This document summarizes an academic presentation on applications of geophysical survey methods, including: - Gravity surveys can be used to explore for hydrocarbons, study regional geology, locate mineral deposits, and monitor volcanoes. They help determine density variations underground. - Magnetic surveys detect variations in the Earth's magnetic field to map archaeological artifacts, locate buried infrastructure like pipes and tanks, explore for ores and fossil fuels, and study tectonics and geology. - Electrical resistivity surveys measure subsurface resistivity variations to detect archaeological features, map groundwater, and identify contaminant plumes or unstable ground conditions. - Seismic surveys use acoustic impulses to image underground rock layers for applications like

2. UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND
KASHMIR MUZAFFARABAD
PRESENTED TO:
Respected Sir Fahad Sab
PRESENTED BY:
“Azhar Mahmood”
Roll No: 225
Date : 15/01/2015

3. PRESNETATION # 01
TOPIC
Applications of the following
 Gravity survey
Magnetic survey
Electrical resistivity survey
Seismic survey

4. 01: GRAVITY SURVEY
METHOD

5. Definition:
It is a method
of measuring the force of gravity in
drill holes by means of gravimeters in order to
determine the mean density values of rocks at differen
t depths in their natural bed.

6. Application of Gravity
Method Survey:

7. Hydrocarbon exploration
Regional geological studies
Isostatic compensation determination
Exploration for mass estimation of mineral deposits
Detection of subsurface cavities
Location of buried rock valley
Determination of glacier thickness
Shape of earth(geodesy)
Monitoring volcanoes

8. Hydrocarbon exploration
This is also called oil and gas exploration is the search
by geophysicist for hydrocarbon deposits beneath
the Earth's surface such as oil and natural gas . Oil and
gas exploration are grouped under the science
of petroleum geology.

9. Engineering application
Gravity surveys can be carried out to locate iron rich
accumulations within furnace, cinder piles .

10. Accumulations Of Hydrocarbons
Gravity Surveys are used either alone or in conjunction
with magnetic surveys, to determine the location and
size of the major source structures which contain
accumulations of hydrocarbons.

11. Hydrogeology
Determination of the major structures that control
the location of aquifers.
Additionally, Magneto telluric and Magnetics
surveys may also be used for the same purpose

12. The gravity method is a nondestructive geophysical
technique that measures differences in the earth’s
studies including locating voids and karst features,
buried stream valleys, water table levels and the
determination of soil layer thickness.

13. karst features

14. Gravity data in engineering and environmental
applications should be collected in a grid or along a
profile with stations spacing 5 meters or less. In
addition, gravity station elevations must be
determined to within 0.2m
 Using the highly precise locations and elevations plus
all other quantifiable disturbing effects, the data are
processed to remove all these predictable effects.

15. 02: Magnetic survey method

16. Magnetic survey
Magnetic survey is one of a number of methods
used in archaeological geophysics Magnetic surveys
record variation in the Earth's magnetic field.
In archaeology , magnetic surveys are used to detect
and map archaeological artifacts and features.
Magnetic surveys are used in both terrestrial
and marine archaeology.

17.  Basic Concepts
 The Earth possesses a magnetic field caused primarily
by sources in the core. The form of the field is roughly
the same as would be caused by a dipole or bar magnet
located near the Earth's center and aligned sub parallel
to the geographic axis

18. Magnetic survey of an archaeological site

19. APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC
METHOD SURVEY

20. Locating buried Pipes, cables, tank and drums
Fault studies
Ore exploration identification of metalliferous
deposits, for example massive sulphides
Geothermal exploration
Mapping buried utilities

21. Exploration of fossil fuels (oil and gas)
Exploration of ore deposit
Regional and global tectonics
Large scale of geological structures ,volcanology
Engineering construction site investigation
 Burried foundation ,fine pits for archeology
 Mineral exploration

22. Locating buried Pipes, cables, tank and drums
Magnetic geophysical surveys measure small,
localized variations in the Earth's magnetic field.
The magnetic properties of naturally occurring
materials such as magnetic ore bodies and basic
igneous rocks.
Magnetometer surveys find underground storage
tanks, drums, piles and reinforced concrete
foundations by detecting the magnetic anomalies
they produce.

23. Exploration Mineral
Magnetic survey, one of the tools used by exploration
mineral-bearing ore bodies or even oil-bearing
sedimentary structures and locate on map the
remains of buried structures.

24. Marine Magnetic Methods
Magnetic methods, as employed in marine
applications, differ little in theory from surface
magnetic surveys. The instrument measures the
earth’s total magnetic field at each measurement
location. However, practical applications of field
techniques, field equipment, and geographic control
can vary greatly between surface and marine surveys.

25. Magnetics surveys measure the magnitude and
orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Magnetic field at Earth’s surface depends on field
generated in Earth’s core, magnetic mineral content of
surface materials, and remnant magnetization of
surface rocks.

26. 03: Electrical Resistance Survey
Method

27. Definition:
Electrical resistance survey also called earth
resistance or resistivity survey is one of a number of
methods used in archaeological geophysics. In this
type of survey electrical resistance meters are used to
detect and map subsurface archaeological features and
patterning.

28. Electrical resistance survey of an archaeological site
using a twin probe system. (Wenner electrode array.)

29. APPLICATION ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
SURVEY METHOD

30. The presence of certain metallic ore
The temperature of sub surface
 Geothermal energy
The presence of archeological feature
 Graves
 Fire pits
 Pot holes .

31. Amount of ground water present
I. Amount of dissolved salt
II.Presence of contaminants
III.% porosity and permeability

32. Specific Applications
 Determine electrical characteristics of
surrounding area.
Determine depth of water table
Detect contaminant plumes
Determine extent of saltwater intrusion
Detect fracture zones and faults
Detect areas of potentially unstable ground, e.g.
mine shafts, sinkholes, voids

33. Assist in dam stability analysis
Determine overburden depth
Locate buried mafic dikes
Provide data for corrosion control
design
Determine lithology/structure.

34. Electrical resistivity method is also useful
for simultaneously detecting lateral and
vertical changes in subsurface electrical
properties

35. 04 :Seismic Surveys
Methods

36. Definition
Seismic survey, method of investigating subterranean
structure, particularly as related to exploration for
petroleum, natural gas, and mineral deposits.
A seismic survey is a technique similar to an ultrasound
that is used to develop images of the rock layers below
ground.

37. Seismic Surveys Methods

38. Applications Seismic Surveys
Methods

39.  Seismic surveys are used to locate and estimate the size of
offshore oil and gas reserves.
 To carry out such surveys, ships tow multiple air gun arrays
that emit thousands of high-decibel explosive impulses to
map the seafloor.
 The auditory assault from seismic surveys has been found
to damage or kill fish eggs and larvae and to impair the
hearing and health of fish and marine mammals.

40. Hydrocarbon exploration
It is used by the hydrocarbon industry to provide a high
resolution map of acoustic impedance contrasts at depths
of up to 10 km within the subsurface. This can be combined
with seismic attribute analysis and other exploration
geophysics tools and used to help geologists build
a geological model of the area of interest.

41. Land survey
Land seismic surveys tend to be large entities,
requiring hundreds of tons of equipment and
employing anywhere from a few hundred to a few
thousand people, deployed over vast areas for many
months.

42. Marine survey
Traditional marine seismic surveys are
conducted using specially-equipped vessels that tow
one or more cables containing a series of
hydrophones at constant intervals

43. Seismic surveying is also play vital part of exploring for
oil and gas. That makes it critical to producing the
energy we need to power our homes and businesses.

44. THANKS!