Art Appreciation-Chapter 12-Architecture

Architecture Architecture is essentially just a shelter from the elements BUT, it can be an important record of a society

Three Key Issues in Architecture Function-how a building is used Form-how it looks Structure-how it stands up

An Art and Science As an art, architecture creates indoor spaces and an exterior that can be beautiful As a science, architecture has to be able to withstand weather and stress Three essential components Supporting skeleton Outer skin Operating equipment

Styles, Materials, and Methods Dry Masonry Basically piling stones on top of one another If the stones have been cut befores stacking they are dressed

The Great Zimbabwe Built in the 12th century It’s walls are made up of dressed stone The walls are 15 feet thick at the bottom to add stability There are no windows as these could weaken the structure

Styles, Materials, and Methods Post and beam Vertical posts support horizontal beams A row of columns connected be beams is called a colonade

Colonnade and Court of Amenhotep III . Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu. View of the great court with double row of papyrus-clustered columns. Luxor, Thebes, Egypt. 18th dynasty. c. 1390 B.C.E. Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.

Styles, Materials, and Methods Round arch,Vault, and Dome The round arch enabled builders to move their beams further apart An arch can be supported by a column or a pier, a massive column A vault is a curving ceiling or roof structure A barrel vault is when the arch is extended in depth to create a tunnel Groin vault is an intersection of two barrel vaults Keystone is the last stone placed in an arch at the top Arches supported by column creates and arcade

Styles, Materials, and Methods The dome An arch rotated 180 degrees on it vertical axis They can be rounded or pointed

Hagia Sophia A Byzantine cathedral built in the sixth century The dome rests on curving triangular sections called pendentives over a square base

Styles, Materials, and Methods Pointed arch and vault Also called the Gothic Arch Pointed vaults allowed for wider aisles and higher ceilings

Styles, Materials, and Methods Butresses Butresses are built on the outside of an arch to support the weight Flying butresses allowed even taller arches to be supported Flying butresses also allowed for larger windows

Styles, Materials, and Methods Truss and frame Truss is a triangular framework used to span and support Balloon frame heavy timbers are replaced with thin studs nailed together

Styles, Materials, and Methods Cast Iron Iron is lighter and stronger than wood The invention of uniform smelting allowed iron to be used as a building material

Styles, Materials, and Methods Steel and Reinforced Concrete Steel frames and rising land prices fueled higher buildings Louis Sullivan invented the skyscraper

Recent Innovations We now have computers to help us plan structures and analyze structural physics Suspension Structure and new materials like carbon fiber allow for exciting new designs

Designing with Nature Most innovations in the 20th century did not involve working in conjunction with the surrounding environment Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most influential architects of the era He was the first to use open planning in houses, eliminating wall between rooms He often used the surrounding environment to plan his structures

Art Appreciation-Chapter 12-Architecture

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