This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes. Blood can be thought of as a fluid which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes which need to be removed.
This presentation covers internal structures of heart like atria and ventricles & external structures like emerging blood vessels and grooves on the heart. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as teachers.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
The heart has four chambers. The two superior receiving chambers are the atria (= entry halls or chambers), and the two inferior pumping chambers are the ventricles (= little bellies).
On the anterior surface of each atrium is a wrinkled pouchlike structure called an auricle
This presentation covers internal structures of heart like atria and ventricles & external structures like emerging blood vessels and grooves on the heart. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as teachers.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
The heart has four chambers. The two superior receiving chambers are the atria (= entry halls or chambers), and the two inferior pumping chambers are the ventricles (= little bellies).
On the anterior surface of each atrium is a wrinkled pouchlike structure called an auricle
✓Heart
✓Anatomy of heart
✓Blood circulation
✓Blood Vessels
✓Structure and function of artery, vein and capillaries
✓Elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat
✓Its regulation by nervous system
✓Cardiac output
✓Cardiac cycle
✓Regulation of bood pressure
✓Pulse
✓Electrocardiogram
✓Disorder of heart
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – IV:
Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle
Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position
Circulation of blood
Blood pressure and pulse
Heart
The circulatory system:
It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
This supplies oxygen and other nutrients,
Transports hormones
Removes unnecessary waste products.
Heart and its Structure
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum).
The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system).
Structure of heart:
Layers of the heart (3)
Chambers of the heart (4)
Valves of the heart (4)
Blood vessels of the heart (5)
3 layers of the heart:
Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart,
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses
Chambers of the heart:
The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA
The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum.
Valves in the heart:
There are four valves
Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV.
Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve.
Major blood vessels of the heart
There are 5 major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta[artery]
Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins
Superior vena cava [SVC] veins
Functions of heart:
Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts.
Pumping nutrients and other vital substances
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure.
Conduction system
The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate.
This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate
Conductive system consist of:
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches
( right and left)
4. Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue
Here the electrical impulse begins
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
located between the atria and ventricles of the heart
The electrical impulse is carried fr
This is a system which deals with the heart
Consist of the structure of the heart, functions as well as how to manage it when someone is in heart attack
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
This presentation is a combination of different slides which I re-purposed. I included a reference of all the slides I used at the end of my presentation.
CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM.pdf for bsc nursing studentsshanmukhadevi
The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood.
Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients, which your body needs to survive. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood.
At the same time, the body dumps waste products like carbon dioxide, back into the blood, so they can be removed.
The main function of the cardiovascular system is therefore to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive.
Veins deliver used blood from the body back to the heart. Blood in the veins is low in oxygen (as it has been taken out by the body) and high in carbon dioxide (as the body has unloaded it back into the blood).
All the veins drain into the superior and inferior vena cava, which then drain into the right atrium.
The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle. Then the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, through the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs.
In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. The blood is becomes rich in oxygen, which the body can use.
From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps this oxygen-rich blood out into the aorta, which then distributes it to the rest of the body through other arteries.
This blood will again return back to the heart through the veins and the cycle continues.
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
Blood can be thought of as a fluid, which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes, which need to be removed.
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
Levels of Organization
1
An Introduction to the Human Body
2
The Chemical Level of Organization
3
The Cellular Level of Organization
4
The Tissue Level of Organization
Support and Movement
Regulation, Integration, and Control
Fluids and Transport
Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
Human Development and the Continuity of Life
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
Acyanotic heart disease is where the blood contains enough oxygen but it's pumped abnormally around the body. Babies born with acyanotic heart disease may not have any apparent symptoms but, over time, the condition can cause health problems.
Congenital heart disease, also called a defect, refers to one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth. These abnormalities occur when the heart or blood vessels don't form correctly in utero. At least eight out of every 1000 infants born in the US each year have a heart defect.
