Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College.
Addition:
There are certain proteins which are degraded by proteasome without ubiquitin tag. one such example is ornithine decarboxylase - rate limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis.
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College.
Addition:
There are certain proteins which are degraded by proteasome without ubiquitin tag. one such example is ornithine decarboxylase - rate limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis.
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Peptide chemists have a myriad of approaches available to optimize lead peptide structures for activity, potency and the desired selectivity for the target of interest. Thus multiple modifications and/or longer-range structural features (e.g. cyclization) are often necessary to obtain the desired stability. For example, while gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) already contains pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus and a C-terminal amide, clinically used analogs contain a D-amino acid at position 6 in the middle of the peptide to stabilize the peptides to metabolism as well as modified C-termini.
NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND DISORDERS CBME 6.1-6.4 DJT 22.pptxDhiraj Trivedi
Lecture presentation for medical student to under stand nucleic acid metabolism over view. Clinical conditions associated with metabolism of nucleic acid.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. Both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, newly synthesized proteins must be delivered to a specific sub-cellular location or exported from the cell for correct activity. This phenomenon is called protein targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.This delivery process is carried out based on information contained in the protein itself. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell; errors can lead to diseases. In 1970, Günter Blobel conducted experiments on the translocation of proteins across membranes. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for his findings. He discovered that many proteins have a signal sequence, that is, a short amino acid sequence at one end that functions like a postal code for the target organelle.
Charged Syndrome a rare genetic disease.A very complex syndrome involving extensive medical and physical difficulties
This disease occurs in about one in every 9-10,000 births worldwide
Peptide chemists have a myriad of approaches available to optimize lead peptide structures for activity, potency and the desired selectivity for the target of interest. Thus multiple modifications and/or longer-range structural features (e.g. cyclization) are often necessary to obtain the desired stability. For example, while gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) already contains pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus and a C-terminal amide, clinically used analogs contain a D-amino acid at position 6 in the middle of the peptide to stabilize the peptides to metabolism as well as modified C-termini.
NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND DISORDERS CBME 6.1-6.4 DJT 22.pptxDhiraj Trivedi
Lecture presentation for medical student to under stand nucleic acid metabolism over view. Clinical conditions associated with metabolism of nucleic acid.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. Both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, newly synthesized proteins must be delivered to a specific sub-cellular location or exported from the cell for correct activity. This phenomenon is called protein targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.This delivery process is carried out based on information contained in the protein itself. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell; errors can lead to diseases. In 1970, Günter Blobel conducted experiments on the translocation of proteins across membranes. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for his findings. He discovered that many proteins have a signal sequence, that is, a short amino acid sequence at one end that functions like a postal code for the target organelle.
Charged Syndrome a rare genetic disease.A very complex syndrome involving extensive medical and physical difficulties
This disease occurs in about one in every 9-10,000 births worldwide
Introduction to bt bacteria its important structures and its importance because of its crystal genes.Use of Bt genes in genetic engineering of plants for pest control.The use of Bt toxins as plant-incorporated protectants prompted the need for extensive evaluation of their safety for use in foods and potential unintended impacts on the environment.
A Case study Analysis and brief introduction of leader,characteristics of good leader, leadership styles,the management concepts like chain of command,span of management.Problem identification and complete steps of Decision making process by Benish Qazi.
Well this is a presentation different from the common issues like internet or mobile or you take nuclear testing.
This is HUMAN CLONING,a beginning to a new era of Science and technology.
Come and enjoy the world within!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
This file is all about protein, its composition, functions, metabolism, importance in body, degradation and ways involved, as well as secretion with post transitional changes
Protein turnover is a balance between protein resynthesis and protein degradation.
Protein synthesis is done by translation that is dynamic process that involves the interaction of enzymes, tRNA, ribosomes and rRNAs, translation factors and mRNA.
Faulty or damaged proteins are recognized and degraded within cells, by eliminating the mistakes made during protein synthesis.
Proteins are constantly being degraded and resynthesized.
Location of protein degradation:
Proteins from diet are hydrolyzed in the digestive tract.
Proteins within each cell are broken down within that cell in a proteasome.
In eukaryotic cells two major pathways for degradation:
Ubiquitin proteasome pathway
Lysosomal proteolysis mediate protein degradation
Ubiquitin is a marker, 76 amino acid polypeptide conserved in all eukaryotic.
Proteolysis- protein is broken down partially into peptides or completely into acid by proteolytic enzyme.
Proteasome is major degradation machinery that carry out hydrolysis of protein.
Enzymes used- E1(ubiquitin activating enzyme), E2(ubiquitin conjugation enzyme), E3(ubiquitin ligase).
Proteins are marked for degradation by the attachment of ubiquitin to amino group of side chain of lysine residue.
Additional ubiquitin are then added to form multiubiquitin chain. Such polyubiquitinated proteins are recognized and degraded by large, multi subunit protease complex called proteasomes.
Ubiquitin is released in process, so that it can be reused in another cycle.
Attachment of ubiquitin and degradation of marked proteins require energy in form of ATP.
First ubiquitin is activated by being attached to enzyme E1.
The ubiquitin is then transferred to a second enzyme E2.
