This document discusses the topic of architecture. It defines architecture as the art or science of designing and constructing buildings or structures with durable materials following certain standards. It then covers various architectural elements like lines, color, texture, form, space and styles. It discusses different materials used in architecture like stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete and steel cables. It also covers principles of architectural planning and building materials. Finally, it provides an overview of indigenous and Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines as well as some examples of modern Philippine architecture.

1. ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER VI

2. What is Architecture?
 Is the art or science of
designing and constructing
buildings or structures with
durable materials following
certain standards, so as to
make them suited to their
purpose, and at the same
times, are also visually and
aesthetically pleasing,
practical, and comfortable.

3. Architectural Style

4. Architectonic

5. Elements of Architecture

6. Line
Types
 Vertical – Represents dignity, formality, stability, and
strength
 Horizontal – Represents calm, peace, and relaxation
 Diagonal – Represents action, activity, excitement,
and movement
 Curved – Represents freedom, the natural, having
the appearance of softness, and creates a soothing
feeling or mood

7.  Vertical Lines
Skyscraper
Madrid, Spain
Brandenburg Gate
Berlin
The Empire State
Building
Architect: Shreve, Lamb,
and Harmon

8.  Horizontal Lines
Community Christian Church
Kansas City, MO
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright,
1940

9.  Diagonal Lines

10.  Curved Lines
Sydney Opera House
Jorn Utzon

11. The relative lightness or darkness of a color
 Methods
Shade – Degree of darkness of a color
Tint – A pale or faint variation of a color
Value

12. Value
Downtown buildings in Bangalore, India

13. Color has an immediate
and profound effect on a
design.
Color
Saint Basil’s Cathedral
Moscow

14. Warm Colors
Reds, oranges, yellows
Cool Colors
Blues, purples, greens

15. Colors can affect how humans feel and act

16. The surface look or feel of something
Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and
therefore is a more intense color.
Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and
therefore appears darker.
Texture

17.  Smooth Texture
Exterior metal façade of Disney Concert Hall
Los Angeles
Glass façade of a high
rise office building

18.  Rough Texture
Park Guell – Barcelona, Spain
Architect: Antonio Gaudí

19. Volume
The total architectural areas of a building
(repeating the area of a story for additional floors)
including the measurement from beneath the lowest
floor to the average height of the roof surface for
each various building height.

20. Form: (3D)The shape and structure of something as
distinguished from its substance or material.
Shape: (2D)The two-dimensional contour that
characterizes an object or area.
Form and Shape

21. Form and Shape
Oriental Pearl Tower
Shanghai
Architect: Jiang Huan Cheng,
Shanghai Modern Architectural
Design, Co.
Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus
Berlin, Germany

22. By incorporating the use of space
in your design, you can enlarge or reduce
the visual space.
Types
•Open,
uncluttered spaces
•Cramped, busy
spaces
•Unused vs. good
use of space
Space

23. Architectural Styles

24. The Architect‘s Dream by Thomas Cole
(1840) shows a vision of buildings in the
historical styles of the Western tradition,
from Ancient Egypt through to Classical
Revival

25. The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house"
at Colditz Castle, Saxony, designed by Andreas
Walther II (1584), is an example of the
exuberance of "Antwerp Mannerism".
Town Hall of Zamość by Bernardo Morando.

26. Ancient Roman architecture: Colosseum, an amphitheater built in the
1st century AD, capable of seating 50,000 spectators

27. Islamic architecture from the 7th- to
9th-century period: the hypostyle
prayer hall of the Great Mosque of
Kairouan (Tunisia)
Gothic architecture: St. Vitus
Cathedral in Prague, Czech Republic

28. Renaissance: Juleum in Helmstedt, Germany
- built in Weser Renaissance style
Baroque architecture: Melk
Abbey, Austria

29. Kinds of Architecture According to Mediums Used

30. A. Stone Architecture
Post and Lintel Construction
Arches
Vaults
Domes
- Massive and virtually indestructible.

31. Stonehenge is a prehistoric
monument located in Wiltshire,
England, about 2 miles west of
Amesbury and 8 miles north of
Salisbury.
Post and Lintel Construction
Arches
Arc de Triumph, Paris, France – One of the most
famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the western
end of the Champs-Élysées and honors those who fought
and died for France in the French Revolutionary and
the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French
victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer
surfaces. It was constructed in 1806-1836 and is 50
meters (164 ft) in high

