Apoptosis is the programmed cell death. Aim of cancer therapy is to destroy the invading cells. Cancerous cells can be destroyed by increasing apoptosis.
it can occur in both physiological and pathological conditions. It is different from necrosis. In necrosis, the cell contents leak out and lead to inflammation. But in apoptosis there is no cellular leakage, only apoptotic bodies are formed. They are then engulfed by macrophages.
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Role of notch signalling in deveopment, cancer development and its detailed cancer cell line study for purpose of detailed targetted molecular therapeutics
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered.
p53 has been described as “GUARDIAN ANGEL OF THE GENOME”
because it performs following mechanism:
DNA Repair
Cell growth arrest
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
P53 is also known as cellular tumour antigen Ag, phosphoprotein
P53 or tumour suppressor p53.
P53 protein is encoded by TP53.
Majority of cancer lead by point mutation in p53 gene. which is also known as "guardian of genome". this mutation leads conversion of normal cell into cancerous cell.
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Role of notch signalling in deveopment, cancer development and its detailed cancer cell line study for purpose of detailed targetted molecular therapeutics
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered.
p53 has been described as “GUARDIAN ANGEL OF THE GENOME”
because it performs following mechanism:
DNA Repair
Cell growth arrest
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
P53 is also known as cellular tumour antigen Ag, phosphoprotein
P53 or tumour suppressor p53.
P53 protein is encoded by TP53.
Majority of cancer lead by point mutation in p53 gene. which is also known as "guardian of genome". this mutation leads conversion of normal cell into cancerous cell.
TATA box is cis regulatory elements, which are present in DNA sequence.Its regulate the RNAP activity in gene expression.TATA box have significant regulatory effect on different metabolic pathway during stress condition.
The presentation outlines aspects of immunity against cancer, evasion strategies by cells, immunotherapy in cancer, cancer vaccines etc. Download and view the slideshow for better experience.
Prepared in Sept 2014
TATA box is cis regulatory elements, which are present in DNA sequence.Its regulate the RNAP activity in gene expression.TATA box have significant regulatory effect on different metabolic pathway during stress condition.
The presentation outlines aspects of immunity against cancer, evasion strategies by cells, immunotherapy in cancer, cancer vaccines etc. Download and view the slideshow for better experience.
Prepared in Sept 2014
Introduction
Definition
History
Evolution and origin of apoptosis
Significance
Purpose of apoptosis
Steps /process
Morphological and biochemical changes
Mechanism of apoptosis
Caspases
Regulation of apoptosis
Disorders of apoptosis
Application
Conclusion
Referances
ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS IN HEALTH & DISEASE.pptxjasmine918783
The slide contains information about neutrophils, its basic structure, formation, trafficking, functions, the role of neutrophils in acute inflammation, various disorders of neutrophils, etc.
This presentation gives a description about the sources, requirements, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, therapeutic uses of different water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
Alcohols and management of methanol poisoningAmy Mehaboob
This presentation gives a description of ethanol and methanol, their ADR, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and also includes treatment for methanol poisoning
Methods of randomisation in clinical trialsAmy Mehaboob
Randomization is the process by which allocation of subjects to treatment groups is done by chance, without the ability to predict who is in what group. A randomized clinical trial is a clinical trial in which participants are randomly assigned to separate groups that compare different treatments.
Randomized trials are gold standard of study designs because the potential for bias (selection into treatment groups) is avoided.
This document includes the purpose, types, advantages and disadvantages of each type of randomisation.
Also called Atrial natriuretic peptide, Atrial natriuretic factor, Atrial natriuretic hormone, or atriopeptin. They are protein hormones secreted by heart muscle cells.
Includes notes about Akt/Protein kinase B.Protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation).
Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration
This file also includes the types, \signalling pathways and inhibitors of protein kinase B.
This presentation describes in detail the various types and sources of stem cells. it also describes the stem cell therapies used to treat various diseases.
Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain. In this presentation, the various in vitro and in vivo screening methods for the preclinical testing of analgesics are discussed.
Randomization is the process by which allocation of subjects to treatment groups is done by chance, without the ability to predict who is in what group. It is done in clinical trials. This presentation describes the methods of randmization used in clinical trials.
The protein hormones secreted by the heart muscle cells are called atrial peptides. This presentation gives a detailed information about the structure, production and pharmacological effects of atrial natriuretic peptides.
Adrenoceptors are membrane bound receptors located throughout the body on neuronal and non-neuronal tissues where they mediate a diverse range of responses to the endogenous catecholamines- noradrenaline and adrenaline.
They are G protein coupled receptors.
Binding of catecholamine to the receptor is responsible for fight or flight response.
Microneedles are made of solid or hollow cannula for the delivery of drugs. it helps to eliminate the pain caused by injections. They are painless drug delivery systems. In future they can be used for mass vaccination and immunization programs. .
