this report is about a style of architecture known for using raw materials most common "the concrete".

1. BRUTALISM
Prepared By:
Hafta Bedagh
1st Semester
12th.Dec.2017
Supervisor:
Dr. Kadhim
University of Duhok
College of Engineering
Architecture Department
Theory of architecture

2. Index
• Introduction
• History
• Features
• Famous architects

3. Introduction
• Brutalism is a 20th century architectural and artistic movement that
emphasizes bold, confrontational and bulky buildings which
communicates strength , functionality and power.
• Evolved from the french word brut meaning raw. As Le Corbusier
described his choice of material (béton brut) for raw concrete.
• One of the most defining features of this look is the use of raw
concrete that makes the building appear as though it consists of many
identical modular elements.

4. History
First used in an architectural context by Swedish architect Hans
Asplund in 1950 who discussed nyubrutalism(new brutalism).
In 1954, Reyner Banham used the term more widely in his writings to
refer to the work of English architects Alison and Peter Smithson who
created the iconic Hunstanton School in Norfolk and later the Robin
Hood Gardens in Poplar, east London.
The term brutalism came to refer to the functional raw concrete
buildings emerging in the UK, and London in particular in the post-
war period.
Due to the relatively low cost of concrete, Brutalism was popular for
rebuilding government buildings and providing social housing in the
period of social solidarity following the second world war.

5. History
The best known proto-Brutalism is the work of the swiss architect Le
Corbosier, in particular his 1952 Unité d’habitation in france and the
secretariat Building ( Palace of Assembly) in Chandigarh, India.

6. Features
• Strong bold shapes composed”
• Reinforced concrete structures expressed.
• Brick work and stone.
• Largeness of scale, strong, muscular character.
• Large area of blank wall.
• Off form concrete construction.
• Diagonal, slopping or strong curved elements constraning with
horizontal and vertical members.

7. Famous Architects
Le Corbusier
Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles
• Used raw concrete and
is seen as an early
example of brutalism.
Sir Basil Spence
Conventry Cathedral
• Constructed of red
sandstone.
• Projecting out are the
circular Chapel of Unity
and the Chapel of
industry.
• Large artworks
commissioned by
spence include the
baptistery window
stained glass.
Sir Denys Lesdun
20 Bedford Way in Bloomsbury
• Used rough textures in
his concrete forms, in
particular wood
‘shuttering’ form when
concrete was cast in
site.

8. Famous Architects Peter and Alison Smithson
Hunstanton Secondary Modern School in
Norfolk
• External steel frame.
• Structural frame, welded on site
to make a continuous plastic
structures to save steel.
• The standard sections, through
large and in short supply, were
relatively cheap.
• The brick end was brace the
structure, and inside all the
finishes and pipes are exposed.
Erno Goldfinger
Balfron Tower in east London
• Composition of
volumes.
Louis Khan
Jatiyo Sangsad Bhvan