International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Evaluation of Irrigation Regime on Tomato in Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zon...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation regimes on tomato yield in Mareko Woreda, Ethiopia. Four irrigation treatments were tested: 125% of management allowed depletion (MAD), 100% MAD, 75% MAD, and farmer practice. The combined yield results over two years showed no significant differences in non-marketable, marketable, or total yields between treatments. Maximum water productivity of 4.9 kg/m3 was obtained with 100% MAD, while minimum productivity of 4 kg/m3 was from 125% MAD. It is concluded that applying irrigation at 100% MAD provides better yield and water productivity while minimizing irrigation frequency and labor costs.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated crop water stress index of tomato under different irrigation regimes in Kano, Nigeria. Four irrigation water application levels (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% replacement of soil moisture depleted) and three irrigation intervals (7, 14, 21 days) were tested in a field experiment. The crop water stress index increased with lower irrigation amounts and longer intervals, with the most stressed tomato receiving 25% replacement every 21 days. Canopy temperature and vapor pressure deficit were used to calculate crop water stress index. Yield was highest at 26.63 tons/hectare for tomato receiving full irrigation every 7 days, showing this regime minimized water stress for optimal yield and water management under local field conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Different Soil Management Practices On Soil Properties and Its I...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of different land management practices (forest land, golf course, continuous cropping) on soil properties in southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the different land use systems and analyzed. Results showed higher levels of exchangeable bases, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the top 0-20cm soil layer compared to deeper layers, and forest land generally had higher values than the other land uses. Bulk density decreased and total porosity increased with continuous cropping compared to forest land and golf course. Overall, continuous cultivation was found to deplete soil nutrients and reduce soil productivity more than the other land management practices studied.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Evaluation of Irrigation Regime on Tomato in Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zon...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation regimes on tomato yield in Mareko Woreda, Ethiopia. Four irrigation treatments were tested: 125% of management allowed depletion (MAD), 100% MAD, 75% MAD, and farmer practice. The combined yield results over two years showed no significant differences in non-marketable, marketable, or total yields between treatments. Maximum water productivity of 4.9 kg/m3 was obtained with 100% MAD, while minimum productivity of 4 kg/m3 was from 125% MAD. It is concluded that applying irrigation at 100% MAD provides better yield and water productivity while minimizing irrigation frequency and labor costs.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated crop water stress index of tomato under different irrigation regimes in Kano, Nigeria. Four irrigation water application levels (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% replacement of soil moisture depleted) and three irrigation intervals (7, 14, 21 days) were tested in a field experiment. The crop water stress index increased with lower irrigation amounts and longer intervals, with the most stressed tomato receiving 25% replacement every 21 days. Canopy temperature and vapor pressure deficit were used to calculate crop water stress index. Yield was highest at 26.63 tons/hectare for tomato receiving full irrigation every 7 days, showing this regime minimized water stress for optimal yield and water management under local field conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Different Soil Management Practices On Soil Properties and Its I...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of different land management practices (forest land, golf course, continuous cropping) on soil properties in southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the different land use systems and analyzed. Results showed higher levels of exchangeable bases, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the top 0-20cm soil layer compared to deeper layers, and forest land generally had higher values than the other land uses. Bulk density decreased and total porosity increased with continuous cropping compared to forest land and golf course. Overall, continuous cultivation was found to deplete soil nutrients and reduce soil productivity more than the other land management practices studied.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides instructions for using a pH meter to test soil pH in the field. It discusses how soil acidification has become a problem in the Pacific Northwest due to nitrogen applications. A handheld pH meter called a Soil Stik allows testing soil samples in the field without mixing or sending samples to a lab. Users calibrate the meter, collect intact soil cores, and test the pH at different depths to identify stratified acid layers that standard sampling may miss. Recording GPS locations of samples allows monitoring pH changes over time.
Drip Irrigation of Apples at a Moderate Continental ClimateIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on drip irrigation of apples in Bulgaria from 2001-2005. It tested different irrigation rates: full irrigation to meet daily water needs (100%), and reduced rates of 80% and 60%. The number of irrigations varied from 14-20 depending on rainfall. Average irrigation rate was 19mm and total 323mm. Yields were highest at 100% irrigation, averaging 2087 kg/da. Lowering irrigation by 20% reduced yields by 7%, and by 40% reduced yields by 14%. Irrigation water productivity was highest at lower rates, averaging 7.6-9.8 kg of apples per cubic meter of water. The optimal irrigation regime was determined to be 100% under good water conditions
A field experiment was conducted on at M.lekhe district (Ethiopia) during 2002 and 2003 years to investigate the response of tomato to rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of four Nitrogen fertilizers rates (50 kg, 100 and 150 urea/ha) and four P rates (100,150 and 200 DAP/ha) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Statistically significant and highest yield per plant was recorded at the highest rate of DAP (200 kg/ha). The significantly lowest yield was found at the zero level (with out DAP applied). The marketable yield in Q/ha of the rates is 939.96, 822.44, 731.1067 and 421.44 for 200, 150, 100 and 0 rates respectively. As the partiual budget analisis showed increasing rate of phosphorus and urea fertilizers increased profitability until 200 kg/ha and 150 kg/ha respectively.
Agro –industrial effluents and agricultural wastes effects on soil chemical p...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effects of various agro-industrial effluents and agricultural wastes on soil chemical properties and yield of okra plants. Soil treated with poultry manure showed increases in organic matter, pH, and total nitrogen compared to soils treated with palm oil mill effluent, cassava mill effluent, or sawdust. While the industrial effluents had little effect on okra yield, application of poultry manure resulted in better improvement of soil fertility and higher okra yields than the other treatments.
1) The document describes a study measuring deep drainage and nitrate leaching under advanced and conventional fertigated citrus orchards in Australia.
2) The study installed soil monitoring equipment including tensiometers and ceramic cups at both sites to measure drainage flux and nitrate concentrations below the root zone.
3) Preliminary results for part of the 2007/08 season showed drainage and nitrate leaching rates, which will be used to estimate the percentage of applied nitrogen fertilizer that leached by the end of the season.
