The Spanish American wars of independence from 1810 to 1825 saw many Spanish colonies in Latin America gain independence after fighting against Spanish rule. Key events included the formation of juntas (governing bodies) in places like Venezuela and Argentina in 1810, as well as the leadership of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, who led independence movements across South America. By 1825, most Spanish American nations had gained independence, though the effects on their economies, politics, and societies lasted for decades.
The French Revolution: The Directory by Kiara and AlexiaHilario Roma
The Directory was the last government of France before Napoleon's rise. It was established in 1795 after the Thermidorian Reaction and consisted of 5 executive Directors elected to 5 year terms. However, the Directory struggled with instability, corruption, and unrest. On November 9, 1799, Napoleon staged a coup and dissolved the Directory, establishing the French Consulate with himself as First Consul and laying the groundwork for his eventual rise as Emperor.
The French Revolution: The Convention by Andrea and SelenaHilario Roma
The Convention was the main governing body of France from 1792-1795 during the First French Republic, established after the overthrow of the monarchy. It was dominated initially by the Girondins but the more radical Jacobins led by Robespierre gained power in 1793, instituting the Reign of Terror and executing over 50,000 people, including those deemed enemies of the revolution. In 1794, the Convention was overthrown by moderates, ending the Jacobin and Reign of Terror period.
The French Revolution occurred from 1789-1815 and went through several stages: the National Assembly, Constitutional Monarchy, Reign of Terror under Robespierre, and the Directory. It was sparked by Enlightenment ideas, economic crisis, and influence of the American Revolution. Key events included the storming of the Bastille and execution of Louis XVI. Napoleon later rose to power as leader of the Consulate and First French Empire, though he was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna following Napoleon sought to restore the monarchies and balance of power in Europe to prevent further revolution.
The National Convention was the governing body of France from 1792 to 1795 during the French Revolution. It was formed in September 1792 after the overthrow of the French monarchy and was made up of 749 members elected from all of France. The Convention established a republic, created the Committee of Public Safety which instituted the Reign of Terror period under Maximilien Robespierre, and executed King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Convention was finally dissolved in October 1795 after three years in power.
The French Revolution was a major turning point in European history that transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and, later, a republic. Rising social and economic pressures increased tensions under the inefficient rule of King Louis XVI and the nobility, leading to the storming of the Bastille and the abolition of feudalism. The Revolution soon turned more radical under figures like Robespierre, establishing a repressive Reign of Terror to consolidate power and defend the Revolution from foreign threats, at the cost of thousands of lives. After the overthrow of Robespierre, a moderate republican system was established, though it struggled with instability until the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Powerpoint point 1, french revolution- Michael Jenningsjenni2ms
The document summarizes the key events and outcomes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It describes the causes of revolution, including excessive spending under Louis XIV, debt from supporting the American Revolution, and unequal representation of the three estates. Tensions rose and the National Assembly was formed after the storming of the Bastille. The Declaration of the Rights of Man established new rights and freedoms. The Revolution grew more radical over time, leading to the rise of Robespierre and the Reign of Terror from 1793-94. After this, the Directory reorganized the government until Napoleon's rise to power. The Revolution dramatically restructured French politics and society and spread ideas of nationalism.
The document summarizes several European revolutions that occurred between 1830 and 1848. It discusses the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, where citizens revolted due to a desire for more liberal governments and an expansion of voting rights. It also outlines revolutions in Belgium, Poland, the Austrian Empire, Italy, and Germany, which were largely driven by nationalist sentiments of various ethnic groups who wanted independent nation states. Of the revolutions discussed, only the Belgian Revolution resulted in the successful establishment of an independent country.
The document summarizes the stages of the French Revolution using the fever model of illness. It describes the causes in the incubation stage as social inequality from the three estates system and enlightenment ideas influencing calls for liberal freedoms and equality. The moderate stage saw the storming of the Bastille and reforms establishing a constitutional monarchy. In the radical stage, a republic was declared in response to foreign invasion, the king was executed, and the Reign of Terror occurred under Robespierre targeting enemies of the revolution. Finally, in the convalescence stage, Robespierre was overthrown and the Directory attempted to find stability before Napoleon staged a coup.
The French Revolution: The Directory by Kiara and AlexiaHilario Roma
The Directory was the last government of France before Napoleon's rise. It was established in 1795 after the Thermidorian Reaction and consisted of 5 executive Directors elected to 5 year terms. However, the Directory struggled with instability, corruption, and unrest. On November 9, 1799, Napoleon staged a coup and dissolved the Directory, establishing the French Consulate with himself as First Consul and laying the groundwork for his eventual rise as Emperor.
The French Revolution: The Convention by Andrea and SelenaHilario Roma
The Convention was the main governing body of France from 1792-1795 during the First French Republic, established after the overthrow of the monarchy. It was dominated initially by the Girondins but the more radical Jacobins led by Robespierre gained power in 1793, instituting the Reign of Terror and executing over 50,000 people, including those deemed enemies of the revolution. In 1794, the Convention was overthrown by moderates, ending the Jacobin and Reign of Terror period.
The French Revolution occurred from 1789-1815 and went through several stages: the National Assembly, Constitutional Monarchy, Reign of Terror under Robespierre, and the Directory. It was sparked by Enlightenment ideas, economic crisis, and influence of the American Revolution. Key events included the storming of the Bastille and execution of Louis XVI. Napoleon later rose to power as leader of the Consulate and First French Empire, though he was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna following Napoleon sought to restore the monarchies and balance of power in Europe to prevent further revolution.
The National Convention was the governing body of France from 1792 to 1795 during the French Revolution. It was formed in September 1792 after the overthrow of the French monarchy and was made up of 749 members elected from all of France. The Convention established a republic, created the Committee of Public Safety which instituted the Reign of Terror period under Maximilien Robespierre, and executed King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Convention was finally dissolved in October 1795 after three years in power.
