This is the presentation of my review paper published in Proceedings of 21st International Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering held at CWPRS, Pune
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
Micro irrigation, drip irrigation , what is drip irrigation ,what is fertigat...Arvind Yadav
This document summarizes the key advantages and components of micro irrigation systems. It discusses how drip irrigation can save water and increase crop yields compared to flood irrigation. The document also provides details on fertigation through drip systems, including common fertilizers used and methods for application. Trial results are presented showing higher tomato yields and water use efficiency with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation or microsprinklers. Overall, the document demonstrates how micro irrigation technologies like drip can improve irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity.
The document summarizes soil water potential and its components. Soil water potential (ΨT) is equal to the sum of gravimetric potential (Ψz), osmotic potential (Ψs), matric potential (Ψm), and pressure potential (Ψp). Gravimetric potential depends on gravity and soil moisture content. Osmotic potential is due to dissolved salts. Matric potential restricts water movement through pore spaces. Pressure potential is positive in saturated soil. Together these determine if water will move within the soil from high to low water potential. The water content soils can hold is illustrated on a log scale, with sandy soil holding the least and clay the most at given potential values.
Soil water exists in three forms: gravitational water that drains through soil pores due to gravity; capillary water held in pore spaces through surface tension; and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles. Capillary water is available for plant uptake while gravitational water can leach nutrients from soil. The amount of water soil can hold depends on texture, structure, and organic matter content. At field capacity, gravity has drained water from large pores while water remains in small pores; the wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water. Proper irrigation management considers these factors to meet crop water requirements.
This document discusses the scheduling of irrigation for crop production. It explains that irrigation needs to supply water to crops as required at different growth stages, as rainfall and groundwater are often inconsistent with crop needs. Certain periods are critical for water requirements for each crop. Irrigation should be scheduled around these critical stages if no other water source is available. The document provides examples of critical stages for various crops and discusses factors to consider for irrigation quantity, interval, and total number based on soil, crop type, and cultural practices.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
This document discusses evapotranspiration estimation through lysimeters. It describes two main types of lysimeters - gravimetric lysimeters which measure evapotranspiration by weight changes, and volumetric lysimeters which measure by volume changes. Gravimetric lysimeters directly measure the actual evapotranspiration from a soil sample and crop on a daily basis. Volumetric lysimeters are used for standing water crops and measure the inflow and outflow of water volumes. Lysimeters provide accurate measurements of crop water requirements to determine irrigation scheduling.
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
Micro irrigation, drip irrigation , what is drip irrigation ,what is fertigat...Arvind Yadav
This document summarizes the key advantages and components of micro irrigation systems. It discusses how drip irrigation can save water and increase crop yields compared to flood irrigation. The document also provides details on fertigation through drip systems, including common fertilizers used and methods for application. Trial results are presented showing higher tomato yields and water use efficiency with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation or microsprinklers. Overall, the document demonstrates how micro irrigation technologies like drip can improve irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity.
The document summarizes soil water potential and its components. Soil water potential (ΨT) is equal to the sum of gravimetric potential (Ψz), osmotic potential (Ψs), matric potential (Ψm), and pressure potential (Ψp). Gravimetric potential depends on gravity and soil moisture content. Osmotic potential is due to dissolved salts. Matric potential restricts water movement through pore spaces. Pressure potential is positive in saturated soil. Together these determine if water will move within the soil from high to low water potential. The water content soils can hold is illustrated on a log scale, with sandy soil holding the least and clay the most at given potential values.
Soil water exists in three forms: gravitational water that drains through soil pores due to gravity; capillary water held in pore spaces through surface tension; and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles. Capillary water is available for plant uptake while gravitational water can leach nutrients from soil. The amount of water soil can hold depends on texture, structure, and organic matter content. At field capacity, gravity has drained water from large pores while water remains in small pores; the wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water. Proper irrigation management considers these factors to meet crop water requirements.