Influence of water management on chemical kinetics of soils and rice growthAshutosh Pal
This study aimed to examine the effects of different water management regimes on chemical and physical properties of soils and rice growth and yield. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soils from various locations in the Philippines. Rice was grown under continuously flooded, saturated, and alternating flooded-dried conditions. Soil properties like pH, nutrients, and redox potential were measured over time. Rice growth parameters and yield were also assessed. The results showed that water management influenced soil properties and rice growth in soil-specific ways. Alternating flooded-dried conditions generally improved yield compared to continuously flooded, but the effects varied between soil types. More research is needed to fully understand how water management impacts soils and rice to optimize practices.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
Evaluation of the Development of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) in Two Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this study, we tested the growth of two varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) cultivated in two types of soils and the effects of the inoculation of seeds with cells of bacterial strains and vermicompost. (H. sabdariffa) are a member of the Malvaceae family and an important plant because its calyxes are used to produce beverages, prepare food, in the textile industry, cosmetology, perfumery, medicine, etc. This research was carried out at the Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Mexico. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement (4x3x2): four levels of organic matter factor, three levels of bacterial strains factor, and two levels of soil factor with three repetitions. The variables tested were: germination percentage (GP), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), the number of leaves (NL), foliar area (FA cm 2), radical volume (RV cm 3), dry aerial part biomass weight (DAPBW), dry root biomass weight (DRBW), dry calyx biomass weight (DCBW) and chlorophyll content (CC). The effects of soil and bacterial strains showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) on the agronomic characteristics of (H. sabdariffa) plants. The organic matter factor only presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the germination percentage and growth variables of the vegetative phase. To increase crop production, the use of wastewater and microorganisms is proposed. Vermicompost exploded the percentage of germination, height, the number of leaves and stem diameter during the first weeks of growth, presenting important results in Creole variety (farmers' local variety). By inoculating seeds with cells of bacterial strains, A9m and A7 helped significantly to stimulate plant growth, finding a better response in A9m strain. The effects of soil factor showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in soil irrigated with residual water over agronomic characteristics satisfying the nutritional requirements of the crop.
An efficient incentive of Nitrate and Fluoride on Organic highland cropping s...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exerting necessitated concentrations of Nitrate and fluoride to the organic highland cropping
systems is a vital management technique. All the chemical elements of the earth’s crust occur in widely differing
omnipresent concentrations, due to their different nuclear chemical formation and geochemical history. The use
of biological nitrogen and fluoride inputs complicates its balancing act due to dandier uncertainty in inorganic
Nitrogen and Fluoride availability. The growers to strike maintain Nitrogen provisioning to support crop
growth and retention of limit pollution followed by fluoride associated soils. Due to various activities of the man
in domestic field, agriculture area and industrial establishment the environment around us consisting soil, water
and air gets polluted. Fluoride inexhaustible concentrations forbid the growth of crop even though nitrates
reposit in the cultivated soils. The purpose of this project was to establish kinetics when nitro fluorides
associated in the highland soils to different crop systems towards environmental pollutions. Cordia Africana
and alfalfa are the plants which make soil to get enrichment of Nitrates and deescalate of concentrations of
fluorides from cultivated soils through its decomposition. This entire study went on its conventionally tilled
crops followed by Cordia Africana and alfalfa stems and leaf particles. Surface soil nitrate concentrations were
measured weekly, biweekly by volumetric analysis and nitrate leaching was estimated from tension Lysimeters
which were buried at the soil bedrock interface. Subsequently by using Orion 720A fluoride ion meter, deescalated
concentrations of fluorides have been measured. The demonstrated concentrations of Soil in NO3
variables, coefficients of variations from the mean concentrations across all samplings have been recorded
sporadically. The total area of the soil bed was maintained the same PH values until project was completed by
weigh Lysimeters. The timing of elevated Nitrate concentrations (10-15PPM) and the concentrations of fluoride
in deeper soil water corresponds with fallow periods. These dynamics will assist growers in adapting the timing
management operations and reduces nitrate departures.
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of varietal differences on the qualities of osmotically dehydrated tomatoes in Southwestern Nigeria. Three common tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment using sugar and salt solutions under varying conditions. The water loss and solid gain of the varieties were measured and statistically analyzed to determine the effect of variables like solution concentration, temperature, and time. The results showed that varietal differences significantly impacted the water loss and solid gain, with Koledowo variety having the lowest values due to its thicker skin restricting moisture migration. The study aimed to identify pretreatment conditions that optimize qualities for different varieties
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varietal difference on the qualities of osmosized tomato. Three tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment in solutions with varying sugar, salt, temperature, and time. Water loss and solid gain were measured. Results showed that water loss and solid gain varied between varieties due to genetic differences. Ibadan-Local generally had the highest water loss, while Koledowo's thick skin impeded moisture migration. A pretreatment of 45g sugar, 15g salt, 50°C was found to produce the highest water loss, lowest solid gain, and best qualities for drying and storage. Vari
11.modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry ma...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of floriculture effluent on soil quality parameters and wheat yield on Vertisols in Ethiopia. Floriculture effluent was characterized by high pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and bases, and low micronutrients and heavy metals. When applied to soil in increasing volumes, the effluent did not affect soil texture but decreased field capacity, permanent wilting point and water holding capacity over time. It increased soil pH, EC, exchangeable bases and micronutrients. Organic carbon and total nitrogen initially increased at low effluent volumes but decreased at higher volumes. Wheat shoot dry weight was significantly affected by effluent volume, initially increasing but then decreasing in line
Vermicomposting of Vegetable Market Waste Using Eudrilus Eugeniae Earthworms ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses vermicomposting of vegetable market waste in Vadodara City, India using earthworms.
2. Vermicomposting is proposed as a way to convert vegetable waste into fertilizer using the earthworm species Eudrilus Eugeniae.
3. Several batch experiments were conducted with different ratios of worms, soil, and vegetable waste to optimize the vermicomposting process and assess the quality of the resulting compost.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Rice Root physiology work at CIAT: Identification of ideal root system to imp...CIAT
This document summarizes Satoshi Ogawa's research on identifying ideal rice root systems to improve water and nitrogen uptake under stress conditions. It discusses how the DRO1 gene enables deeper rooting and improved grain yield under drought. Field experiments show that a dimorphic root system contributes to higher nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under nitrogen deficiency compared to monomorphic roots. Quantitative trait loci analysis identified root trait QTLs from Oryza rufipogon, including several co-locating QTLs for root traits and nitrogen deficiency tolerance on chromosome 1. The goal is to develop an ideal root system through QTL pyramiding to enhance water and nitrogen use efficiency in rice.
