2. Introduction
Counselling is to assist individuals in
• Learning about themselves
• Learning about environment around them
• Relationship of individual to environment
Conscious effort to help in learning about Role and responsibilities
Not always remedial
understanding the behaviour pattern
Undesirable pattern and change in behaviour
Emotional and interpersonal adjustment
3. Need of guidance and counselling
Need for Personal adjustment
Problems of adjustment is universal
So What is adjustment?
In biology
Adaptation
In psychology
how an individual manages living by his/her wisdom
Young and adults determination of psychological and social identity
4. Eg Frustration
It prevent (a plan or action) from progressing
succeeding, or being fulfilled. prevent (someone) from doing or achieving
something
cause (someone) to feel dissatisfied or unfulfilled
Inferiority
5. Need of guidance and counselling
Personal adjustment in crucial situation
Elementary level students are in developmental stage i.e. physical, social
emotional and personality
Need of a referee/ critical friend
High school level students need guidance on relationship, skills behavioural
aspects and values
At dropout situations of schooling period
At college level Adult learners need support in problems like crime, offence
and drugs
6. How teaching is different from
counselling????
Approaches to counselling
Need of a theory
“A system composed of empirical data derived from observation and/or
experimentation, and of their interpretation ”
Counselling is based on a theory
A theory becomes an approach when it is practiced for problem solving
8. Humanistic counseling
Humanistic counseling theories hold that people have within themselves all the
resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and that problems occur as
a result of restricted or unavailable problem-solving resources.
9. Cognitive counseling
Cognitive counseling theories hold that people experience psychological and
emotional difficulties when their thinking is out of sync with reality.
10. Behavioral counseling
Behavioral counseling theories hold that people engage in problematic thinking
and behavior when their environment supports it. When an environment reinforces
or encourages these problems, they will continue to occur.
11. Psychoanalytic counseling
Psychoanalytic counseling theories hold that psychological problems result from
the present-day influence of unconscious psychological drives or motivations
stemming from past relationships and experiences.
13. Systemic counseling
Systemic counseling theories hold that thinking, feeling and behavior are largely
shaped by pressures exerted on people by the social systems within which they
live.