This document discusses the scheduling of irrigation for crop production. It explains that irrigation needs to supply water to crops as required at different growth stages, as rainfall and groundwater are often inconsistent with crop needs. Certain periods are critical for water requirements for each crop. Irrigation should be scheduled around these critical stages if no other water source is available. The document provides examples of critical stages for various crops and discusses factors to consider for irrigation quantity, interval, and total number based on soil, crop type, and cultural practices.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
This document discusses evapotranspiration estimation through lysimeters. It describes two main types of lysimeters - gravimetric lysimeters which measure evapotranspiration by weight changes, and volumetric lysimeters which measure by volume changes. Gravimetric lysimeters directly measure the actual evapotranspiration from a soil sample and crop on a daily basis. Volumetric lysimeters are used for standing water crops and measure the inflow and outflow of water volumes. Lysimeters provide accurate measurements of crop water requirements to determine irrigation scheduling.
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
This document discusses the major soil types found in Sri Lanka, including their characteristics, locations, and suitable crops. The main soil types covered are: Reddish Brown Earth Soil, Non-Calcic Brown Soil, Reddish Brown Lateritic Soil, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soil, Red-Yellow Latasols, Immature Brown Loamy Soil, Rendzina Soil, Grumosols Soil, Solodized Solonetz Soil, Low-Humic Glay Soil, Meadow Podzolic Soil, Bog And Half Bog Soil, and Alluvial Soil. Each soil type has distinct properties that determine what crops can be successfully grown.
This document discusses humus formation and its role in nutrient cycling. It defines humus and explains that it is formed through a complex biochemical process as organic residues in soil are broken down and transformed by microorganisms and chemical reactions. Several theories for humus formation are described, including the lignin-protein theory, polyphenol theory, and sugar-amine condensation. Humus improves soil properties, supports nutrient cycling by holding nutrients, and acts as a reservoir for microbes. It plays an important role in plant nutrient cycles by releasing nutrients as organic matter is decomposed. The document outlines fractionation of organic matter and interactions between plants, soil and the atmosphere in nutrient cycling.
This document discusses soil properties that influence soil-water relations. It covers topics like soil depth, texture, structure, porosity, and moisture constants.
Some key points:
- Soil depth affects water storage capacity and root growth. Deeper soils store more water and allow for larger root systems.
- Texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles. This influences water holding capacity, with finer textures like clay holding more water.
- Soil structure and porosity determine water and air movement through the soil. Both macro and micro pores are needed for optimal plant growth.
- Moisture constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point define the range of available water for plants
This ppt is explained how to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches a pump motor on/off upon sensing moisture content of the soil.By using this method is to reduce human intervention and still ensure proper irrigation.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
The document discusses pores in soil, including:
- Pore space varies depending on the relative amounts of water and air, and is influenced by the arrangement of solid particles.
- There are three main types of pores - macro (visible), meso (visible at 10x magnification), and micro (not visible) - which influence water movement, aeration, and plant growth.
- Factors like soil structure, texture, and particle arrangement impact porosity, the percentage of the soil volume made up of pores.
This document summarizes a project on an automated irrigation system controlled by a microcontroller. It includes sections on the problems with current irrigation methods, the system block diagram, components like soil moisture sensors, an ADC to convert analog sensor readings to digital, an 89S52 microcontroller as the control unit, and a solenoid valve controlled via a relay circuit to regulate water flow. The system aims to automatically irrigate fields based on soil moisture readings to avoid overwatering or underwatering crops.
This document discusses soil moisture monitoring for irrigation water management. It outlines different options for monitoring soil moisture, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, and the feel method. It explains how to place sensors in the field, focusing on the active root zone. The document also discusses using the data collected, such as graphing it over time and using a checkbook method to determine irrigation needs based on the soil's water holding capacity.
This document discusses different types of subsurface drainage systems including relief drainage, interceptor drainage, and their open ditch and buried components. It also describes various subsurface drainage methods such as tile drains, mole drains, drainage wells, and deep open drains. Specifically, it provides details on tile drainage systems including layouts, depth and spacing considerations, sizes and materials of tiles, installation processes, and other related elements. Mole drainage systems are also summarized, highlighting how they are created using mole plow equipment.
The document defines biological sickness of soils as an unfavorable condition for plant and microbe growth caused by biological problems that hinder decomposition and nutrient transformation. It discusses several types of biological sickness including low soil organic carbon, reduced soil respiration, lack of earthworms, and poor soil enzyme activity. The document then provides management practices for each type of sickness, such as no-till farming, manure application, and soil pH management, to improve soil biological conditions.