1. Di-nitrogen was produced both abiotically and in the presence of live and dead fungi, with no evidence that N2O consumption was required for N2 production.
2. Isotope pairing experiments indicated the N2 was produced abiotically by the combination of glutamine nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.
3. Di-nitrogen was produced abiotically under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, calling into question the assumptions that anaerobic conditions and N2O production are required for N2 formation.
Comparison of treatment performance between constructed wetlands with differe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation Systems on Onion Yield and Water U...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates different furrow irrigation systems on onion yield and water use efficiency in Ethiopia. It finds that alternate furrow irrigation can save 20% of irrigation water applied compared to conventional furrow irrigation, while fixed furrow irrigation saves 30%. Alternate furrow irrigation results in higher water use efficiency and economic return relative to the other systems in both study years. The study concludes that farmers can practice alternate furrow irrigation, which saves water while achieving maximum yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document provides instructions for using a pH meter to test soil pH in the field. It discusses how soil acidification has become a problem in the Pacific Northwest due to nitrogen applications. A handheld pH meter called a Soil Stik allows testing soil samples in the field without mixing or sending samples to a lab. Users calibrate the meter, collect intact soil cores, and test the pH at different depths to identify stratified acid layers that standard sampling may miss. Recording GPS locations of samples allows monitoring pH changes over time.
Drip Irrigation of Apples at a Moderate Continental ClimateIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on drip irrigation of apples in Bulgaria from 2001-2005. It tested different irrigation rates: full irrigation to meet daily water needs (100%), and reduced rates of 80% and 60%. The number of irrigations varied from 14-20 depending on rainfall. Average irrigation rate was 19mm and total 323mm. Yields were highest at 100% irrigation, averaging 2087 kg/da. Lowering irrigation by 20% reduced yields by 7%, and by 40% reduced yields by 14%. Irrigation water productivity was highest at lower rates, averaging 7.6-9.8 kg of apples per cubic meter of water. The optimal irrigation regime was determined to be 100% under good water conditions
A field experiment was conducted on at M.lekhe district (Ethiopia) during 2002 and 2003 years to investigate the response of tomato to rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of four Nitrogen fertilizers rates (50 kg, 100 and 150 urea/ha) and four P rates (100,150 and 200 DAP/ha) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Statistically significant and highest yield per plant was recorded at the highest rate of DAP (200 kg/ha). The significantly lowest yield was found at the zero level (with out DAP applied). The marketable yield in Q/ha of the rates is 939.96, 822.44, 731.1067 and 421.44 for 200, 150, 100 and 0 rates respectively. As the partiual budget analisis showed increasing rate of phosphorus and urea fertilizers increased profitability until 200 kg/ha and 150 kg/ha respectively.
Agro –industrial effluents and agricultural wastes effects on soil chemical p...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effects of various agro-industrial effluents and agricultural wastes on soil chemical properties and yield of okra plants. Soil treated with poultry manure showed increases in organic matter, pH, and total nitrogen compared to soils treated with palm oil mill effluent, cassava mill effluent, or sawdust. While the industrial effluents had little effect on okra yield, application of poultry manure resulted in better improvement of soil fertility and higher okra yields than the other treatments.
1) The document describes a study measuring deep drainage and nitrate leaching under advanced and conventional fertigated citrus orchards in Australia.
2) The study installed soil monitoring equipment including tensiometers and ceramic cups at both sites to measure drainage flux and nitrate concentrations below the root zone.
3) Preliminary results for part of the 2007/08 season showed drainage and nitrate leaching rates, which will be used to estimate the percentage of applied nitrogen fertilizer that leached by the end of the season.
Influence of water management on chemical kinetics of soils and rice growthAshutosh Pal
This study aimed to examine the effects of different water management regimes on chemical and physical properties of soils and rice growth and yield. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soils from various locations in the Philippines. Rice was grown under continuously flooded, saturated, and alternating flooded-dried conditions. Soil properties like pH, nutrients, and redox potential were measured over time. Rice growth parameters and yield were also assessed. The results showed that water management influenced soil properties and rice growth in soil-specific ways. Alternating flooded-dried conditions generally improved yield compared to continuously flooded, but the effects varied between soil types. More research is needed to fully understand how water management impacts soils and rice to optimize practices.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
Evaluation of the Development of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) in Two Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this study, we tested the growth of two varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) cultivated in two types of soils and the effects of the inoculation of seeds with cells of bacterial strains and vermicompost. (H. sabdariffa) are a member of the Malvaceae family and an important plant because its calyxes are used to produce beverages, prepare food, in the textile industry, cosmetology, perfumery, medicine, etc. This research was carried out at the Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Mexico. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement (4x3x2): four levels of organic matter factor, three levels of bacterial strains factor, and two levels of soil factor with three repetitions. The variables tested were: germination percentage (GP), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), the number of leaves (NL), foliar area (FA cm 2), radical volume (RV cm 3), dry aerial part biomass weight (DAPBW), dry root biomass weight (DRBW), dry calyx biomass weight (DCBW) and chlorophyll content (CC). The effects of soil and bacterial strains showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) on the agronomic characteristics of (H. sabdariffa) plants. The organic matter factor only presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the germination percentage and growth variables of the vegetative phase. To increase crop production, the use of wastewater and microorganisms is proposed. Vermicompost exploded the percentage of germination, height, the number of leaves and stem diameter during the first weeks of growth, presenting important results in Creole variety (farmers' local variety). By inoculating seeds with cells of bacterial strains, A9m and A7 helped significantly to stimulate plant growth, finding a better response in A9m strain. The effects of soil factor showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in soil irrigated with residual water over agronomic characteristics satisfying the nutritional requirements of the crop.