The final transfer of ubiquitin to target protein is then mediated by third enzyme E3. which is responsible for selective recognition of appropriate substrate protein.
Different members of E2, E3 families recognize different substrate proteins and specificity of these enzyme is selectively targets cellular proteins for degradation by ubiquitin proteasome pathway.
The other major pathway of protein degradation in eukaryotic cells involves the uptake of proteins by lysosomes.
The containment of proteases and other digestive enzyme within lysosomes prevents uncontrolled degradation of content of cell
Therefore in order to be degraded by lysosomal proteolysis cellular proteins must first be taken up by lysosomes.
One pathway for this uptake of cellular proteins, autophagy –involves formation of vesicles in which cytoplasmic organelles are enclosed in membrane derived from endoplasmic reticulum.
These vesicles then fuse with lysosomes, and degradative lysosomal enzymes digest their contents.
The uptake of protein into autophagosomes appears to be non selective so it results in slow degradation of long lived cytoplasmic proteins.
Introduction
Protein modifications
Folding
Chaperon mediated
Enzymatic
Cleavage
Addition of functional groups
Chemical groups
Hydrophobic groups
Proteolysis
Conclusion
Reference
This presentation is about the Predicting PTMs in very effective way.
I hope you all will like it,,,
Don't forget to remember me in your precious Dua,,,
Post translation control-regulation_of_gene_expression_in_eukaryotes - copyDhruviSuvagiya
Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product. PTMs are important components in cell signaling, as for example when prohormones are converted to hormones.
Ubiquitin & Proteasome: Role in Transcription RegulationAnjali Dahiya
Eukaryotic gene transcription is a phenomenally complex process. Regulation of gene transcription is vitally important for the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis. Failure to correctly regulate gene expression can lead to cellular catastrophe and disease. One of the ways, cells cope with the challenges of transcription is by making extensive use of the proteolytic and nonproteolytic activities of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS)
Sweetness enhancement by aromas has been suggested as a strategy to mitigate sugar reduction in food products, but enhancement is dependent on type of aroma as well as sugar level. A careful screening of aromas across sugar levels is thus required. Screening results might, however, depend on the method employed. Both descriptive sensory analysis and relative to reference scaling were therefore used to screen 5 aromas across 3 sucrose concentrations for their sweetness enhancing effects in aqueous solutions. In the descriptive analysis, samples with added vanilla, honey, and banana aroma were rated as significantly sweeter than samples with added elderflower or raspberry aroma at all sucrose concentrations.In relative to reference scaling, honey aroma significantly increased the sweet taste compared to samples with added elderflower or no aroma at low and medium sucrose concentrations. Banana and raspberry aromas also increased the sweet taste significantly compared to the sample with added elderflower aroma at medium sucrose concentration in the relative to reference scaling.
Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers.
고향집 소개 ( Korean Language School Presentation)Benish
My second Korean Presentation went great today. I was appreciated for my well organized presentation at the 3rd Level of language School (Intermediate Level). and I come to know about a teacher from another class who appreciated my Korean speaking skills compared to other KGSP Scholars at CNU Gwangju, South Korea.
A good Day :)
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment; raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. Genetic Engineering is one of the best technique for the remediation of heavy metals.
Pakistan is the fourth largest tea importer in the world, after Russia, UK and Egypt. Pakistan has a market of over 140 to 170 million kg for black tea, which is imported from 21 countries including Kenya, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.According to the statistics of the Federal Agency from July to November last year more than fifty two thousand metric tons of tea was imported which costs around fourteen billion and five million rupees. In the same duration of the year before forty-eight thousand metric ton of tea was imported. Last year only in the month of November three billion and sixty-six million rupees were spent on the import of tea which clearly shows the increase in the usage of tea by the people of Pakistan.
With the quantity of pharmaceutical industry expanding each day,competition inside the business is wild.Novartis is pharmaceutical industry.. This year, Novartis experienced success with oncology, immunology and dermatology, eye care and biosimilars.
What is biosafety?
It is a system for the safe handling of toxic and dangerous biological and chemical substances.
In medicine
It refers to the levels of lab containment protocols
It measured as biosafety level(BSL) 1,2,3,4 in rising order of danger.
Entrepreneur is the one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.” In other words, the entrepreneur is the owner and manager of the business risks.In Bioentrepreneurship we require individual with duplicity of roles requires an individual who understands both risks.
To inculcate is to instill or impress an idea on someone, so inculcation is the process of instilling or impressing ideas. A lot of teaching is a form of inculcation: teachers repeat information to students, hoping it will sink in.
Joint Venture in Biotechnology is still at initial stage.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Signals for Degradation
Site of Degradation
The Ubiquitin- Proteosome pathway
Lysosomal Proteolysis
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4. CONTINUED …
In Lysosomes and cytosol
Signals for degradation
• Protein function
• Proteins altered by oxidation
• Tagged by ubiquitin
• N terminal
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8. MCQS
Many rapidly degraded proteins function as
regulatory molecules, such as ______
a) Transcriptions factors b) histones c)
silencers d) proteases
The major pathway of selective protein degradation
in eukaryotic cells uses_____as marker
a) Ubiquitin b) protease c) beta subunit
d ) lysosome
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