20% of the total working population suffers from some form of mental illness each year, resulting in 90 million lost work days. Workplace counseling can benefit employees' welfare, prevent legal issues from harassed employees, and improve mental health by helping employees cope with changes. Counseling approaches employees' problems constructively and as a preventive service to maintain employees' well-being and productivity.

1. Mental Illness at Workplace
1. 20% of the total working population suffers form of mental illness each year.
2. 90 million working days are lost each year as a result of mental illness.
3. Over half of the employees feel that emotional/personal problems and stress
4. 30 to 40% of all sickness at work due to mental illness
5. Alcohol abuse by employees to bust stress also poses a problem for the organization
6. 20% of any workforces are affected by personal problems
only 12% actually had a policy.
Needfor Work Place counseling
 welfare of employees
 harassed employees can take legal actions
 helping the employee to cope with the changes
 as a way of improving mental health of the troubled persons
 employees are one of their best assets, so manage workforce constructively
 prevents mental illness & it is preventive service
 ‘wholeness’ approach needs to be adopted towards employees
 counselling bring values & energy for change into dynamics of work place life.
Evolution of Counselling
Period 1 : Between 1850 to 1900
 It was Jesse B. Davis who first used the term counselling.
 He set up the Educational Carrere-counselling Centre in Detroit in 1898.
Period 2 : between 1900 to 1930.
 There is a wrong impression that counselling is a poor man’s psychotherapy.
 many of the prejudices and misconceptions concerning counselling will be dispelled.
Period 3 : between 1930 to 1940.
 psychometric Movement, with its fascinating and interesting tests of mental functions and abilities,
attitudes, interests etc. began to attract attention.
 But the major breakthrough which finally established counselling as a science in its own right was
achieved through Carl Rogers’ book Counselling and Psychotherapy (1942).
Defining Counselling
“Counselling is the individualized and personalized assistance with personal, educational, vocational
problems, in which all pertinent facts are studied and analyzed, and a solution is sought, often with the
assistance of specialist, and personal interviews in which counselee is taught to make his own
decisions with emphasis on cognitive material, immediate decision making and use of external
resources.” -Good (1945)

2. Approaches of Counselling
1) Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was commonly referred to as “The Father of Psychoanalysis”.
• Freud has been influential in two significant ways. He simultaneously developed a theory
about how the human mind is organized and operates internally, and how human behavior
conditions and results particular theoretical understanding.
The Nature of People
Freud saw humans as biological beings driven by instinctual desire for personal pleasure.
 Energy source that propels people towards behavior that satisfies the pleasure motive.
 The pleasure principle and in need of shaping towards positive endeavors.
- Psychosexual development
 pleasure is linked with sexuality
 desire for sexual pleasure is a lifelong
- The Unconscious
- The Structure of Personality
– Id: basic instinctual drives and seeks pleasure.
– The ego: attempts to balance the desires of the id and the reality of the external world.
– The superego: personal moral standard
- Defense Mechanism
2) Behavioristic Approach to Counselling
- purpose of behavioral counselling is to change ineffective and self-defeating behavior in to
effective and wining behavior
- Josheph Wolp’s (1958) - classical conditioning to changing neurotic behavior.
- B.F. Skinner (1971 developed operant conditioning techniques
- Together operant and classical conditioning are methods to employed in behavioral counseling.
Principles of Learning
Drive (Motivation) Cue (Stimulus) Response Reinforcement
3) Humanistic Approach
Carl Rogers(1942, 1957,1961,1980,1986) as the founder of the person-centered approach
Five Major goals of Counselling
 Facilitating Behavior Change
 Improving Relationship
 Enhancing Coping skills
 Promoting Decision Making
 Facilitating the Client’s Potential