An efficient incentive of Nitrate and Fluoride on Organic highland cropping s...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exerting necessitated concentrations of Nitrate and fluoride to the organic highland cropping
systems is a vital management technique. All the chemical elements of the earth’s crust occur in widely differing
omnipresent concentrations, due to their different nuclear chemical formation and geochemical history. The use
of biological nitrogen and fluoride inputs complicates its balancing act due to dandier uncertainty in inorganic
Nitrogen and Fluoride availability. The growers to strike maintain Nitrogen provisioning to support crop
growth and retention of limit pollution followed by fluoride associated soils. Due to various activities of the man
in domestic field, agriculture area and industrial establishment the environment around us consisting soil, water
and air gets polluted. Fluoride inexhaustible concentrations forbid the growth of crop even though nitrates
reposit in the cultivated soils. The purpose of this project was to establish kinetics when nitro fluorides
associated in the highland soils to different crop systems towards environmental pollutions. Cordia Africana
and alfalfa are the plants which make soil to get enrichment of Nitrates and deescalate of concentrations of
fluorides from cultivated soils through its decomposition. This entire study went on its conventionally tilled
crops followed by Cordia Africana and alfalfa stems and leaf particles. Surface soil nitrate concentrations were
measured weekly, biweekly by volumetric analysis and nitrate leaching was estimated from tension Lysimeters
which were buried at the soil bedrock interface. Subsequently by using Orion 720A fluoride ion meter, deescalated
concentrations of fluorides have been measured. The demonstrated concentrations of Soil in NO3
variables, coefficients of variations from the mean concentrations across all samplings have been recorded
sporadically. The total area of the soil bed was maintained the same PH values until project was completed by
weigh Lysimeters. The timing of elevated Nitrate concentrations (10-15PPM) and the concentrations of fluoride
in deeper soil water corresponds with fallow periods. These dynamics will assist growers in adapting the timing
management operations and reduces nitrate departures.
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of varietal differences on the qualities of osmotically dehydrated tomatoes in Southwestern Nigeria. Three common tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment using sugar and salt solutions under varying conditions. The water loss and solid gain of the varieties were measured and statistically analyzed to determine the effect of variables like solution concentration, temperature, and time. The results showed that varietal differences significantly impacted the water loss and solid gain, with Koledowo variety having the lowest values due to its thicker skin restricting moisture migration. The study aimed to identify pretreatment conditions that optimize qualities for different varieties
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varietal difference on the qualities of osmosized tomato. Three tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment in solutions with varying sugar, salt, temperature, and time. Water loss and solid gain were measured. Results showed that water loss and solid gain varied between varieties due to genetic differences. Ibadan-Local generally had the highest water loss, while Koledowo's thick skin impeded moisture migration. A pretreatment of 45g sugar, 15g salt, 50°C was found to produce the highest water loss, lowest solid gain, and best qualities for drying and storage. Vari
11.modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry ma...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of floriculture effluent on soil quality parameters and wheat yield on Vertisols in Ethiopia. Floriculture effluent was characterized by high pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and bases, and low micronutrients and heavy metals. When applied to soil in increasing volumes, the effluent did not affect soil texture but decreased field capacity, permanent wilting point and water holding capacity over time. It increased soil pH, EC, exchangeable bases and micronutrients. Organic carbon and total nitrogen initially increased at low effluent volumes but decreased at higher volumes. Wheat shoot dry weight was significantly affected by effluent volume, initially increasing but then decreasing in line
Vermicomposting of Vegetable Market Waste Using Eudrilus Eugeniae Earthworms ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses vermicomposting of vegetable market waste in Vadodara City, India using earthworms.
2. Vermicomposting is proposed as a way to convert vegetable waste into fertilizer using the earthworm species Eudrilus Eugeniae.
3. Several batch experiments were conducted with different ratios of worms, soil, and vegetable waste to optimize the vermicomposting process and assess the quality of the resulting compost.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Rice Root physiology work at CIAT: Identification of ideal root system to imp...CIAT
This document summarizes Satoshi Ogawa's research on identifying ideal rice root systems to improve water and nitrogen uptake under stress conditions. It discusses how the DRO1 gene enables deeper rooting and improved grain yield under drought. Field experiments show that a dimorphic root system contributes to higher nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under nitrogen deficiency compared to monomorphic roots. Quantitative trait loci analysis identified root trait QTLs from Oryza rufipogon, including several co-locating QTLs for root traits and nitrogen deficiency tolerance on chromosome 1. The goal is to develop an ideal root system through QTL pyramiding to enhance water and nitrogen use efficiency in rice.
1. Di-nitrogen was produced both abiotically and in the presence of live and dead fungi, with no evidence that N2O consumption was required for N2 production.
2. Isotope pairing experiments indicated the N2 was produced abiotically by the combination of glutamine nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.
3. Di-nitrogen was produced abiotically under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, calling into question the assumptions that anaerobic conditions and N2O production are required for N2 formation.
Comparison of treatment performance between constructed wetlands with differe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation Systems on Onion Yield and Water U...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates different furrow irrigation systems on onion yield and water use efficiency in Ethiopia. It finds that alternate furrow irrigation can save 20% of irrigation water applied compared to conventional furrow irrigation, while fixed furrow irrigation saves 30%. Alternate furrow irrigation results in higher water use efficiency and economic return relative to the other systems in both study years. The study concludes that farmers can practice alternate furrow irrigation, which saves water while achieving maximum yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes research on using a Hybrid Power Flow Controller (HPFC) to improve power quality and system performance. The HPFC is presented as a cheaper alternative to the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for providing flexible AC transmission. The HPFC combines voltage source converter (VSC) technology for shunt compensation with thyristor-controlled reactors for series compensation. Simulation results show the HPFC can effectively control power flow like the UPFC by injecting a controllable voltage into the transmission line. Compared to an uncompensated system, the HPFC increased power transfer and allowed a more stable operating point with lower generator angle variation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents the design and optimization of a dual-frequency microstrip patch antenna using IE3D simulation software. A rectangular patch with two slots is used to create a second resonant TM0δ mode above the fundamental TM01 mode. IE3D's Fast EM and Powell optimizers are employed to optimize the geometric parameters and achieve maximum return losses of -36.5 dB at 7 GHz and -15 dB at 7.59 GHz with a 10 dB bandwidth. Simulation results for return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are provided and compared for the theoretical, Powell, and Fast EM optimized designs. The Fast EM optimization achieved the best performance and dual-band operation of the slotted microstrip patch antenna.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the stability of a horizontal porous layer saturated with a viscoelastic nanofluid when the boundaries are subjected to periodic temperature modulation. The analysis uses the Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd-B fluid model and considers infinitesimal disturbances. Three cases of oscillatory temperature fields are examined: symmetric modulation, asymmetric modulation, and modulation of only the bottom wall. A perturbation solution is obtained and the effect of modulation frequency on stability is shown. The stability is characterized by a correction Rayleigh number calculated as a function of various parameters representing viscoelasticity, concentration, porosity, heat capacity, and modulation frequency. Modulation is found to generally have a destabilizing
This document presents a design for an approximate multiplier that is intended for error-tolerant applications. The proposed multiplier divides the input operands into an accurate part and approximate part. The accurate part uses a standard parallel multiplier for the most significant bits, while the approximate part generates the least significant bits using approximate product generators that can produce small errors but reduce area and power consumption compared to a standard design. Experimental results on 8-bit and 16-bit versions of the proposed multiplier show reductions in area, power, and delay of around 50% compared to standard parallel multipliers, at the cost of small losses in accuracy that are acceptable for many applications. The proposed approximate multiplier is well-suited for error-tolerant domains like multimedia and
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
El restaurante Waldgeist en Hofheim sirve las escalopas más grandes del mundo en un plato del tamaño de una pizza, y también ofrece salchichas y hamburguesas de tamaños excesivos. Las bebidas, como "El Bembel de la Muerte" de 5 litros, también son desproporcionadamente grandes. Comer todo requeriría esfuerzo y probablemente no sería saludable.