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
This document discusses methods for estimating soil moisture content. It defines soil moisture as the water held in the spaces between soil particles, particularly in the top 200 cm that is available to plants. There are direct methods that measure the moisture content through gravimetric techniques like oven drying samples, and volumetric methods using bulk density. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and neutron probes. Remote sensing techniques estimate soil moisture from visible/infrared reflectance, thermal infrared surface temperature, and passive/active microwave emissions and backscattering related to dielectric properties.
Remote sensing can be used to study soils by analyzing parameters like surface color, temperature, moisture, vegetation indices, mineralogy, organic carbon, iron content, and salinity. High resolution DEM and imagery from sensors like LIDAR and SAR can be used to map landforms and classify soils. Traditional soil mapping is done at scales of 1:1 million to 1:50,000. Remote sensing allows soil mapping across large areas by analyzing the spectral response patterns influenced by soil properties.
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS SOIL MOISTUREMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESBhushan Patil
This paper presents review of the different eight methods for measurement of soil moisture and describes the principle used, methodology, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. Described methods are Gravimetric method, Neutron moderation (NM), Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR), Frequency Domain Reflectometer (FDR), Amplitude Domain Reflectometer (ADR), Phase Transmission (PT), Time Domain Transmission (TDT) and Tensiometer method.
This document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. It defines contour cultivation as conducting agricultural activities like plowing and sowing across the slope of the land. This reduces soil and water loss by interrupting runoff. Choice of crops and cropping systems can also impact soil conservation, with close-growing crops providing better protection than row crops. Other agronomic measures discussed include strip cropping, cover crops, mulching, and applying manures/fertilizers. Mechanical measures to conserve soil include contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing, and vegetative barriers.
This document discusses soil salinity in India. It begins by defining soil and its components. It then explains that saline soils are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. In India, about 7 million hectares of land have reduced crop yields due to soil salinity. The document categorizes the different types of saline soils found in India based on their characteristics such as saline soil, saline-alkali soil, and saline-sodic soil. It concludes by noting that excess soil salinity can greatly impact plant growth and crop production.
Design of sprinkler laterals, design of main line, selection of pumps,Suyog Khose
The document discusses the design of sprinkler irrigation systems, including the design of sprinkler laterals and main lines and selection of pumps. It covers topics such as selecting pipe sizes to minimize pressure variations in laterals, computing friction losses, determining pumping requirements based on sprinkler discharge and number of sprinklers, and factors to consider when selecting pumps to power sprinkler irrigation systems. The goal is to deliver water at a consistent pressure through laterals and sprinklers to irrigate fields in an efficient manner.
1. The document provides information on a course titled "Drainage Engineering" presented by Er. G. G. Kadam at Dr. Budhajirao Mulik College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology.
2. It discusses various concepts related to drainage including definitions of irrigation, drainage, waterlogged lands, excess water, and surface drainage. It also covers causes of waterlogging such as over irrigation, seepage, impervious layers, inadequate drainage, and more.
3. Methods to control waterlogging are described like lining canals, reducing irrigation intensity, crop rotation, optimum water use, interceptor drains, and an efficient drainage system. The effects of poor drainage on soils and plants and benefits
This document describes an advanced irrigation system using a soil moisture sensor to conserve water. The system uses a microcontroller and soil moisture sensor to automatically water plants only when needed. It measures the soil moisture level and compares it to a threshold value set by the user. If the soil is dry (below the threshold), a relay is activated to supply water. This removes the need for manual intervention by farmers and helps save up to 60% of irrigation water typically wasted through over-watering. The system guide includes the code and wiring diagram to build the automated irrigation system.
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
This document discusses the major soil types found in Sri Lanka, including their characteristics, locations, and suitable crops. The main soil types covered are: Reddish Brown Earth Soil, Non-Calcic Brown Soil, Reddish Brown Lateritic Soil, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soil, Red-Yellow Latasols, Immature Brown Loamy Soil, Rendzina Soil, Grumosols Soil, Solodized Solonetz Soil, Low-Humic Glay Soil, Meadow Podzolic Soil, Bog And Half Bog Soil, and Alluvial Soil. Each soil type has distinct properties that determine what crops can be successfully grown.