Dialysis is a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing. When you have kidney failure, your kidneys don't filter blood the way they should. As a result, wastes and toxins build up in your bloodstream. Dialysis does the work of your kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood
Urinary disorders with congenital anomalies of Kidney, ureter. UTIs are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
4. INTRODUCTION
The circulatory system, also called
the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is
an organ system that permits blood to circulate and
transport nutrients (such as amino acid and
electrolytes), . Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and
blood cells to from cells in the body to provide
nourishment and help in fighting disease ,stablishing
temperature and PH and maintain homeostasis
5. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ORGAN/COMPONENTS PRIMARY FUNCTION
HEART Propels blood, maintains blood pressure
BLOOD VESSELS Distribute blood around the body
ARTERIES Carry blood heart to capillaries
CAPILLARIES Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
VEINS Return blood from capillaries to the heart
BLOOD Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide and blood cells, delivers nutrients and
hormones, remove waste products, assists in temperature regulation and defence
against disease
6. PROCESS OF BLOOD FLOW
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
7. DEFINTION
• The circulatory system, sometimes called the cardiovascular
system, consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
• It transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to all the cells in
the body
• The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries,
capillaries, and veins. This remarkable system transports
oxygenated blood from the lungs and heart throughout the body
via the arteries
10. CIRCULATION BEFORE BIRTH
• Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred
across the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord.
11.
12. CONT…
At birth, major changes take place. The umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no
longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother. With the first breaths of air,
the lungs start to expand, and the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale both
close. The baby's circulation and blood flow through the heart now function like an
adult's.
16. LOCATION AND SURFACE PROJECTION
• Apex- lower, cone shaped
• Base- border, superior portion
• The heart is the hollow, cone shaped about the size of closed fist
• It lies in the mediastinum between the lungs and rests upon the
diaphragm
• Two- third of its mass lies to left of the midline
17. POSTION OF HEART
• Normally located in the middle and slightly to the
left side of the thoracic
• The apex is about 9 cm to the left of the midline at
the level of the 5th intercostal space and the base
extends to the levels of the 2nd rib .
• Weighs about 325 gm is males and about 275 gm
in females.
19. CONT…
• PERICARDUIM – membrane (sac)that surrounds and protects the heart by the
help of two layers.
a. Fibrous pericardium- superficial layer, tough, inelastic, prevents
overstretching, provide protection and anchors the heart in place.
b. Serous pericardium-
1. partial layer-fused to the fibrous pericardium
2. visceral layer- or epicardium adheres to the heart itself
c. Pericardial cavity –present between two layer is filled with pericardial fluids
which reduce friction
21. CONT…
• EPICARDUIM is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper (the
myocardium). The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions
as a protective layer
22. CONT…
MYOCARDUIM
The myocardium of the left ventricle is the thickest,
as this ventricle is responsible for generating the
power needed to pump oxygenated blood from the
heart to the rest of the body
23. CONT…
ENDOCARDUIM
• Endocardium (endo-cardium) is the thin inner layer of the
heart wall. This layer lines the inner heart chambers,
covers heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium
of large blood vessels.
• The endocardium of heart atria consists of smooth
muscle, as well as elastic fibers.
24. CHAMBERS OF HEART
Four chambers
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle
25. CONT…
RIGHT ATRIUM
• Receives venous blood from whole of the body via the superior vena cava(SVC)
at its upper end and inferior vena cava (IVC) at its lower end.
• It pumps into Right ventricle (RV)through the tricuspid valve during the
ventricular diastole.
• RIGHT VENRTICLE
• Triangular shaped or crescent shaped
• Opens into pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve
• Most anterior chamber
26. CONT…
LEFT ATRIUM
• Posterior most chamber
• Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
• Pulmonary veins open into LA from the posterior wall
• RIGHT VENRTICLE
• chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the
body
27. VALVES OF HEART
• There are also 4 one-way valves that direct flow of blood through the heart in one
direction
28. CONT…
2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves
• Bicuspid (Mitral) valve - separates left atrium and
ventricle, consists of two flaps of tissues
• Tricuspid valve – separates right atrium and ventricle -
consists of three flaps of tissue
( prevent backflow (eversion) keeps valves pointed in
direction of flow )
29. CONT…
2 Semilunar valves
• at beginning of arteries leaving the ventricles
Aortic SL valve- at beginning of aorta
Pulmonary SL valve-at beginning of pulmonary trunk
32. SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION
• It returns oxygen rich blood and nutrients to the left atrium and is pumped out all
over the body It also picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products.