O poema ensina que a vida é uma professora que ensina lições valiosas, como olhar para dentro de si mesmo em vez de julgar os outros, aceitar o conflito como parte da existência, e falar a verdade com calma em vez de raiva. A vida também ensina a seguir a intuição interior e fazer o que é peculiar a cada um, não o que apenas parece útil.
Este documento proporciona consejos sobre el uso efectivo de redes sociales como Twitter, Facebook y LinkedIn. Algunas recomendaciones clave incluyen mantener nombres de usuario cortos en Twitter, crear diálogos con seguidores en lugar de solo publicitar, y publicar contenido útil para los seguidores el 80% del tiempo. También recomienda herramientas como Hootsuite y SelectiveTweets para sincronizar actualizaciones entre redes sociales.
O documento descreve a evolução da logística ao longo de quatro fases: (1) atuação segmentada, (2) integração rígida, (3) integração flexível, (4) integração estratégica. A logística originou-se em operações militares e evoluiu para planejamento integrado de suprimentos, uso de tecnologia para troca dinâmica de informações, e envolvimento estratégico de fornecedores.
Simulation models of agricultural systems, when coupled with appropriate
data sources, have a great potential for bringing agricultural research and development into the age of information technology.
Condition Studied Moisture of Ground Agryculture Production in Azerbaijan to ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Condition Studied Moisture of Ground Agryculture Production in Azerbaijan to Achieve Ecological Clean Products by Aliev ZH in International Journal of Medical Sciences
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on growth performance of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on the growth performance of sorghum. The study found that sorghum grown under PRD techniques performed better than those under full irrigation. Specifically, irrigation regimes with 75% and 100% of full irrigation water produced better growth parameters, crop water use efficiency, and yields compared to regimes with 50% and 25% irrigation. The study also found interactions between the PRD irrigation techniques and two different soil types (Rengam soil series and Rhu Tapai soil series) for some growth parameters. Overall, the study concluded that using PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in water-limited conditions.
This document describes a proposed system for monitoring soil conditions and controlling irrigation in agricultural fields using sensors and an ARM controller. The system would use various sensors to measure soil moisture, humidity, temperature, light intensity, and phosphorus levels. It would then use this sensor data to determine the appropriate amounts of water and fertilizer needed for optimal plant growth. Solenoid valves connected to a drip irrigation system would be controlled to supply water and fertilizer as needed. The goal is to increase crop yields by precisely meeting the nutrient and water requirements of plants throughout their growth cycles.
This document describes using the DSSAT modeling program to study the impact of climate change on crop productivity. It discusses how DSSAT allows users to input crop, soil, and weather data; simulate crop growth and management practices; and evaluate results. Specific applications mentioned include optimizing irrigation management, quantifying climate change effects, and performing "what-if" experiments to test different management strategies.
The document discusses irrigation scheduling and estimating crop water requirements in dry climates. It summarizes that irrigation scheduling can help use water efficiently without negatively impacting crop yields. It then describes the methodology used, which includes identifying crop types and areas using satellite images, estimating crop water needs using the Penman-Monteith method in CROPWAT software, and determining total water requirements by crop for the study area in Karnataka, India. The results show the classified land use map identifying different crop areas and the decade-wise irrigation water requirements in mm for various crops in the Rabi and Kharif seasons.
Monitoring crop consumptive water use by applying recent remote sensing techniques has become a topic of research interest in water resources management and planning. In irrigated agriculture, conventional methods of estimating water use are costly. This study aims at estimate the relationship between tobacco crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the crop development stage at Chedgelow irrigated farm in Zimbabwe. Tobacco ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). The Penman-Monteith model was applied to estimate ETo using climate data from Kutsaga research station, some 2 km away from the farm. Kc values were extracted from FAO tables. Five cloud-free MODIS images for the month of October in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were processed extract the NDVI values using ILWIS GIS. The results show significant (p = 0.000) differences between tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. The results also show a strong and significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.8061, p = 0.047) between ETcrop estimated using Penman Monteith model and NDVI. Research findings show that satellite derived NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use in irrigated tobacco fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements.
Monitoring crop consumptive water use by applying recent remote sensing techniques has become a topic of research interest in water resources management and planning. In irrigated agriculture, conventional methods of estimating water use are costly. This study aims at estimate the relationship between tobacco crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the crop development stage at Chedgelow irrigated farm in Zimbabwe. Tobacco ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). The Penman-Monteith model was applied to estimate ETo using climate data from Kutsaga research station, some 2 km away from the farm. Kc values were extracted from FAO tables. Five cloud-free MODIS images for the month of October in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were processed extract the NDVI values using ILWIS GIS. The results show significant (p = 0.000) differences between tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. The results also show a strong and significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.8061, p = 0.047) between ETcrop estimated using Penman Monteith model and NDVI. Research findings show that satellite derived NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use in irrigated tobacco fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Vegetative GrowthICARDA
F1. Effect of deficit irrigation on vegetative growth and fruit yield parameters of young olive trees in semi-arid Morocco was evaluated.