This document discusses humus formation and its role in nutrient cycling. It defines humus and explains that it is formed through a complex biochemical process as organic residues in soil are broken down and transformed by microorganisms and chemical reactions. Several theories for humus formation are described, including the lignin-protein theory, polyphenol theory, and sugar-amine condensation. Humus improves soil properties, supports nutrient cycling by holding nutrients, and acts as a reservoir for microbes. It plays an important role in plant nutrient cycles by releasing nutrients as organic matter is decomposed. The document outlines fractionation of organic matter and interactions between plants, soil and the atmosphere in nutrient cycling.
This document discusses soil properties that influence soil-water relations. It covers topics like soil depth, texture, structure, porosity, and moisture constants.
Some key points:
- Soil depth affects water storage capacity and root growth. Deeper soils store more water and allow for larger root systems.
- Texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles. This influences water holding capacity, with finer textures like clay holding more water.
- Soil structure and porosity determine water and air movement through the soil. Both macro and micro pores are needed for optimal plant growth.
- Moisture constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point define the range of available water for plants
This ppt is explained how to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches a pump motor on/off upon sensing moisture content of the soil.By using this method is to reduce human intervention and still ensure proper irrigation.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
The document discusses pores in soil, including:
- Pore space varies depending on the relative amounts of water and air, and is influenced by the arrangement of solid particles.
- There are three main types of pores - macro (visible), meso (visible at 10x magnification), and micro (not visible) - which influence water movement, aeration, and plant growth.
- Factors like soil structure, texture, and particle arrangement impact porosity, the percentage of the soil volume made up of pores.
This document summarizes a project on an automated irrigation system controlled by a microcontroller. It includes sections on the problems with current irrigation methods, the system block diagram, components like soil moisture sensors, an ADC to convert analog sensor readings to digital, an 89S52 microcontroller as the control unit, and a solenoid valve controlled via a relay circuit to regulate water flow. The system aims to automatically irrigate fields based on soil moisture readings to avoid overwatering or underwatering crops.
This document discusses soil moisture monitoring for irrigation water management. It outlines different options for monitoring soil moisture, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, and the feel method. It explains how to place sensors in the field, focusing on the active root zone. The document also discusses using the data collected, such as graphing it over time and using a checkbook method to determine irrigation needs based on the soil's water holding capacity.
This document discusses different types of subsurface drainage systems including relief drainage, interceptor drainage, and their open ditch and buried components. It also describes various subsurface drainage methods such as tile drains, mole drains, drainage wells, and deep open drains. Specifically, it provides details on tile drainage systems including layouts, depth and spacing considerations, sizes and materials of tiles, installation processes, and other related elements. Mole drainage systems are also summarized, highlighting how they are created using mole plow equipment.
The document defines biological sickness of soils as an unfavorable condition for plant and microbe growth caused by biological problems that hinder decomposition and nutrient transformation. It discusses several types of biological sickness including low soil organic carbon, reduced soil respiration, lack of earthworms, and poor soil enzyme activity. The document then provides management practices for each type of sickness, such as no-till farming, manure application, and soil pH management, to improve soil biological conditions.
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
This document discusses methods for estimating soil moisture content. It defines soil moisture as the water held in the spaces between soil particles, particularly in the top 200 cm that is available to plants. There are direct methods that measure the moisture content through gravimetric techniques like oven drying samples, and volumetric methods using bulk density. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and neutron probes. Remote sensing techniques estimate soil moisture from visible/infrared reflectance, thermal infrared surface temperature, and passive/active microwave emissions and backscattering related to dielectric properties.
Remote sensing can be used to study soils by analyzing parameters like surface color, temperature, moisture, vegetation indices, mineralogy, organic carbon, iron content, and salinity. High resolution DEM and imagery from sensors like LIDAR and SAR can be used to map landforms and classify soils. Traditional soil mapping is done at scales of 1:1 million to 1:50,000. Remote sensing allows soil mapping across large areas by analyzing the spectral response patterns influenced by soil properties.
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS SOIL MOISTUREMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESBhushan Patil
This paper presents review of the different eight methods for measurement of soil moisture and describes the principle used, methodology, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. Described methods are Gravimetric method, Neutron moderation (NM), Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR), Frequency Domain Reflectometer (FDR), Amplitude Domain Reflectometer (ADR), Phase Transmission (PT), Time Domain Transmission (TDT) and Tensiometer method.
This document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. It defines contour cultivation as conducting agricultural activities like plowing and sowing across the slope of the land. This reduces soil and water loss by interrupting runoff. Choice of crops and cropping systems can also impact soil conservation, with close-growing crops providing better protection than row crops. Other agronomic measures discussed include strip cropping, cover crops, mulching, and applying manures/fertilizers. Mechanical measures to conserve soil include contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing, and vegetative barriers.