33. CORONARY CIRCUALTION
• Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the
heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to
function. Also, oxygen-depleted blood must be
carried away. The coronary arteries wrap around
the outside of the heart. Small branches divide
into the heart muscle to bring it blood.
34. CONT…
• Left main coronary artery (LMCA)-supplies blood to the left side of
the heart muscle (the left ventricle and left atrium). The left main
coronary divides into branches:
• The left anterior descending artery branches off the left coronary artery
and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart.
• The circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery and encircles
the heart muscle. This artery supplies blood to the outer side and back of
the heart.
35. CONT…
• Right coronary artery (RCA)-supplies blood to the right
ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV
(atrioventricular) nodes, which regulate the heart rhythm.
• The right coronary artery divides into smaller branches,
including the right posterior descending artery and the acute
marginal artery.
• Together with the left anterior descending artery, the right
coronary artery helps supply blood to the middle or septum of
the heart.
37. CONT…
• To pump blood throughout the body, the muscles of the heart must be
coordinated perfectly — squeezing the blood in the right direction, at the
right time, at the right pressure. The heart’s activity is coordinated by
electrical impulses.
38. CONT…
• Electrical signals arising in the SA node
(located in the right atrium) stimulate the atria
to contract. Then the signals travel to
the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is
located in the interatrial septum.
39. CONT…
• After a delay, the electrical signal diverges and is conducted
through the left and right bundle of His to the
respective Purkinje fibers for each side of the heart, as well
as to the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to
the ventricular epicardium; causing its contraction.
• These signals are generated rhythmically, which in turn
results in the coordinated rhythmic contraction and relaxation
of the heart.
40. CARDIC CYCLE
• The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the ending of one
heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which
the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole following a period
of robust contraction and pumping of blood, dubbed systole
41.
42. CARDIC OUTPUT
• The cardiac output is the amount of the blood ejected from each ventricle every
minutes.
• The amount of expelled by each contraction of each ventricles is the stroke
volume
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• For a resting adult
CO = 70mL/beat x75beats/min
= 5250 mL/min
= 5.25 L/min
44. Assessment of cardiovascular system
• Elicit a description of present illness and chief complaint
Include:
• Onset
• Duration
• Location
45. CONT…
Common symptoms of cardiovascular disease
• Chest discomfort or pains
• Palpations
• Fatigue
• Dyspnoea
• Nocturia
46. CONT…
Past medical history
• Rheumatic fever, kidney disease, diabetes , lung disorders
• Evaluation use of the OTC drugs, herbs, recreational drugs
Family health history
• Any diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, heart disease etc
Psychosocial history
• Education, occupation, martial status , children and relationships
• Health habits –diet, exercise, smoking , alcohol use
47. CONT…
• General appearance
( build appearance of the client, skin colour, distress
level ,LOC)
• Client with chronic heart failure may appear
malnourished, thin. Latest skin signs going to appear
ascites, jaundice etc
• Inspection of finger and nails
51. INTRODUCTION
• The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory
system that transport blood throughout the human
body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and
oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste
and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Blood
vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the
body's tissues rely on their functionality
52. DEFINITION
• Blood vessel, a vessel in the human or animal
body in which blood circulates. The vessels that
carry blood away from the heart are
called arteries, and their very small branches
are arterioles. Very small branches that collect the
blood from the various organs and parts are
called venules, and they unite to form veins,
which return the blood to the heart.