F2. Deficit irrigation (70% ETc) resulted in similar growth and yields as full irrigation, with 30% less water, while traditional flooding used more water inefficiently and led to lower growth and yields.
F3. Deficit irrigation is an effective water saving technique for young olive orchards in semi-arid areas, maintaining productivity with less water.
This study examined the effects of different irrigation and fertigation levels on cowpea growth inside a polyhouse. Four treatments were tested that varied the frequency of irrigation (daily or alternate days) and fertigation (alternate days or every four days). The results showed that daily irrigation at an estimated water requirement of 2.2 L per plant per day produced the highest cowpea yield. Applying fertilizers through fertigation once every four days was also sufficient. Overall, the treatment combining daily irrigation with fertigation every four days resulted in the maximum cowpea yield of 32,632 kg/ha.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study that used the RZWQM2 model to simulate different drip fertigation management scenarios for maize growth in a solar greenhouse. The model was calibrated based on one scenario and validated against five other scenarios that varied irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates. Simulation results showed the model accurately predicted soil moisture, leaf area index, plant height, and yield. The model was then used to identify optimal scenarios for maximum yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency among different irrigation and fertilization rates.
Internet of things based automated monitoring for indoor aeroponic systemIJECEIAES
On the ever-rising urgency of global food security, efforts are required to develop a robust farming technique. This includes the capability of farming in non-agricultural land or indoor spaces. Farming in the air medium, i.e., aeroponic, has persistently stepped in as a viable solution. Aeroponic farming allows efficient water usage while preventing soil related diseases and pests. With the assistance of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and precise electronic monitoring and control, aeroponic may become the suitable farming technique of the future. This work presents an aeroponic system capable of automated monitoring and control of farming parameters. The system achieved both robustness in indoor farming and remote access by employing LED as an artificial lighting system and the internet-of-things (IoT) connectivity, respectively. The test result demonstrated that the system successfully maintained the root chamber temperature below 30 °C with a typical average temperature of 28.8 °C. The system managed a humidity level which prevented plants from drying out. It was also evident that the LED assistance significantly improved the growth quality of Ipomea reptans. The system, data, and analysis presented in this work is expected to facilitate further development of a robust food production system in overcoming the global food crisis.
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and yield of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield of sorghum. The study consisted of different irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of full irrigation) applied to two soil types and measured various growth parameters. The results showed that irrigation regimes of 100% and 75% performed better in terms of growth, water use efficiency, and economic returns compared to 50% and 25% deficit irrigation. Additionally, there were some interaction effects observed between deficit irrigation and soil type. Overall, the study recommends the use of 75% regulated deficit irrigation for optimizing sorghum growth in this agricultural zone.
Water is essential for plant growth and crop production. When water supply is limited, crop yields are reduced based on the relationship between actual and potential evapotranspiration. Computer models like CROPWAT and AquaCrop use daily water balances and yield response factors to calculate how water deficits impact crop yields over different growth stages. They provide tools to estimate irrigation requirements and schedule irrigation to minimize yield losses from water stress.
IRJET- Boosting Irrigation using Wsn with Blaney-Criddle : Indian AgricultureIRJET Journal
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L41037176
1. R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.71-76
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Impact of Drip Irrigation Scheduling on Vegetative Parameters in
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Under Unheated
Greenhouse
S.M. Alaoui*, R. Salghi*, A. Abouatallah**, N. Jaouhari***,B. Hammouti****
* Equipe de Génie de l’Environnement et de Biotechnologie, ENSA, Université Ibn Zohr, BP 1136, Agadir,
Morocco
**
Phyto Consulting, BP784 Ait Melloul, Agadir, Morocco
***
Green solutions, B1053, ZI, Ait Melloul, Morocco
**** LCAE-URAC 18, Faculty of Science, University of Mohammed Premier, Po Box 717 60000 Oujda,
Morocco
ABSTRACT
Grafted Tomatoes were grown on a fine sandy soil using drip irrigation and plastic mulch to evaluate the
effects of irrigation scheduling on water requirements and vegetative parameters under typical Massa
greenhouses growing conditions. Capacitive sensors were used to automatically schedule irrigations. The
result of this study shows that irrigation dose and frequency does not affect stem diameter in grafted tomato
plant, no significant effect on leaves number has been observed. But irrigation scheduling have a large effect
on root’s development, The root containers results indicated that a water stress equivalent to 50%ETc and
20% frequency can lead to deep root system; that makes possible to sustain a suitable vegetative canopy if
doses and frequencies are well managed in a daily scale; It was possible save 50% of irrigation water.
Keywords: Tomato, greenhouse, irrigation scheduling, dose, frequency, roots.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is expected that in the next decade several
countries in the arid and semiarid areas of the globe
will be under water scarcity or stress [1]. However,
world population is predicted to double in the next 50
years, so greater yields should be extracted from the
current agricultural areas [1]. Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill) is one of the most popular and
versatile vegetable all over the world both for the
fresh fruit market and the processed food industries,
it plays a vital role in providing a substantial quantity
vitamin C and A in human diet [2,8]. Optimum
production of tomato requires intensive management
practices that conserve and manage soil nutrients
needed for maintaining soil and water quality and for
sustaining tomato production [3]. Water plays an
important role in plant life and determining the
tomato yield [9]. Water scarcity reduces yield
because of nutrients and water deficiency. Moreover,
proper time of irrigation is essential to the
production quality of the most vegetables. If
water shortages occur early in the crop development,
maturity may be delayed which may reduce yields.
Draying soil later in the growing season adversely
affects the fruit quality even though total yields may
not be affected [4]. However, Water stress conditions
encourage tomato to develop deeper roots a natural
www.ijera.com
moisture searching especially on sandy soils [5].
Moreover, Irrigation frequencies and timings have
large effect on root development, tomato yield, water
distribution and water use efficiency. Increasing
irrigation interval decreases roots dry weight. Any
Decrease of root system volume leads to a drop in
shoot dry weight [6]. The challenge of water use at
the crop level is to match the best time and quantity
for applying irrigation by moderating plant
requirements and increasing water holding into the
soil [7]. However, plant water status controls the
physiological process and conditions, which
determine the quality and quantity of its growth [10].