This document discusses soil salinity in India. It begins by defining soil and its components. It then explains that saline soils are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. In India, about 7 million hectares of land have reduced crop yields due to soil salinity. The document categorizes the different types of saline soils found in India based on their characteristics such as saline soil, saline-alkali soil, and saline-sodic soil. It concludes by noting that excess soil salinity can greatly impact plant growth and crop production.
Design of sprinkler laterals, design of main line, selection of pumps,Suyog Khose
The document discusses the design of sprinkler irrigation systems, including the design of sprinkler laterals and main lines and selection of pumps. It covers topics such as selecting pipe sizes to minimize pressure variations in laterals, computing friction losses, determining pumping requirements based on sprinkler discharge and number of sprinklers, and factors to consider when selecting pumps to power sprinkler irrigation systems. The goal is to deliver water at a consistent pressure through laterals and sprinklers to irrigate fields in an efficient manner.
1. The document provides information on a course titled "Drainage Engineering" presented by Er. G. G. Kadam at Dr. Budhajirao Mulik College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology.
2. It discusses various concepts related to drainage including definitions of irrigation, drainage, waterlogged lands, excess water, and surface drainage. It also covers causes of waterlogging such as over irrigation, seepage, impervious layers, inadequate drainage, and more.
3. Methods to control waterlogging are described like lining canals, reducing irrigation intensity, crop rotation, optimum water use, interceptor drains, and an efficient drainage system. The effects of poor drainage on soils and plants and benefits
This document describes an advanced irrigation system using a soil moisture sensor to conserve water. The system uses a microcontroller and soil moisture sensor to automatically water plants only when needed. It measures the soil moisture level and compares it to a threshold value set by the user. If the soil is dry (below the threshold), a relay is activated to supply water. This removes the need for manual intervention by farmers and helps save up to 60% of irrigation water typically wasted through over-watering. The system guide includes the code and wiring diagram to build the automated irrigation system.
This document describes a digital soil moisture sensor that can be used to automatically monitor soil moisture levels and trigger watering systems. The sensor outputs a digital signal indicating soil moisture levels and can connect to devices like Arduino. It works by measuring the dielectric constant of soil which corresponds to moisture level. The sensor has adjustable sensitivity and threshold levels and provides digital, analog or serial output of moisture readings for various microcontroller applications.
This document describes a moisture sensor circuit that uses an operational amplifier (IC 741) and transistors (BC547) to indicate the presence of moisture. When moisture is detected by the sensor, the op-amp changes states and turns on a green LED while turning off a red LED. The circuit diagram and components used are shown. It then explains how the op-amp acts as a voltage comparator and how the transistors are used to switch the LEDs on and off depending on the sensor reading. Finally, some applications of moisture sensors are listed such as in chemical processing, weather monitoring, and greenhouse humidity control.
Agri-IoT: A Semantic Framework for Internet of Things-enabled Smart Farming A...Andreas Kamilaris
With the recent advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), it is now possible to process a large number of sensor data streams using different large-scale IoT platforms. These IoT frameworks are used to collect, process and analyse data streams in real-time and facilitate provision of smart solutions
designed to provide decision support. Existing IoT-based solutions are mainly domain-dependent, providing stream processing and analytics focusing on specific areas (smart cities, healthcare etc.). In the context of agri-food industry, a variety of external parameters belonging to different domains (e.g. weather conditions, regulations etc.) have a major influence over the food supply chain, while flexible and adaptive IoT frameworks, essential to truly realize the concept of smart farming, are currently inexistent. In this presentation, we propose Agri-IoT, a semantic framework for IoT-based smart farming applications, which supports reasoning over
various heterogeneous sensor data streams in real-time. Agri-
IoT can integrate multiple cross-domain data streams, providing
a complete semantic processing pipeline, offering a common
framework for smart farming applications. Agri-IoT supports
large-scale data analytics and event detection, ensuring seamless interoperability among sensors, services, processes, operations, farmers and other relevant actors, including online information sources and linked open datasets and streams available on the Web.
