The document covers the various processes and materials involved in sculpture creation, distinguishing between subtractive, additive, and substitution methods. Different types of sculptures are described, including freestanding, relief, and kinetic sculptures, as well as the unique qualities of materials like stone, wood, metal, and glass. Additionally, it explores architectural principles such as post and lintel, arches, and the strengths of various construction materials.

2. From Latin ‘sculpere,’ which means to carve.
The art or practice of creating 3D forms or figures.

3. ▪ Subtractive process
▪ Removing or cutting away pieces o the
material to form the figure.
▪ Example is carving.
Process of
Creating
Sculptures
Adam Collins, Supernatural Mask

4. ▪ Additive process
▪ Construction of a figure by putting
together bits of the material or by
welding together metal parts to create
figures.
▪ Examples are modeling and assembling. Process of
Creating
Sculptures

5. ▪ Process of Substitution (Casting)
▪ Using a mold to produce a 3D figure in
another material.
▪ 3 types:
▪ Sand –casting, plastic casting and lost-
wax casting Process of
Creating
Sculptures

6. ▪ Freestanding (in the round)
▪ Can be viewed from all sides.
3 kinds of
sculptures
Richard Brooks,William Seward, bronze
on stone pedestal, c. 1909

7. ▪ Relief
▪ The figures projects from a background.
▪ Low relief (bas relief)
▪ Figures are slightly raised/projected
from its background
▪ High relief
▪ Almost half of the figures project
from its background.
3 kinds of
sculptures
Christophe
Archambault, Bas-relief
sculpture at the temple
Banteay Srei, Angor,
Cambodia, 10th century.
Sandstone

8. ▪ Kinetic (mobiles)
▪ Capable of movement by wind, water, or
other forms of energy.
3 kinds of
sculptures

9. ▪ Stone
▪ A natural medium, hard
and relatively
permanent.
▪ Wood
▪ A natural medium,
relatively easy to work
on compared to stone.
▪ Process: modeling and
assembling.
Different Media
Michelangelo, David, 1501,
marble, 17’ high.

10. ▪ Metal
▪ 3 unique qualities: tensile
strength, ductility and
malleability.
▪ Process: Assembling
(welding) and casting
▪ Stainless steel or Inox steel
(steel and chromium)
▪ It does not rust or stain
when exposed to moisture
and water.
▪ Bronze (tin and copper)
▪ Its color is reddish-brown
and will corrode if
constantly exposed to
water and moisture.
▪ Brass (copper and zinc)
▪ More malleable than
bronze; has a lower
melting point.
Different Media

11. ▪ Plaster (specifically Plaster
of Paris)
▪ A finely ground gypsum
mixed with water and
poured into a mold.
▪ Terra cotta (cooked earth)
▪ Baked clay or clay fired
in a kiln at a relatively
high temperature.
▪ Plastic
▪ A synthetic medium
made from organic
polymers.
Different Media

12. ▪ Glass
▪ Made by heating and
cooling a combination of
sand and soda lime. It
can be transparent,
translucent or opaque.
▪ Techniques:
▪ Hot sculpturing.
▪ Cold working.
▪ Glass blowing.
Different Media

13. The art of designing buildings and other structures which will serve a
definite function.

14. ▪ Post and Lintel
▪ Most houses are built in this principle.
▪ The oldest construction system that makes use of 2
vertical support (post) spanned by a horizontal
beam (lintel).
▪ Arch
▪ A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces
of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged
in a semi-circle.
▪ The most important part of the arch is the keystone
(stone at the top center that locks the pieces
together into a single curved structure.

15. ▪ Barrel Vault
▪ A succession of arches, one placed directly
behind another to produce a structure similar
to tunnel. It has two openings, one on each
end.
▪ GroinVault
▪ A structure that is formed by intersecting
arches resulting in four openings.
▪ The area at the center of a groin vault is called
a bay.

16. ▪ Dome
▪ A structure with the shape of an
inverted cup.
▪ It is formed by a series of arches
rising from consecutive points
on a base called drum.

17. ▪ Truss
▪ This is a system of triangular
forms assembled to form a right
framework. Trusses are used in
bridges, theaters and roofs.

18. ▪ Cantilever
▪ A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that
extends horizontally into space beyond its
supporting post.
▪ It is constructed to be strong enough to support
floors and walls.
▪ Buttress
▪ This is a structure that is build as a support for the
wall.
▪ In most European churches buttress built to
support the dome are called flying buttress.

19. ▪ Since architecture is considered as the most
functional of the arts, materials to be used in
construction must have compressive and tensile
strength.
▪ Compressive strength
▪ Refers tot hose materials that can support heavy
weights without crumbling or breaking down.
▪ Tensile strength
▪ Refers to those materials that can withstand
being pulled or stretched without breaking.
Characteristics

20. ▪ Stones
▪ favored over other materials for its durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use
for building simple structures in its natural state.
▪ Difficult to quarry, transport and cut.
▪ Bricks
▪ compare favorably with stones as a structural
material.
▪ Fire and water resistant, easy to produce,
transport and use.
▪ The size is limited by the need for efficient
drying, firing, and handling.

21. ▪ Lumber (wood)
▪ All parts of a building can be constructed using
wood excepts the foundations.
▪ Its major disadvantages are susceptibility to fire,
mold and termites.
▪ Iron and Steel
▪ Provide far stronger and taller structures with less
use of material when compared to stone or wood.
▪ Can produce greater unsupported spans over
openings in the interior or exterior spaces.
▪ Concrete
▪ A mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of
sand and gravel, which hardens rapidly resulting
in a fire resisting solid of great compressive
strength.

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