3. 5-D Model of Counselling Process / Phase
Phase 1 Developing Relationship
Respect, Genuineness, Empathy, Equality, Listening, Confidentiality
Phase 2 Define Problem
Examine the problems, Prioritizing the Relevant Issues, Focusing on the Prospective,
Acceptance of the Problem, Emphasizing on Self-Responsibility, Analyzing and Solving
Problem, Interaction
Phase 3 Determine Goals
Choosing and Prioritizing Goal and Objectives, Making Commitment,
Phase 4 Decide Plan of Action
Generating and Exploring Alternative, Interaction, Decision Making, Specific Steps
Phase 5 Do follow up
All Talk and no Action, Emotional Block
Counselling Procedures
1) Counselling Intake Procedures
i) Confidentiality and Counsellor Dependability
ii) Physical Set-up
2) The Initial Counselling Interview
i) How to open the session
ii) Structuring the Session
iii) Goals for the First Session
iv) Termination of the Initial Interview
3) Referral Procedures
i) When to Refer ii) How to Refer
4) Guidelines for Effective Counselling
i) Keeping the Focus on the Other Person
ii) Silence is Golden
iii) Managing Emotions
5) Advanced Skills in Counselling
i) Advanced Empathy
ii) Theme Identification
iii) Self-disclosure
iv) Perception check
v) Interpretation
vi) Clarification
vii) Confrontation
viii) Immediacy
6) Action Strategies
1. Behavioral Technique
i) Systematic Desensitization ii) Behavior Contracts
iii) Social Modeling iv) Assertion Training
2. Decision Making Methodologies
a. Identify the Problem
b. Identification of Values and Goals
c. Identify Alternatives
d. Examine Alternatives
e. Make a Tentative Decision
f. Take Action on the Decision
g. Evaluate Outcomes.
3. Problem-Solving Strategies
4. Goal Setting

4. Listening Barrier(counselor)
• Fear to listening too well
• Listening for What One Wants to Hear
• Personal Limitation, Which Affect Interpretation
(The assumptions are based on his personal experiences and memories, perceptions, value,
biases, attitudes, expectations, and feelings. )
• Emotional Reaction
• Lack of Self Awareness
• Think Ahead
• Self Consciousness
Tips to Enhance Listening
Patience Concentration Reflection Watchfulness:
Good Listener Attention Analytical ability Self Analysis
The Core Conditions of Counselling
Empathy Positive Regard Genuiness Concreteness
Specific Techniques to help client behavior
Using Rewards
Providing Model
Role Playing
Bodily Awareness and Relaxation
Thought and Imagery
Desensitization
Downsizing
 This means reducing the number of employees needed to operate effectively, a process known
as Downsizing.
Rightsizing.
 Adjusting the number of employees needed to work in a newly designed organization and
therefore also known as Rightsizing.
Counsellor's Verbal Communication
Tone Language Pace
No Jargons Clarity
Way of Verbal Listening
1. Encourage 2. Key word repetition
3. Reflecting 4. Passive Listening
Qualities of Counsellor
Tolerance Self Knowledge
Discretion (Blabbermouth) Interest

5. Non-Verbal Communication Skills
BODY LANGUAGE OBSERVATION SKILLS Facial Expressions
Eye Accessing Cues Posture and Gestures Behavioural Discrepancies
ATTENDING BEHAVIOUR EMPATHY Intensity
Context Selective responding
Problem Subordinates
Classification
1) Job Performance
2) Interpersonal Skills
Types of Problem Subordinates
Performance above Expectations
Does Not Work
Effectively with
Others
Talented but
Abrasive
Ideal
Subordinate
Work
Effectively with
Others
Performs above
Expectations
Charming but
unreliable
Performs below Expectations
Dealing with Problems Subordinates
1) Confront Directly
2) Avoid Frozen Evaluation
3) Attend to Early warning Signals
4) Don't Neglect the Problem Subordinates
5) Accept the Mistake
Tips for Effective Counselling
1) Make sure that the subordinates is willing to lean from counselling
2) Encourage the subordinates to function independently
3) Make sure that subordinate understands the purpose of counseling.
4) Minimize arguments
5) Ensure adequate follow-up.
Drug Terminology
1) Addiction
2) Habituation
3) Dependence
4) Abuse or misuse
How Alcoholism treatment programmed
1) Detoxification and withdrawal
2) Recovery Programmes
3) Medical Assessment and Treatment
4) Psychological Support and Psychiatric Treatment
5) Emphasis on Acceptance and Abstinence
6) Drug Treatments
7) Additional Ongoing Support
8) General Health Imrpovement