The objectives of this study was to confirm
relationship between irrigation frequency and root
development, then find the appropriate irrigation
frequency and timing which can sustain crop yield
but increase water use efficiency.
1.1
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Experimental site and plant material
The trial was hold under unheated greenhouse in the
Technology Transfer Center of Massa Region.
1.2
Plant Material
The materials selected for trial were commercial
Tomato cultivar Calvi (Lycopersicon esculentum
71 | P a g e
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.71-76
Mill.) that were grafted on “Beaufort”. The crop was
planted on August at a spacing of 0.4x3m to match a
density of 10600 plants with two branches per
hectare.
1.3
Irrigation system
The irrigation was applied using simple 2l/h dripper
line with a 40 cm emitters spacing (Table 1).
Concerning Deficit Irrigation (DI) treatments,
switching was allowed throw small valves controller.
Irrigation and fertilization management were made
within a fertigation electro-valves. Daily reference
evapo-transpiration ETo was calculated using the
Penmann monteith formula [11].
Three values of the equation’s factor f = f * DNM
(HCC-HPFP) * Z * PSH were applied: 10% = f1, f2=
15% and f3 = 20%
DNM1 = 0.10 * 70 * 0.22 * 0.26 = 0.4 mm
DNM2 = 0.15 * 70 * 0.22 * 0.26 = 0.6 mm
DNM3 = 0.20 * 70 * 0.22 * 0.26 = 0.8 mm
water supply was restricted using 50%, 75% and
100% of the calculated initial ETc (Kci= 0.7), leading
to different Kc (values : 0.35-0.53-0.7).
Treatments were based on random combination of
doses and frequencies compared to the Control (T12).
Two treatments where irrigated according to remote
soil capacitance sensors by setting thresholds values
of the measured volumetric soil moisture.
A control (T12) treatment is the conventional method
based on the naked eye observations of the
plant/climate.
Figure 1. The figure show the experimental design
used in this experiment
1.5
A complete weather station with GPRS
transmission;
Soil moisture probes (AquaCheck, C-prob,
Easy AG, Hydra-prob);
Drip flow sensors.
All measurements are recorded four times per houre
and then transferred to the basestation for data
processing.
1.6
1.4
Experimental Protocol
The aim was to test the combination of two factors
(dose and frequency) so we have 9 treatments in
addition to those based on soil data and the control.
The greenhouse was divided into four blocs with 4
repetitions, or 48 experimental units (Figure 1).
Table 1: Details of irrigation treatments applied in the
greenhouse and the used Kc
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Code
1050
1075
10100
1550
1575
15100
2050
2075
20100
SS
SS
T
Combination
Dose 50% frequency 10%
Dose 75% frequency 10%
Dose 100% frequency 10%
Dose 50% frequency 15%
Dose 75% frequency 15%
Dose 100% frequency 15%
Dose 50% frequency 20%
Dose 75% frequency 20%
Dose 100% frequency 20%
Sol Strategy
Plant- Sol Strategy
Local Treatment
www.ijera.com
Kc
0,35
0,53
0,7
0,35
0,53
0,7
0,35
0,53
0,7
SS
SSP
T
Measuring tools
The measuring tools used in the experimental were:
Measured Parameters
Climatic parameters:
Greenhouse Outside: temperature, relative
humidity, radiation, wind speed and
direction, rainfall
Greenhouse Inside: Temperature, relative
humidity, PAR, leaf wetness.
Soil parameters: Temperature and soil
moisture.
Agronomic parameters:
Many parameters have been measured from the
beginning of January to monitor the plants growth at
each treatment: length of internodes, basal and apical
stem diameter, Number of leaves, root’s section.
The root profile enables visualize spatial root
distribution in the soil, depending on the distance
from trunk and the emitters. It also allows us to
compare the final scheme of roots distribution with
the initial condition. To make counting operation
easy, we used Mesh square (1m per side), composed
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.71-76
of cells unit of 10cmx10cm, after classification of
root’s diameter.
1.7. Fertilization management
We decided to adopt a fertilization strategy with a
changing salinity and amount of the fixed concentrate
according to the plant stage and requirements. So
Stage of plant
Plantation - 27 DAP
treatments received different fertilises amount
conresponding to water requirements. The Table 2
shows fertilization scheduling according to the plant
stage during the training where the equilibrium is
calculated by dividing unites of fertilizer into unites
of nitrogen.
Table 2: Detail of fertilization scheduling based on plant stage.
Electrical
Unite of Nitrogen per
balance
conductivity (dS/m)
hectare per day
N/N-P2O5/N-K2O/N-MgO/N
2,5
3,1
1-0,63-2,17-0,22
28 DAP - 67 DAP
2,5
3,1
1-0,81-2,10-0,33
68 DAP - 109 DAP
2,7
3,1
1-0,70-2,80-0,40
110 DAP - 145 DAP
3
3,1
1-0,70-2,80-0,40
146 DAP - 261 DAP
2,6
3
1-0,70-2,80-0,40
DAP: Day After Planting
N: nitrogen, P2O5: Phosphorus, K2O: Potassium, MgO: Magnesium.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2 Climatic conditions
Climate conditions were used to calculate the reference evapo-transpiration (ETo) for irrigation management.
Figure 2 shows the difference between the calculated ETo* and the used ETo**
(mm/day).
Figure 2: development of reference evapo-transpiration calculated (ET0 *) and real evapo-transpiration
reference (ET0 **) in mm / day.
The Figure 2 shows that daily mean values of ETo
fluctuated, increasing from the beginning of the
measurement period. A difference was observed
between calculated ETo* and real ETo** all over
the period of trial. The maximum value of ETo* and
ETo** has been observed at the 191th day after
planting with respectively 5.5mm/day and
4.5mm/day.
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3
Irrigation water
Irrigation requirements were calculated from real
needs of each treatment based on the last 24 hours
ETo, Kc and DNM. The result is a fixed-dose and a
variable number of irrigation by day and for each
treatment. Automatic calculations were designed to
facilitate the work. The following figure 3 gives the
total quantity of water from 83 DAP until 326DAP.