54. CONT…
1.Arteries & Arterioles
• built to withstand the greatest pressure of the system
a. strong resilient walls,
b. thick layers of connective tissues
c. more muscular than veins
55. CONT…
• Arteries and arterioles typically contain ~25% of all blood in circulation (15% in
arteries; 10% in arterioles )
• Pressure is variable MAP ~ 93 varies from 100 – 40 mmHg
• Most organs receive blood from >1 arterial branch provides alternate pathways
56. CONT…
Veins & Venules
• Generally have a greater diameter than arteries but thinner walls,
flaccid
• Three layer are all thinner than in arteries tunica adventitia is
thickest of three
• But not as elastic as arteries
• Little smooth muscle
57. CONT…
• 70% of all blood is in veins & venules (~60% in veins, ~10% in venules)
• low pressure:
• 12 – 8 mmHg venules
• 6 – 1 mmHg veins larger veins near 0
58. CONT…
3. Capillaries:
• Actual site of exchange of materials the rest is just pumps and plumbing
• Consist of only a single layer of squamous epithelium= endothelial layer (=tunica
intima)
59. CONT…
• Arranged into capillary beds = functional units of circulatory system
• Capillaries are extremely abundant in almost every tissue of the body
• Only 5% of blood at any one time is in capillaries
60. MEMBRANE OF VESSELS
walls of arteries and veins consist of three layers:
a. Tunica Externa
b. Tunica Media
c. Tunica Interna
61. CONT…
a. Tunica Externa (= T. adventitia)
• outer loose connective tissue
• anchors the vessel and provides passage for small
nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood
vessels
62. CONT…
b. Tunica Media
• middle, made mainly of smooth muscle with some
elastic tissue and collagen fibers strengthens vessel
walls
• prevent high pressure from rupturing them allows
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
• usually the thickest layer, especially in arteries
63. CONT…
c. Tunica Interna (=T. Intima)
• inner endothelium
• exposed to blood when damaged or inflamed induce
platelets or
• WBC’s to adhere
• may lead to plaque build up and atherosclerosis
64. AORTA
• The aorta is the main and largest artery in the human
body originating from the left ventricle of the heart and
extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two
smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta
distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
through the systemic circulation
65. CONT…
• part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where
the
• 1. Thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs
from the heart to the diaphragm.
• 2. Abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta)
from the diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation
66. THORACIC AORTA
• This part of the aorta lies above the diaphragm ana is described into 3 parts :
• Ascending aorta
• Arch of the aorta
• Descending aorta in the thorax
67. CONT..
• ASCENDING AROTA
• It is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the
base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the
third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum
• Right and left coronary arties are branches of ascending aorta.
68. CONT..
• ARCH OF AORTA
• The aortic arch is the connection between the ascending and descending aorta, and
its central part is formed by the left 4th aortic arch during early development
• Three branches arises from upper aspect :
• Brachiocephalic artery or trunk
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery
70. CONT..
• DESENDING AROTA
• The descending aorta is the part of the aorta, the largest artery
in the body, that runs down through the chest and the
abdomen. The descending aorta starts after the arch of the
aorta and ends by splitting into two great arteries (the
common iliac arteries) that go to the legs.
71. ABDOMINALAROTA
• The abdominal aorta, is the final section of the aorta. It
begins at the diaphragm as a continuation of the thoracic
aorta and runs down to where the aorta ends (by splitting into
the two leg arteries)or right/left common iliac artery. The
abdominal aorta supplies oxygenated blood to all of the
abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs.
72. VENAE CAVAE
• The venae cavae from the Latin for "hollow veins", singular
"vena cava" are two large veins (venous trunks) that return
deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. In humans
there are the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava and
both empty into the right atrium. They are located slightly off-
center, toward the right side of the body.
73. CONT…
• The superior vena cava (SVC) is the superior of the two venae
cave, the great venous trunks that return
deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right
atrium of the heart.
• It is a large-diameter (24 mm) short length vein that receives
venous return from the upper half of the body, above
the diaphragm
74. CONT…
• The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is a large vein that carries
the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into
the right atrium of the heart.
• Its walls are rigid and it has valves so the blood does not
flow down via gravity. It is formed by the joining of the right
and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the
fifth lumbar vertebra.
75. PULMONARYARTERIES AND VEINS
• Key facts
• Pulmonary arteries
• Right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> right and left pulmonary
arteries
Purpose: deliver deoxygenated blood to the respective lung
• Pulmonary veins
• Lung capillaries -> 4 pulmonary veins (2 from each lung) -> left
atrium
Purpose: deliver oxygenated blood to the left ventricle which will
distribute it to the body
76. VASCULAR SYSTEM
• Provide conduits for blood to travel from the heart to nourish the body.
• Carry cellular wastes to the excretory organs.
• Return blood to the heart for recirculation.
