The document discusses two avant-garde architectural movements from the early 20th century: De Stijl and Russian Constructivism. De Stijl originated in the Netherlands with artists like Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg and architect Gerrit Rietveld, known for using orthogonal lines and primary colors. Their style influenced architecture through projects by van Doesburg and El Lissitzky using suspended planar elements. Russian Constructivism emerged after World War I and featured artists like Tatlin, Malevich, and Exter creating minimal, geometric works using new media to promote order and unity. Tatlin's Monument to the Third International was a famous early Constructivist architectural project.

1. Architecture and Avant-Garde Revision