73 | P a g e
4. R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.71-76
4.1
Basal stem diameter
Length of internodes in cm
Figure 3: Detail of total irrigation supply per
treatment.
Treatments irrigated with a 0.35 Kc received 34% of the
supply water compared to the control treatment (T12),
the treatments irrigated with a 0.53 Kc received 52% of
the amount given to the control. For treatments with 0.7
as the value of Kc were irrigated with 70% of total
amount received by the control. The Kc used in this
study corresponds to Kc reported by André & al. [12],
The kc values obtained for the different stages of a
tomato crop development were: (a) 0.64 for the
vegetative growth, (b) 1.03 for the flowering, (c) 1.48
for fruit setting and (d) 0.73 for the final stages. For the
local treatment T12, irrigation requirement was similar
to the recommendations of Adeniran & al. [13] water
requirement for tomato plant in normal conditions is
5896m3/ha/year.
4
Growth parameters
1 - Length of internodes
Statistical analysis of the treatment effect on this
parameter showed a very highly significant effect of
blocks, putting into evidence the gradient of
heterogeneity in the greenhouse in the north-south
direction. Internodes tend to be longer in the northern
block (B3 and B4). The figure 4 presents the average
length of internodes for each treatment and shows
significant differences between treatments.
Treatment 12 (Control), showed the lowest length of the
internodes, while, plants of treatment T6 with 75%dose
and f=20% had the longer ones.
It seems that treatment corresponding to the soil strategy
and Local Treatment give the lowest length of
internodes between 7cm and 6.5cm.
Results of (T4, T5, T7 and T8) are similar to those of
Sibomana and Aguyoh [14]; when they stressed
tomato plants 90 DAP until only 22% of water
requirements compared to the control treatment. Plants
that received 60% ETc had longer internodes compared
to those that received 40%ETc.
The internodes can be also affected by water and
climate temperature as reported by Berghage and
Heins [16], whom say that the stem elongation pattern
can be characterized by internodes number and length
depending on temperature.
Figure 4: Length of internodes forTreatments
12 treatments.
The Figure 5 illustrates the changes in the plant
height basal stem diameter due to water deficit.
Stem diameter in cm
Figure. 5: Effect of treatments on the basal and apical
Treatments
stem diameter of plants.
The statistical study on the treatments effect on the basal
and apical stem diameter of plants showed no significant
differences between treatments. Indeed, the evolution of
the trunk diameter was the same for all watched plants.
This result is confirmed by Sibomana and Aguyoh
[14], who found that stem diameter of tomato plants
decreases due to water stress. Stress on Control can be
explained by a bad irrigation management [15].
4.2
Leaves number
Figure 6 shows the result of leaves number counting
and analyze.
Leaves number
Treatments
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5. R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.71-76
Fig. 6: Average of leaves number between two
trusses for each treatment.
Monitoring the leaves number between two trusses
(11th and 12th truss) with respect to treatment
showed no significant differences between the twelve
treatments. Water stress has almost no effect on
leaves number, but can have impact on biomass,
Pervez [17]. Ibrahim and Hsiao [18, 19] reported
similar findings for chickpea where total shoot
biomass was reduced mainly because of less branch
production.
4.3
Root sections
As it is a destructive operation, roots counting was
performed only once at the beginning and the end of
our study in June. The table 3 below shows the
number of roots by mesh after classification
according to their diameter.
(100%ETC, f=10%). This result is similar to the one
found by Saleh and Ismail [6] The dry weight of
shoots/roots for 1-day irrigation frequency was
higher than 3 and 5 days frequencies. The root-shoot
ratio for 1 and 5 days irrigation frequencies were
similar but were look lower than that of 3-days
frequency.
The dose of 100%ETc and 20% of frequency seems
to develop deeper roots; however, the soil
measurements based strategy and Control lead to
high density of roots at the bottom and only small
and medium roots density at the top layer (930 to
1523). May be increasing irrigation intervals reduced
the amount of water supply. In fact, Ozaw [5], Tayeb
Zaki Nejad [20] and Badstue [21], Scholand & al.
[22] reported that under water stressed conditions
tomato plants develop deeper roots where high soil
moisture content was available. However, the roots
showed a significant decrease in sever water stress in
the soil top layers Tayeb Zaki Nejad [20].
T12
595
T11
754
T10
400
T9
670
T8
834
T7
807
T6
858
T5
812
T4
779
T3
871
T2
16
462
13
17
418
5
14
271
4
10
239
4
13
339
2
14
656
7
19
715
6
24
557
7
13
190
3
39
326
10
125
410
50
268
198
212
84
197
183
253
301
12
0
1
4
5
2
7
10
0
IV CONCLUSIONS
Irrigation Dose and frequency does not
affect the trunk diameter in grafted tomato plant, it
remained the same for all monitored plants.
- We still have a good root system with 50%ETc /
20%frequency; in this case, we can save 50% of
water. It seems that when we decrease water dose, the
irrigation interval must increase.
Magnification of fruits, then ending with T7 (ETc
75%, f = 20%).
REFERENCES
6
0
1
0
12
4
41
[1]
[2]
1
7
85
1
0
37
1
0
34
4
0
46
2
0
25
0
0
69
0
0
95
2
0
250
12
0
R2-
1523
0
3
[3]
0
0
0
1488
0
1
0
930
0
1
0
1181
0
0
0
1300
0
0
0
1771
0
0
0
1899
0
0
0
1921
0
0
0
0
1047
0
0
0
0
0
1739
0
0
1496
Total
1432
R2+
60
R2-
0
R2+
0
50
R2+
0
40
0
R2-
71
R2+
85
30
R2-
185
0
R2+
14
20
R2-
444
21
608
14
R2+
25
16
10
R2-
720
T1
669
Depth
In cm
Ø (mm)
Table3: Roots counting per class of diameter.
It's shows that root density can be very different
when comparing between treatments. It seems that
plant develop more roots in top layer of the soil
(10cm-40cm), especially with less diameter as small
as hairy roots. The most developed root system was
observed for treatment T5, T6, T7 and T3
corresponding respectively to (75%ETC, f=15%),
(100%ETC, f=15%), (50%ETC, f=20%) and
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