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
10. 3. CELL LOSS IN PROLIFERATING
CELL POPULATIONS
Immature lymphocytes in bone marrow
and thymus that fail to express useful
antigen receptors
B lymphocytes in germinal centers
Epithelial cells in intestinal crypts
10
11. 4. ELIMINATION OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL SELF-
REACTIVE LYMPHOCYTES
5. DEATH OF HOST CELLS THAT HAVE
SERVED THEIR USEFUL PURPOSE
11
17. Fundamental event: activation of
CASPASES
They are central initiators and executioners
of apoptosis
Synthesized as inactive zymogens
(procaspases)
• Cysteine
proteases
• Cysteine-
dependent
ASPartate-specific
proteASES
CASPASES
17
27. (c) ANNEXIN V ASSAY
•In apoptosis, earliest indication is translocation of phosphatidyl
serine from inner to outer leaflet of plasma membrane
•Once exposed, binding sites become available for Annexin V
(Ca2+ dependent, phospholipid binding protein)
•Annexin V can be conjugated to biotin or to a flourochrome for
detection of apoptotic cells.
• PS translocation also occurs during necrosis, Annexin V is not
an absolute marker for apoptosis
•So it is used in conjunction with vital dyes such as 7-amino
actinomysis or propidium iodide which bind to nucleic acids, but
can only penetrate the plasma membrane integrity is breached,
as occurs in later stages of apoptosis
27
29. (d) LDH LEAKAGE ASSAY
PRINCIPLE:
Tumour cells possess high concentration of
intracellular LDH and cleavage of a tetrazolium
salt occurs when LDH is present in culture
supernatent.
29
30. 2. FUNCTIONAL ASSAY
(a) MTT ASSAY
Based on the capacity of mitochondrial
dehydrogenase enzymes in living cells to convert
the yellow water soluble substrate dimethylthiazol
tetrazolium bromide (MTT) into a dark blue
formazan product which is insoluble in water
30
33. COMET ASSAY
Simple procedure using a microgel and
electrophoresis to detect DNA damage
Damage in DNA looks like a comet, so its
called comet assay
Technique is further developed and introduced
the use of high alkaline conditions. Thus not
only double strand breaks but also single
strand breaks can be detected
33
37. PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
OF APOPTOSIS
CNS
• During embryonic development of the nervous system, surplus of cells
are produced. Oxidative stress and calcium influx can induce
apoptosis in the mature central nervous system
VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Many viruses inhibit apoptosis in their target cells thereby prolonging
host cell life and in order to permit viral replication
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Usually, any dysfunction of the apoptotic pathway causes autoimmune
disease, immunodeficiencies and lymphoid malignancies.
RENAL SYSTEM
• Embryological development of the kidney involves periods of growth
and apoptosis which are reflected by the levels of Bcl-2 present
37
38. GIT
• Gastrointestinal diseases may be associated with
excessive or defective apoptosis. Shigella dysenteriae
causes excessive apoptosis of macrophages in the lamina
propria of the intestine. Progressive inhibition of apoptosis
appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of
gastrointestinal neoplasia, in particular colorectal cancer
CANCER
• Evidence shows that failure to initiate apoptosis following
DNA damage may cause cancer
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Apoptosis is continually inhibited in many tissues of the
reproductive system owing to the presence of trophic
hormones from the pituitary, gonads(testes and ovary)
and uterus38
39. THERAPEUTIC POTENTALS OF
APOPTOSIS
• Corticosteroids induce eosinophil apoptosis but
inhibit neutrophil apoptosis
• The treatment of asthmatic patients using
corticosteroids causes eosinophil death and
macrophage engulfment
Inflammatory
Disease
• Cytotoxic drugs induce apoptosis in human
gastrointestinal cancer cells
• Chronic ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs may be useful in preventing colonic cancer,
possibly by induction of apoptosis
Gastrointestinal
Tract
• Anti cancer drugs induce apoptosis of
cancer cells
Cancer
39
40. CONCLUSION
Apoptosis plays a significant role in survival by
maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms
and the management of many diseases.
Evidence has shown that the malfunctioning of
apoptotic pathway may cause several human
diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative as well as
several types of autoimmune disorder.
Presently, large numbers of synthetic and natural
compounds have been discovered to be
pharmacologically effective against certain diseases
through the induction of apoptosis in their target cells
40
41. REFERENCES
Apoptosis: Its Physiological Implication And
Therapeutic Possibilities, Chidinma Adanna Levi,
Vincent C. Ejere et alIOSR Journal of Pharmacy
and Biological Sciences Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. V
(Feb. 2014)
The cell: A molecular approach, Geoffrey M
Cooper, Robert E Hausmann, 4th edition, pg
1010-1025
Robbins Basic pathology, 9th edition, pg 10-35
41
