Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
When you georeference your raster data, you define its location using map coordinates and assign the coordinate system of the map frame. Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with your other geographic data. The georeferencing tools on the Georeference tab allows you to georeference any raster dataset.
In general, there are four steps to georeference your data:
Add the raster dataset that you want to align with your projected data.
Use the Georeference tab to create control points, to connect your raster to known positions in the map
Review the control points and the errors
Save the georeferencing result, when you are satisfied with the alignment.
Transportation involves the movement of people and the shipment of goods from one location to another.
A geospatial model of a transportation network is comprised of linear features and the points of intersection between them.
One of most important topics in ArcGIS and GIS, is coordinate system, the slides will cover this topic in order to understand the difference between various coordinate systems.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
When you georeference your raster data, you define its location using map coordinates and assign the coordinate system of the map frame. Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with your other geographic data. The georeferencing tools on the Georeference tab allows you to georeference any raster dataset.
In general, there are four steps to georeference your data:
Add the raster dataset that you want to align with your projected data.
Use the Georeference tab to create control points, to connect your raster to known positions in the map
Review the control points and the errors
Save the georeferencing result, when you are satisfied with the alignment.
Transportation involves the movement of people and the shipment of goods from one location to another.
A geospatial model of a transportation network is comprised of linear features and the points of intersection between them.
One of most important topics in ArcGIS and GIS, is coordinate system, the slides will cover this topic in order to understand the difference between various coordinate systems.
Geographic Information System for Bachelor in Agriculture EngineeringDinesh Bishwakarma
This slide tells about the basic of the Geographic Information System and use of GIS and Remote Sensing in Agriculture
for more details goto www.dineshbishwakarma.com.np
my youtube channel : https://www.youtube.com/c/L%C3%B8stB%C3%B8y/videos
Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) analysis involves the use of technology to gather, manipulate, and analyze spatial data to understand a range of phenomena. Remote sensing entails obtaining information about the Earth's surface by examining data acquired by a device, which is at a distance from the surface, most often satellites orbiting the earth and airplanes. GIS are computer-based systems that are used to capture, store, analyze, and display geographic information. These two approaches are used widely, often together, to assess natural resources and monitor environmental changes. Social scientists can gain insights into fine spatial and temporal dynamics of a range of social phenomena in environmental contexts by analyzing time series of remote sensing data, by linking remote sensing to socioeconomic data using GIS, and developing with these data a range of digital models and analyses. This article examines remote sensing and GIS in general, with an emphasis on the former, and then explores how these approaches may be used together to address a range of issues. It also emphasizes the role of remote sensing and GIS for use by scientists, engineers & geologists in water resources management
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Arc Geographic Information System (GIS) Digital Elevation Models (DEM).
1. Emergency Response Management: Principals and
Practices
DM 5233
Presentation on
ArcGIS DEM
By
Uday Kumar Shil
1350
Department of Geography and Environment
University of Dhaka
1
2. Introduction
GIS: A geographic information system
(GIS) is a computer system for
capturing, storing, checking, and
displaying data related to positions
on Earth’s surface. GIS can show
many different kinds of data on one
map. This enables people to more
easily see, analyze, and understand
patterns and relationships. The
definition of GIS is not that important
but it must encompass.
• Data & concepts concerned with
spatial distribution (Geographical)
• Notion of conveying data, ideas or
analysis (Information)
• Sequence of inputs, processes &
outputs (System)
Source: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHI
2
3. Digital Elevation Models (DEM)
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM), also referred to as the
Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a digital representation of
earth's topography, i.e. an elevation map. DEMs can be
used to derive topographic attributes, geomorphometric
parameters, morphometric variables or terrain information
in general. In combination with other spatial data, digital
elevation models are an important database for
topography-related
analyses or 3D video
animations
(e.g. fly-throughs). Different
georeferenced 3D products can be derived and
complemented by a coordinate system and presented in a
2D-map projection or as a 3D perspective view.
Source: GISGeography
3
4. Cont…
• In order to avoid confusion of terminology, we use the
term DTM to describe a set of interpolation/filtering
techniques used to derive the topographic surface, and
the term DTA for a set of techniques used to derive
terrain parameters. The following terminology is
commonly used:
• DEM – Digital elevation map, i.e. representation of the
Earth's surface topography
• DTM – a set of techniques used to derive or present a
DEM
• DEM filtering – a set of techniques used to improve the
geomorphic resemblance of a DEM
4
5. DEM data sources
At present, there are five main sources of the elevation data:
1. Ground surveys;
2. Airborne photogrammetric data capture;
3. Existing cartographic surveys (e.g. topographic maps);
4. Airborne laser scanning and
5. Stereoscopic or radar-based satellite imagery.
These DEM collection methods can be compared considering four aspects:
(a) price
(b) accuracy
(c) sampling density and
(d) pre-processing requirements
Traditionally, elevation data has been collected by land-surveyors from
ground surveys or by semi-automated digitizing using stereoplotters. This is
the most accurate but also the most expensive data collection method.
5
6. DEM data structures
In a GIS environment, a DEM is commonly
modeled and visualized using two main data
structures:
1. Rectangular grid or elevation matrix
(GRID) and
2. Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN).
Exact information about the Earth’s surface is of
fundamental importance in all geosciences. Topography
exerts control over range of Earth surface processes
(evaporation, water flow, mass movement, forest fires)
which are important for energy exchange between the
physical climate system in the atmosphere and the
biogeochemical cycles at the Earth surface.
Geological Applications of DEMs
GRID TIN
Source: NCGIA
6
7. Applications in Topographic Studies
Topography is a graphic representation of natural
features of the earth's surface including hills,
valleys, rivers, lakes and other similar features.
Typically, topography is drawn on maps and charts
or as shaded relief.
DEMs have many applications in remote sensing
and mapping, such as topographic mapping
(contours), thematic mapping, orthoimage
generation and image analysis, map revision,
and so on.
Applications in Remote Sensing and Topographic Mapping
7
8. Use of DEMs in Geological Mapping
DEMs are important in providing valuable geological information that can be used as a
guide in defining the geology of a given area. The following functions have been found
to be most useful in depicting geological information:
1. Slope 2. Aspect 3. Shaded topographic relief or hill-shading 4. Flow direction
5. Basin
Applications in Mineral Exploration & Water Resources
Digital elevation models deliver basic information on geologic
structures. These information sources are especially important in
remote areas where coverage by topographic maps is limited.
Exploration geologists are possibly the most experienced users of
digital elevation models and multipectral remote sensing data. By
analyzing digital elevation models they determine promising
regions of potential mineral deposits which find an expression as
a topographic prominence or depresion, or placer deposits found
along stream channel.
8
9. Reference
NATIONALGEOGRAPHI. “GIS (geographic information system)”. [Online]
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-gis/
Department of Geology. Aligarh Muslim University. “Digital Elevation Models & their Applications
in Geological Studies”. [Online] http://www.geol-amu.org/notes/rs12-4-1.htm
GIS Geography. “Global DEM Data Sources – Digital Elevation Models”. [Online]
https://gisgeography.com/free-global-dem-data-sources/
Hengl, T., Gruber, S. and Shrestha, D.P. (2003). “DIGITAL TERRAIN ANALYSIS IN ILWIS”. P. 4 [Online]
https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2003/misca/hengl_digital.pdf
Bitters, Barry. NCGIA. “Terrain Data”. Unit 6 [Online]
http://ncgia.ucsb.edu/cctp/units/unit06/06_f.html
9