77. ARTIAL SYSTEM
• Delivers blood to various tissues for nourishment
• Transport of cellular wastes
• Contribute to thermal regulation
78. CONT…
Arteries of the
Thoracic
Region
Vessel Description
Visceral branches A group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the viscera (i.e., organs) of the thorax
Bronchial artery
Systemic branch from the aorta that provides oxygenated blood to the lungs; this blood supply is in addition to the
pulmonary circuit that brings blood for oxygenation
Pericardial artery Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the pericardium
Esophageal artery Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the esophagus
Mediastinal artery Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the mediastinum
Parietal branches
Also called somatic branches, a group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; include those that supply blood to the
thoracic wall, vertebral column, and the superior surface of the diaphragm
Intercostal artery Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the muscles of the thoracic cavity and vertebral column
Superior phrenic
artery
Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the superior surface of the diaphragm
79. CONT…
Aortic Arch Branches
and Brain Circulation
Vessel Description
Brachiocephalic artery
Single vessel located on the right side of the body; the first vessel branching from the aortic arch; gives rise to the right
subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies blood to the head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic
region
Subclavian artery
The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery while the left subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch;
gives rise to the internal thoracic, vertebral, and thyrocervical arteries; supplies blood to the arms, chest, shoulders, back, and
central nervous system
Internal thoracic artery
Also called the mammary artery; arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thymus, pericardium of the heart,
and anterior chest wall
Vertebral artery
Arises from the subclavian artery and passes through the vertebral foramen through the foramen magnum to the brain; joins
with the internal carotid artery to form the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord
Thyrocervical artery Arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thyroid, the cervical region, the upper back, and shoulder
Common carotid artery
The right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and the left common carotid artery arises from the
aortic arch; each gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective sides of the head and neck
External carotid artery
Arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood to numerous structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus,
and larynx
Internal carotid artery
Arises from the common carotid artery and begins with the carotid sinus; goes through the carotid canal of the temporal bone
to the base of the brain; combines with the branches of the vertebral artery, forming the arterial circle; supplies blood to the
brain
81. VENOUS SYSTEM
• Series of veins located adjacent to arterial system
• Veins collect blood from the capillaries & terminal
arterioles
• Acts as reservoir for blood
82. CONT…
Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Vessel Description
Internal
jugular vein
Parallel to the common carotid artery, which is more or less its counterpart, and
passes through the jugular foramen and canal; primarily drains blood from the
brain, receives the superficial facial vein, and empties into the subclavian vein
Temporal vein Drains blood from the temporal region and flows into the external jugular vein
Maxillary
vein
Drains blood from the maxillary region and flows into the external jugular vein
External
jugular vein
Drains blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial
regions, and leads to the subclavian vein
83. CONT…
Veins of the
Thoracic Region
Vessel Description
Superior vena cava
Large systemic vein; drains blood from most areas superior to the diaphragm; empties into the right
atrium
Subclavian vein
Located deep in the thoracic cavity; formed by the axillary vein as it enters the thoracic cavity from
the axillary region; drains the axillary and smaller local veins near the scapular region and leads to
the brachiocephalic vein
Brachiocephalic veins
Pair of veins that form from a fusion of the external and internal jugular veins and the subclavian
vein; subclavian, external and internal jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins flow into it;
drain the upper thoracic region and lead to the superior vena cava
Vertebral vein
Arises from the base of the brain and the cervical region of the spinal cord; passes through the
intervertebral foramina in the cervical vertebrae; drains smaller veins from the cranium, spinal cord,
and vertebrae, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein; counterpart of the vertebral artery
Internal thoracic veins
Also called internal mammary veins; drain the anterior surface of the chest wall and lead to the
brachiocephalic vein
Intercostal vein Drains the muscles of the thoracic wall and leads to the azygos vein
Esophageal vein Drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads to the azygos vein
Bronchial vein Drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads to the azygos vein
86. INTRODUCTION
• Blood, fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to
the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other
waste products. Technically, blood is a transport
liquid pumped by the heart (or an equivalent
structure) to all parts of the body, after which it is
returned to the heart to repeat the process.
87. DEFINITION
• Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and
transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
• Blood is a special type of fluid connective tissue derived from
mesoderm.
