PC is loaded with FF80h
Sequential Execution PC is loaded with PC+1
Branch PC is loaded with the 16-bit-immediate value directly following the
branch instruction
Branch from ACC PC is loaded with the lower 16-bit word of accumulator A or B
Block Repeat Loop PC is loaded with the repeat start address (RSA) when PC + 1 equals the
repeat end address (REA) + 1,
provided that BRAF = 1.
Subroutine Call PC+2 is pushed on stack & PC is loaded with 16 bit immediate value
following CALL instruction. The return instruction pops the top of stack
into PC to return.
Interrupts P C is pushed onto stack & PC is loaded with address of appropriate
vector address. The return instruction pops the top of stack into PC to
return.
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41. PROGRAM CONTROL
• The program counter related hardware PAGEN provides for above
options.
• Hardware Stack: The Stack is used to solve & restore the PC value
during subroutine Call & Interrupts.
• Repeat Counter: A single instruction can be repeated N+1 times by
loading value N in Repeat Counter Register, likewise a block of
instructions can be repeated N+1 times by loading value into Block
Repeat Counter Register.
• Status Register :The TMS320C54XX contains
• ST0
• ST1
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42. INTERRUPTS
• Many times when the CPU is in the midst of executing a
program a peripheral device may require a service from CPU.
• In such a situation main program may be interrupted by signal
generated by peripheral devices.
• This results in processor suspending the main program in order
to execute another program called Interrupt Service Routine to
service the peripheral.
• On completion of ISR the processor returns to the main
program to continue from where it left.
• Interrupt may be generated by internal or external device.
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43. INTERRUPTS
• It may also generated by software.
• Not all the interrupts are serviced by when they occur only
those interrupts that are called non maskable are serviced
when they occur.
• Other Interrupts which are called maskable interrupts are
serviced only if they are enabled.
• There is also a priority to determine which interrupts gets
serviced first if more than one interrupts occur simultaneously.
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44. PIPELINE OPERATION of TMS320C54XX
• The C54xx DSP has a six-level deep instruction pipeline.
• The six stages of the pipeline are independent of each other,
which allows overlapping execution of instructions.
• During any given cycle, from one to six different instructions
can be active, each at a different stage of completion.
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45. PIPELINE OPERATION of TMS320C54XX
• The six levels and functions of the pipeline structure are:
• Program address bus (PAB) is loaded
with the address of the next instruction
to be fetched.
Program Prefetch
• An instruction word is fetched from the
program bus (PB) and loaded into the
instruction register (IR). This completes
an instruction fetch sequence that
consists of this and the previous cycle.
Program fetch
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46. • The contents of the instruction
register (IR) are decoded to determine
the type of memory access operation
and the control sequence at the data-
address generation unit (DAGEN) and
the CPU.
Decode
• DAGEN outputs the read operand’s
address on the data address bus, DAB.
If a second operand is required, the
other data address bus, CAB, is also
loaded with an appropriate address.
Auxiliary registers in indirect
addressing mode and the stack
pointer (SP) are also updated.
Access
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47. • The read data operand(s), if any, are
read from the data buses, DB and CB.
This completes the two-stage operand
read sequence. At the same time, the
two-stage operand write sequence
begins. The data address of the write
operand, if any, is loaded into the data
write address bus (EAB).
Read
• The operand write sequence is
completed by writing the data using the
data write bus (EB). The instruction is
executed in this phase
Execute
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49. Show the pipeline operation of following sequence of
instructions if the initial value of AR3 is 80 & the values stored in
memory location 80,81,82 are 1,2,3.
LD * AR3+,A
ADD #100h,A
STL A,*AR3+
-----------
-----------
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50. Cycle Prefetch Fetch Decode Access Read
Execute
& Write
AR3 A
1 LD 80 X
2 ADD LD 80 X
3 STL ADD LD 80 X
4 STL ADD LD 81 X
5 STL ADD LD 82 1
6 STL ------ LD 82 0001h
7 STL ADD 82 1001h
8 STL 82 1001h
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51. ON CHIP PERIPHERALS
General-purpose I/O pins: XF and BIO
Timer
Host port interface (HPI)
Synchronous serial port
Buffered serial port (BSP)
Multichannel buffered serial port (McBSP)
Time-division multiplexed (TDM) serial port
Software-programmable wait-state generator
Programmable bank-switching module
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52. GENERAL-PURPOSE I/O
• The C54xx DSP offers general-purpose I/O through two dedicated pins that
are software controlled. The two dedicated pins are the branch control input
pin (BIO) and the external flag output pin (XF).
• BIO can be used to monitor the status of peripheral devices.
• XF can be used to signal external devices. The XF pin is controlled using
software.
• It is driven high by setting the XF bit (in ST1) and is driven low by clearing
the XF bit. The set status register bit (SSBX) and reset status register bit
(RSBX) instructions can be used to set and clear XF, respectively.
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53. SOFTWARE PROGRAMMABLE WAIT STATE
GENERATOR
• Software Programmable wait state generator extends external bus cycle up
to seven machine cycles to interface with slower off chip memory &
devices.
• The Software wait state generator is incorporated without any external
hardware.
• For off chip memory access from zero to seven wait states can be specified
within the software wait state register.
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54. HOST PORT INTERFACE
• The host port interface is an 8 bit parallel port that provides an
interface with host processor.
• Information is exchanged between C54xx & host processor the
C54xx on chip memory that is accessible to both C54xx &
host processor.
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55. HARDWARE TIMER
• The on-chip timer is a software-programmable timer that consists of three
registers and can be used to periodically generate interrupts.
• The timer resolution is the CPU clock rate of the processor.
• The high dynamic range of the timer is achieved with a 16-bit counter with
a 4-bit prescaler.
• Timer Registers:-
The on-chip timer consists of three memory-mapped registers (TIM, PRD,
and TCR).
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56. • Timer register (TIM):The 16-bit memory-mapped timer register (TIM)
is loaded with the period register (PRD) value and decremented.
• Timer period register (PRD): The 16-bit memory-mapped timer period
register (PRD) is used to reload the timer register (TIM).
• Timer control register (TCR):The 16-bit memory-mapped timer control
register (TCR) contains the control and status bits of the timer.
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