This project summary describes an automated plant watering system. It uses sensors to measure soil moisture and temperature. An Arduino microcontroller processes the sensor readings and controls a solenoid valve to water the plants when the soil is dry. The system provides wireless communication through a Zigbee module for remote control. The document outlines the components, circuit diagram, working mechanism, advantages and applications of the automated irrigation system.
This document describes a microcontroller-based automatic irrigation system. It consists of a soil moisture sensor to detect moisture levels, a comparator circuit to analyze the sensor readings, an ATmega328 microcontroller to control the system, and a solenoid valve and relay circuit to regulate water flow. The system automatically monitors soil moisture and operates the valve to optimize irrigation based on moisture thresholds, reducing water use and labor compared to manual systems.
This document describes an automatic plant irrigation system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to control a motor and irrigation facilities based on soil moisture levels. The system consists of a sensor circuit to measure moisture, a microcontroller circuit, and a motor driver circuit. Sensors send signals to the microcontroller when the soil is dry or wet compared to a reference voltage. This turns the motor on to pump water when dry and off when wet, displaying the status on an LCD screen. The system aims to simplify irrigation for farms and gardens by automating the process based on soil conditions.
Plasma FUSIONTM allows enterprises to automate inefficient business processes by converting them into web-based workflows. It empowers users to dynamically create and deploy role-based process models without coding. The platform unifies processes between customers, partners, and employees. Plasma Computing Group provides custom web and business process management solutions to help organizations optimize processes, streamline operations, and improve interactions across departments and entities.
Precision Agriculture with Sensors and Technologies from IoT - INForum 2016José Camacho
Our work was presented at INForum 2016 - http://inforum.org.pt/
Agricultural worker monitoring using off-the-shelf hardware.
Contacts: jose.camacho [at] tecnico.ulisboa.pt
Pengukuran kelembaban tanah dengan moisture sensor berbasis fixyana cahyana
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pengukuran kelembaban tanah menggunakan sensor kelembaban berbasis Arduino Uno. Sensor ini mampu mendeteksi langsung nilai kelembaban tanah dan memberikan indikasi keadaan tanah yang kering, lembab, atau basah melalui LED dan servo motor. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sensor ini dapat mengukur kelembaban tanah dengan baik.
Internet of Things based approach to Agriculture MonitoringCiby Punnamparambil
The document discusses using an IP-based wireless sensor network for agricultural monitoring. It begins with background on Internet of Things technologies like 6LoWPAN and CoAP. It then describes an agriculture use case with soil sensors modeled as CoAP resources. The proposed deployment architecture involves wireless sensors, a 6LoWPAN border router, and remote CoAP client. Implementation details and screenshots of a web-based monitoring system are provided. Finally, plans for an IoT testbed hosted by ERNET India are outlined to support research on heterogeneous devices and standards.
This document discusses applications of IoT in smart cities and agriculture. It introduces DunavNET, a company focused on IoT solutions including smart city applications like ekoNET for air quality monitoring and mTicketing, and smart agriculture applications like irrigNET for optimized irrigation. It describes DunavNET's IoT product portfolio and provides examples of IoT pilot projects and solutions for issues in agriculture and cities.
The KG2 Database contains 135,000 farm records from over 25 years of experience in agribusiness in Australia. It maintains purchase decisions, operating details, and opinions of farmers. KG2 works with organizations involved in crop production and provides data solutions for extensive animal production such as beef and sheep as well as intensive industries like dairy, pigs, and poultry. KG2 also has databases of agricultural service providers that support farmers.
Why apply IoT in agriculture? Special aspects to consider for
IoT in agriculture. IoT application in this field.
More information on our website: http://aggregate.tibbo.com/industries/agriculture.html
It is a seminar presentation on GSM controlled wireless notice board, if facing any problem main me at rajneeshkumarsalgotra@gmail.com with subject GSM Wirelessnotice Board PPT _ Your Name
IOT based smart security and monitoring devices for agriculture sneha daise paulson
Agriculture sector being the backbone of the Indian economy deserves security. Security not in terms of resources only but also agricultural products needs security and protection at very initial stage, like protection from attacks of rodents or insects, in fields or grain stores. Such challenges should also be taken into consideration. Security systems which are being used now a days are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. The integration of traditional methodology with latest technology as Internet of Things can lead to agricultural modernization. Keeping this scenario in mind an ‘Internet of Things’ based device have been designed, tested and analyzed which is capable of analyzing the sensed information and then transmitting it to the user. This device can be controlled and monitored from remote location and it can be implemented in agricultural fields, grain stores and cold stores for security purpose. This paper is oriented to accentuate the methods to solve such problems like identification of rodents, threats to crops and delivering real time notification based on information analysis and processing without human intervention. In this device, mentioned sensors and electronic devices are integrated using Python scripts. Based on attempted test cases, we were able to achieve success in 84.8% test cases.