32. Vault
Gothic rib-vault ceiling of the Saint-
Séverin church in Paris
Domes
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India built by Shah Jahan.
Dome of the Rock
in Jerusalem completed
in 691

33. B. Wood Architecture
Post and Beam Construction
Trusses
Balloon Framing
- Versatile and lightweight

34. Post and Beam Construction

35. Trusses

36. Balloon Framing

37. C. Cast-Iron Architecture
- Iron has a great strength, and heavy.

38. Cast iron supporting structure, ceiling
of the reading room of the Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.
The Eiffel Tower (French: La tour Eiffel) is
an iron lattice tower located on the Champ
de Mars in Paris. It was named after the
engineer Gustave Eiffel, Erected in 1889.

39. D. Steel-Cage Architecture
- Steel is strong metal of iron.
- Harder than iron.
- Rust and fire resistant.

40. Cass Gilbert - Woolworth
Building, New York, NY (1913)
gothic, steel cage
construction, tower is like
spires of gothic cathedral

41. E. Reinforced Concrete
- Uses concrete that is strengthen by steel rods or mesh.

42. The novel shape of the Philips
Pavilion was allowed by
reinforced concrete.
A heavy reinforced concrete column,
seen before and after the concrete has
been cast in place around the rebar
cage.

43. F. Steel-Cable Architecture
- Uses strong cables composed of intertwined steel wire.

44. Brooklyn Bridge 1869-1883

45. Architectural Planning

46. Planning
-is an important phase in architecture.
General Principles:
 Orientation
 Design
 Fenestration
 Walls
 Colors
 Materials and techniques

47. Building Materials

48. - The Availability of suitable materials is greatly linked to the development of skills (current
technology) needed to exploit them. This had influenced the shapes of buildings. Carpentry developed
in areas of the world that were thickly forested. Although it has become scarcer in many parts, wood
still remains and important building material.
- In history, stone and marble were used to build monuments because they are fireproof
and durable. Stone architecture was often integrated with stone sculpture. Today, modern
architecture necessitates the use of glass, steel, and pre-stressed concrete because they are more
economical to use and assemble than those of marble and stone.
- In areas where both timber and wood were scarce, mud or clay was made into
bricks that were dried in the sun. Later, bricks were baked in kilns, which gave them more
durability. Building with stones or bricks is called masonry.
- The Romans first discovered natural cement that mixed with inert substances,
produced concrete. Emperor Augustus during his reign decreed the common use of marble in
Roman homes and buildings so as to add more polish and beauty to the city of Rome. In the
early 19th century, waterproof cement , the key ingredient to modern day concrete, was
developed. Also, the production of steel on an industrial scale replaced the traditional wooden
frames of structures. Steel rods were added to cement to give tensile strength and more
durability to the structure.

49. Building material is any material which is used for
construction purposes. Many naturally occurring
substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even
twigs and leaves, have been used to
construct buildings.

50. Philippine Architecture

51. Indigenous Architecture
Five types of Bahay Kubo structure:
1. Ifugao ulog built
- For protection from low temperature and the rains.

52. 2. Tree houses on top of four tree trunks of the Aetas and other mountain tribes.
3. Bahay-kubo made of bamboo and nipa.

53. 4. Maranaw house
5. Huts on stilts of seafarers.

54. Sapanish Colonial Churches (baroque style)

55. Spanish Colonial Houses
The Vigan houses (16th to 17th century)

56. 2. Batanes (Ivatan) houses (18th century)

57. 3. Bahay na bato (19th century)
Neo-Renaissance
- Two-storey, late Spanish
architectural style done
by Felix Roxas an
architect trained in
England and Spain and
Arcadio Arellano – Maestro
de Obras from the
Arellano clan.

58. 4. Ancestral houses of Negros.

59. Modern Architecture in the Philippines

60. Perez-Samanillo Building (Escolta Manila)
Designed by Andres Luna de San Pedro
Fernando Ocampo designed the Paterno Building near
MacArthur Bridge, and Juan Napkil
Juan Napkil and Cesar Concio designed
the proposed University of the
Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City.
Leonardo Locsin designed the ultra
hemispherical domed chapel of the
University of the Philippines.