This document discusses different approaches to counseling, including humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, constructionist, and systemic approaches. It explains that counseling aims to help individuals learn about themselves and their environment, as well as their relationship between the two. Counseling provides guidance to assist with personal adjustment, relationship issues, skills, behaviors, values, and problems like crime and substance abuse. Effective counseling is based on theoretical approaches that can be applied to problem solving.

1. Approaches to Counseling
Flt Lt (Dr.) Renu Lamba

2. Introduction
Counselling is to assist individuals in
• Learning about themselves
• Learning about environment around them
• Relationship of individual to environment
 Conscious effort to help in learning about Role and responsibilities
 Not always remedial
 understanding the behaviour pattern
 Undesirable pattern and change in behaviour
 Emotional and interpersonal adjustment

3. Need of guidance and counselling
 Need for Personal adjustment
 Problems of adjustment is universal
So What is adjustment?
In biology
 Adaptation
In psychology
 how an individual manages living by his/her wisdom
Young and adults determination of psychological and social identity

4. Eg Frustration
 It prevent (a plan or action) from progressing
 succeeding, or being fulfilled. prevent (someone) from doing or achieving
something
 cause (someone) to feel dissatisfied or unfulfilled
 Inferiority

5. Need of guidance and counselling
 Personal adjustment in crucial situation
 Elementary level students are in developmental stage i.e. physical, social
emotional and personality
 Need of a referee/ critical friend
 High school level students need guidance on relationship, skills behavioural
aspects and values
 At dropout situations of schooling period
 At college level Adult learners need support in problems like crime, offence
and drugs

6. How teaching is different from
counselling????
Approaches to counselling
Need of a theory
“A system composed of empirical data derived from observation and/or
experimentation, and of their interpretation ”
Counselling is based on a theory
A theory becomes an approach when it is practiced for problem solving

7. Approaches
Approaches to counselling
• Humanistic approach – Self- Actualization – Person centered
 Behaviouristic approach
 Psychoanalytic approach

8. Humanistic counseling
 Humanistic counseling theories hold that people have within themselves all the
resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and that problems occur as
a result of restricted or unavailable problem-solving resources.

9. Cognitive counseling
 Cognitive counseling theories hold that people experience psychological and
emotional difficulties when their thinking is out of sync with reality.

10. Behavioral counseling
 Behavioral counseling theories hold that people engage in problematic thinking
and behavior when their environment supports it. When an environment reinforces
or encourages these problems, they will continue to occur.

11. Psychoanalytic counseling
 Psychoanalytic counseling theories hold that psychological problems result from
the present-day influence of unconscious psychological drives or motivations
stemming from past relationships and experiences.

12. Constructionist counseling
 Constructionist counseling theories hold that knowledge is merely an invented or
“constructed” understanding of actual events in the world.

13. Systemic counseling
 Systemic counseling theories hold that thinking, feeling and behavior are largely
shaped by pressures exerted on people by the social systems within which they
live.