The document describes a project to design an automated soil moisture sensor irrigation system using a microcontroller. It includes a block diagram of the system showing the main components: soil moisture and humidity sensors, microcontroller, LCD display, relays, motor and pump. It then provides more details on the hardware components used, including the power supply circuit, sensors, microcontroller and other electronic components. The aim is to automatically maintain the soil moisture level as required for optimal plant growth.
Main project report on GSM BASED WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD Ganesh Gani
This document is the main project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It describes the development of a GSM based wireless notice board system. The system allows users to update scrolling messages on an LED display board remotely by sending SMS text messages. It aims to provide a more flexible alternative to traditional fixed notice boards by enabling instantaneous message updates from anywhere via the mobile phone SMS service. The report includes chapters on the hardware components, software requirements, schematic diagram, program code, advantages and applications of the project.
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The researchers conclude SWRT is a new option for
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Application of Soil Moisture Sensors in Agriculture: A Review
1. APPLICATION OF SOIL
MOISTURE SENSOR: A
REVIEW
A N C H I T G A R G , P R I Y A M I T R A M U N O T H , R O H I T G O Y A L
M A L A V I Y A N AT I O N A L I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y, J A I P U R
E M A I L : 2 0 1 5 P C D 5 3 5 5 @ M N I T. A C . I N
2 1 s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n
H y d r a u l i c s , W a t e r R e s o u r c e s a n d C o a s t a l
E n g i n e e r i n g
C W P R S , P u n e
2. INTRODUCTION
• The world, at present is facing shortage of water which is hampering the development
of agriculture and hence the food production. Agriculture is by far the largest consumer
of the Earth’s available freshwater: 70% of water withdrawals from watercourses and
groundwater are for agricultural usage, three times more than 50 years ago. By 2050,
the global water demand of agriculture is estimated to increase by a further 19% due to
irrigational needs. Approximately 40% of the world’s food is currently cultivated in
artificially irrigated areas. In addition, in the coming years, climate change will bring
about enormous and partly unpredictable changes in the availability of
water. (http://www.globalagriculture.org)
Total water withdrawal in 2010 = 761km3
(Source: FAO, 2010)
Water use in different sectors of India
Fig 1: Water use in different sectors of
3. • Under-irrigation and over-irrigation are common phenomena in agriculture and
landscapes. Over-irrigation of plants leads to deficiency of oxygen in the root zone as
excess water in the pores decrease oxygen in the pores of the soil. Also, in this water-
deficient world, saving water is becoming necessary.
• The soil moisture parameter in such situations play a lead role in helping the growers
know the exact amount of watering to be done. The soil moisture can be measured in
two following methods:-
a) Direct methods – least expensive methods. Eg: Feel & inspection method, Hand
push probe and Gravimetric method
b) Meters and Sensors – All those which are based on tensiometric or dielectric
sensors. Eg: tensiometer, gypsum blocks, TDR, FDR etc.
4. Soil-Water Relationship:-
Water availability is illustrated in the figure by
different water levels. Excess or gravitational
water drains quickly from the soil after a heavy
rain because of gravitational forces (saturation
point to field capacity). Plants may use small
amounts of this water before it moves out of the
root zone. Available water is retained in the
soil after the excess has drained (field
capacity to wilting point). This water is the
most important for crop or forage production.
Plants can use approximately 50 percent of it
without exhibiting stress, but if less than 50
percent is available, drought stress can result.