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood,
blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them
is called haematology.
(Gk: haeme – blood and logos - study)
88. CONT..
• The average human has 5 liters of blood(Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
• It carries vital substances to all parts of the body
• Blood is the only fluid tissue.
• Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements,
are suspended in the nonliving fluid called plasma.
89. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
Content Properties
Colour Bright red in arteries & dark red in veins
Mass 8 % of the body mass
PH Slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 – 7.45)
Taste Salty
Temperature
38° C (100.4° F)
Volume 5 – 6 litre
90. COMPOSTION OF BLOOD
55% Plasma (fluid matrix of water, salts, proteins, etc.)
45% Cellular elements:
• Red Blood Cells (RBCs): 5-6 million RBCs/ml of
blood. Contain hemoglobin which transport oxygen and
CO2.
• White Blood Cells (WBCs): 5,000-10,000 WBCs/ml
of blood.
91. CONT..
Play an essential role in immunity and defense. Include:
1. Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
2. Macrophages: (phagocytes)
3. Granulocytes: Neutrophils, basophils, and
eosinophils.
• Platelets: Cellular fragments, 250,000- 400,000/ml of
blood.
Important in blood clotting
92. PLASMA
• Plasma is a pale yellow colored liquid component of a blood that holds the cellular
elements of blood in suspension
93. COMPONENTS OF PLASMA
• 90% of plasma is water:
• other substances in plasma: salts (electrolytes), nutrients , gases, hormones,
plasma proteins, various wastes and products of cell metabolism.
• Plasma proteins:
• Constitute 7-9% of plasma.
• Provide the colloid osmotic pressure needed to draw H2O from interstitial fluid to
capillaries.
95. PLASMA PROTEINS
• Constitute 7-9% of plasma
• Three types of plasma proteins: albumins,
globulins, & fibrinogen
• Albumin accounts for 60-80, plasma protein
made by the liver, Creates colloid osmotic
pressure that draws H20 from interstitial fluid
into capillaries to maintain blood volume &
pressure
96. CONT…
• Globulins carry lipids
• alpha globulin: Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.
• beta globulin: Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.
• gamma globulin: Antibodies that function in immunity.
• Gamma globulins are antibodies
• Fibrinogen Constitutes 4% of plasma proteins. Important clotting factor.
Converted into fibrin during the clotting process.
98. RBCs/ ERYTHROCYTES
• Red blood cell, also called erythrocyte, cellular
component of blood, millions of which in the
circulation of vertebrates give the blood its
characteristic colour and carry oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues.
• The mature human red blood cell is small, round,
and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in
profile.
99. COMPONENTS OF RBCs
• Anucleate - they lack a nucleus
• Filled with hemoglobin which carries oxygen
• Biconcave discs = greater surface area for gas exchange.
• Half-life ~ 120 days.
• Contain 280 million hemoglobin with 4 heme chains (contain iron).
100.
101. RBC (RED BLOOD CELLS)
• Shape -Circular biconcave non-nucleated
• Diameter= 7-8um
• Thickness=2.5 um
• Colour =Red (haemoglobin pigment)
• Count = Adult male = 5.4 million RBCs/μL
Adult female = 4.8 million RBCs/μL
• Life span=120 days
102. ERYTHROPOIESIS
The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis
• Adult- Red bone marrow of long bones (hip bone, breast bone & ribs)
• Child(up to 5 year)-Bone marrow of all the bones
• Foetus-Liver & spleen
• Increase in number of RBCs is known as polycythaemia
• Decrease in number of RBCs is known as erythropenia
104. FUNCTIONS OF RBCs
• Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues
• Transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• Regulate acid base balance
105. DISODERS RELATED TO RBCs
• Aplastic anemia
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
106. WHITE BLOOD CELLS(WBCs) / LEUKOCYTES
• White blood cells (WBCs), also
called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of
the immune system that are involved in protecting the
body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
• All white blood cells are produced and derived
from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known
as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found
throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic
system.
107. COMPONENTS
• Complete cells (nuclei, mitochondria and organelles)
• Almost invisible, so named after stains.
• Neutrophils are the most abundant WBC, accounts
for 50 – 70% of WBCs.