Unavailable water is soil moisture that is held
so tightly by the soil that it cannot be extracted
by the plant. Water remains in the soil even
below plants' wilting point. (Jeff Ball, 2001)
(Yonts et al., undated)Fig 2: Soil-Water Relationship
5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL MOISTURE
SENSORS
Soil water tension based sensors:-
1. Tensiometer
2. Granular matrix sensor
6. TENSIOMETER
Fig 3:
Tensiometer
Rapid,
easy,
inexpensiv
e
Can be used
in freezing
and thawing
conditions
Ideal for
sandy loam
and light
textured
soils
Periodic
maintenance
Malfunctions when
soil water tension
> 80 cb
Measures tension
only in vicinity
Enciso-Medina et al., 2007
Schmugge et al., 1979
Alam et al., 1997
Hensley et al., 1999
Werner, 2002
Goodwin, 2009
7. Different response
to different soil
types
GRANULAR MATRIX SENSOR
Fig 4: Granular Matrix
Sensor
Less
maintenance
in
comparison
to
tensiometer
Cheaper
than
tensiometer
Less
changes to
varying
temperature
s
Not responsive to
rains < 0.5 in.
Less accurate in
sandy soils
Shock et al., 1998
Irmak et al., 1990
Enciso-Medina et al., 2007
Berrada et al., 2014
Zazueta et al., 1994
8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL MOISTURE
SENSORS
Soil water content based sensors:-
1. Time Domain Reflectrometry
2. Frequency Domain Reflectrometry
9. Need to be
calibrated carefully
TIME DOMAIN REFLECTROMETRY (TDR)
Fig 5: TDR
unit
Responds
quickly to
varying soil
moisture
Readings at
multiple
depths with
single probe
Very little
disturbance
at test site
Costly & Cannot
be used in highly
saline soils
Reads soil
moisture only in its
vicinity
Marenghi, 2013
Pitts, 2016
Skierucha et al., 2012
Paige et al., 2008
Blonquist et al., 2005
Wolpert et al., 2013
10. Requires soil
specific calibration
FREQUENCY DOMAIN REFLECTROMETRY
(FDR)
Fig 6: FDR
unit
Very
accurate
Can be used
in highly
saline soils
Measures
SM at
several
depths in
same
location
Formation of sir
gaps , if sensor &
soil don’t make
good contact
Reads soil
moisture only in its
vicinity
Abouatallaha et al., 2011
Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004
Linmao et al., 2012
Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004
Wolpert et al., 2013
11. VH400 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
• Capacitance-based, small and rugged (Salih et al., 2013)
• Low cost monitoring of soil moisture, waterproof
• Rapid response time, more sensitive at higher water content
• Low power consumption (< 7mA) (www.vegetronix.com)
• Insensitive to salinity of water, does not corrode over time (Zaier et al., 2013)
• Can be operated in wide range of temperature (-40 oC to 85 oC) (www.vegetronix.com)
• Data logger is means of communication between the sensor to the user.
• Data logger can store and relay readings through SMS, SD Cards and Bluetooth
12. • Increasing demand of water and food is creating stress on the water resources. The
use of soil moisture sensors helps growers with irrigation scheduling by providing
information about when to water the crops.
• The irrigation water applied to the soils can be controlled and automated using soil
moisture sensors which help in determining the available water of the soil. This leads
to judicious use of water.
• Since, there are variety of sensors available in the market, the growers must consider
various factors while selecting the appropriate sensor for their use.
• The advantages and disadvantages of sensors must be considered as criteria for
selection because the working principle behind each type of sensor varies with its
application and type of soil.
• The VH400 sms is rapid and small capacitance-based sensor and its output can be
relayed on data logger through SMS, bluetooth and SD cards
• The wireless sensors in agriculture increases efficiency, productivity, profitability of
farming operations and maximises crop yield with minimum use of irrigation water.
CONCLUSION
13. REFERENCES
1. Ball J (2001) “Soil and Water Relationships”, article published on The Samuel Roberts
Noble Foundation, http://www.noble.org/ag/soils/soilwaterrelationships/
2. Global Agriculture Report, http://www.globalagriculture.org/report-topics/water.html
3. Yonts D, Benham B (undated) Irrigation Chapter-3: Soil water. Plant & Soil Sciences e-
library,.
http://passel.unl.edu/pages/printinformatonmodule.php?idinformationmodule=113044713
9&idcollectionmodule=1130274164
4. www.globalagriculture.org
5. Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2010
6. Zaier R, Zekri S, Jayasuriya H, et al. (2015) Design and implementation of smart irrigation
system for groundwater use at farm scale. International Conference on Modelling,
Identification and Control (ICMIC 2015)
7. Zazueta SF, Xin J (1994) Soil moisture sensors. Bulletin 292, Florida Cooperative
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