108. CONT…
• Involved in immune function. Crucial for defense.
• Positive chemotaxis: they respond to chemical signals and move toward damage
or threats.
• Body increases amount in response to infection
109. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• Shape-Amoeboid nucleated
• Size-12 – 15 μm
• Colour-Colourless & translucent
• Count-5000 – 10000 WBCs/μL
• Life span-10-13 days
110. LEUCOPOIESIS
• The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis
Adult Liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow
Foetus Liver, spleen
114. DISODERS RELATED TO WBCS
• Neutropenia
• Leukaemia
• Leukopenia
• Leucocytosis
115. PLATELETS
• Platelets, also called thrombocytes , are a
component of blood whose function (along with
the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from
blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating
a blood clot.
• Platelets have no cell nucleus: they are fragments
of cytoplasm that are derived from
the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow which then
enter the circulation
116. COMPONENTS
• Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
• Smallest of formed elements.
• Are fragments of megakaryocytes.
• Lack nuclei.
• Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
• Survive 5-9 days
117. CONT….
• Have amoeboid movement.
• Important in blood clotting:
a. Constitute most of the mass of the clot.
b. Release serotonin to reduce blood flow to area.
c. Secrete growth factors
d. Maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall.
120. FUNCTIONS
• The functions of platelets are primarily related to haemostasis.
• Serotonin released by platelets contributes to the vasoconstriction observed
immediately after vascular injury
• Platelets aggregates to plug the vascular integrity
• Contractile proteins of the platelets brings about clot retraction
• It has growth factors which stimulates mitosis in vascular wall thus repair the
damage of vessels walls
124. WOUND HEALING
• Cutaneous wound healing is the process by which
the skin repairs itself after damage. It is important
in restoring normal function to the tissue.
• There are two main types of healing, primary
intention and secondary intention. In both types, there
are four stages which occur; hemostasis, inflammation,
proliferation, and remodeling.
128. BLOOD GROUPING
• There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood
group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents.
129. CONT…
• Antibodies and antigens
• Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets in a liquid called plasma. Your blood group is
identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood.
• Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They're part of your
body's natural defenses. They recognize foreign substances,
such as germs, and alert your immune system, which
destroys them.
• Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red
blood cells.
130. CONT…
The ABO system
There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system:
• blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in
the plasma
• blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
• blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the
plasma
• blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
• Blood group O is the most common blood group. Almost half of the UK
population (48%) has blood group O.
134. CONCULSION
The heart and blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the human body. The
anatomy of the four-chambered heart is central to the network and functions to maintain
blood moving throughout the body. Arteries, capillaries, and veins work in conjunction
to keep all tissues healthy by providing oxygen and other nutrients while removing
carbon dioxide and other waste through continuous blood flow. As the body encounters
parasites or infections, the immune response is triggered and the appropriate blood
components initiate a response to remove the undesirable items. In cases of mutations or
injuries to the circulatory system, other systems in the body can be affected, thus
demonstrating the importance of how the body requires the interaction of all the systems
to maintain proper function.
135.
136. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
• What is the weight of heart
• Enlist layer of heart
• Enlist valves of heart
• What are the types come under blood vessels
• What do you understand by T. adventitia
• What are the 3 branches arises from arc of aorta
• What do you understand by leucopoiesis
• What is life span for RBCs
• What is PH of blood
137. ASSISGNMENT
• Draw structure of heart
• Draw diagram on pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Draw structure of aorta
• Draw diagram on atrial system
• Draw diagram on WBCs, RBCs, Platelets
• Draw flow chart on haematopoiesis
138. REFERANCES
• https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=273 viewed on 27/5/2020
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart viewed on 26/5/2020
• https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/heart#1 viewed on 26/5/2020
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/circulatory-pathways/ viewed on
28/5/2020
• https://www.britannica.com/science/blood-vessel viewed on 28/5/2020
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel viewed on 28/5/2020
• https://www.britannica.com/science/blood-biochemistry viewed on 31/5/2020
• https://www.oneblood.org/about-donating/blood-donor-basics/what-is-blood/ viewed on
1/6/2020
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood viewed on 1/6/2020