The French Revolution was a major turning point in European history that transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and, later, a republic. Rising social and economic pressures increased tensions under the inefficient rule of King Louis XVI and the nobility, leading to the storming of the Bastille and the abolition of feudalism. The Revolution soon turned more radical under figures like Robespierre, establishing a repressive Reign of Terror to consolidate power and defend the Revolution from foreign threats, at the cost of thousands of lives. After the overthrow of Robespierre, a moderate republican system was established, though it struggled with instability until the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Powerpoint point 1, french revolution- Michael Jenningsjenni2ms
The document summarizes the key events and outcomes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It describes the causes of revolution, including excessive spending under Louis XIV, debt from supporting the American Revolution, and unequal representation of the three estates. Tensions rose and the National Assembly was formed after the storming of the Bastille. The Declaration of the Rights of Man established new rights and freedoms. The Revolution grew more radical over time, leading to the rise of Robespierre and the Reign of Terror from 1793-94. After this, the Directory reorganized the government until Napoleon's rise to power. The Revolution dramatically restructured French politics and society and spread ideas of nationalism.
The document summarizes several European revolutions that occurred between 1830 and 1848. It discusses the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, where citizens revolted due to a desire for more liberal governments and an expansion of voting rights. It also outlines revolutions in Belgium, Poland, the Austrian Empire, Italy, and Germany, which were largely driven by nationalist sentiments of various ethnic groups who wanted independent nation states. Of the revolutions discussed, only the Belgian Revolution resulted in the successful establishment of an independent country.
The document summarizes the stages of the French Revolution using the fever model of illness. It describes the causes in the incubation stage as social inequality from the three estates system and enlightenment ideas influencing calls for liberal freedoms and equality. The moderate stage saw the storming of the Bastille and reforms establishing a constitutional monarchy. In the radical stage, a republic was declared in response to foreign invasion, the king was executed, and the Reign of Terror occurred under Robespierre targeting enemies of the revolution. Finally, in the convalescence stage, Robespierre was overthrown and the Directory attempted to find stability before Napoleon staged a coup.
The French Revolution was caused by social inequalities, unfair taxation that burdened the poor, and new Enlightenment ideas that inspired the people to seek change. The Revolution began in 1789 when the Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to write a constitution. This led to unrest, the storming of the Bastille prison, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. However, revolutionary violence increased in the following years as the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI was executed. Maximilien Robespierre then rose to power and instituted the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, executing over 40,000 people with the guillotine before he too was over
The 1830 and 1848 revolutions in France were a result of unrest with the monarchy. In 1830, Charles X suspended civil liberties and restricted voting rights, leading to protests. He was forced to abdicate and flee to England. Louis Philippe became the "Citizen King" but inequality grew under his rule. In 1848, reformers planned a protest banquet that was banned, leading to more unrest. Louis Philippe abdicated and the Second Republic was formed, establishing universal male suffrage. However, Louis Napoleon later made himself emperor as Napoleon III, beginning the Second Empire.
French Revolution done in 2007 (IX Class) By Prabhat GauravSahil Gaurav
I hope that this ppt will help you a lot. This presentation consist of the facts about French Revolution in 2007....This would be helpful for the students in 9 class.
Unit 4 French Revolution and Napoleon Empirealmusociales
The document summarizes key events of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1793. It describes the causes of the revolution, including the influence of Enlightenment ideas, the monarchy's financial crisis, and tensions between the three estates. It outlines major developments like the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, adoption of the Declaration of Rights of Man, and King Louis XVI's failed escape. It also discusses the shift to more radical rule by the Jacobins and Robespierre's dictatorship known as the Reign of Terror.
The document discusses the political developments in Europe between 1815-1870, including the Restoration period after Napoleon's defeat and the rise of liberalism, nationalism, and democracy. It describes how the Congress of Vienna redrew borders and established absolute monarchies across Europe. It also examines the reign of Fernando VII in Spain and the revolutions of the 1820s-1840s that established constitutional monarchies and helped unify Italy and Germany.
The document provides an overview of the major events and developments of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795, including:
- The storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism in 1789.
- The establishment of the National Assembly and Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
- The overthrow of the monarchy and execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
- The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 led by Robespierre to consolidate the revolution amid foreign and civil wars.
- The end of the Reign of Terror in 1794 with Robespierre's execution and
This document summarizes key events of the early French Revolution from 1789 to 1791:
1) It describes the meeting of the Estates-General in May 1789 and the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate.
2) It then discusses the Tennis Court Oath in June 1789, where the National Assembly vowed to write a constitution.
3) The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 by angry Parisians seeking arms and ammunition is presented as a pivotal early act of the Revolution.
The document provides an overview of the key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It discusses the unfair taxation system that burdened the third estate and led to unrest. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the abolition of feudalism. The monarchy was overthrown and a republic established, though this gave way to the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Eventually, a Directory assumed power in France as the Revolution came to an end.
This document provides an overview of the French Revolution and Napoleon's rise to power between 1789-1815. It discusses the social structure and economic troubles under the Old Regime, the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic, the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre, and Napoleon's eventual seizure of power and establishment of the First French Empire.
The French Revolution began in 1789 as the poor third estate grew angry over their lack of representation and equality compared to the first and second estates. They took an oath at a tennis court to form a national assembly and constitution. Over the next decade, violence erupted as the monarchy was overthrown and Robespierre established the Reign of Terror. The revolution installed several short-lived governments until Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, bringing the revolution to an end. The revolution profoundly influenced ideas of democracy, equality, and the role of citizens in government across Europe.
The document discusses the causes and characteristics of revolutions through examining the French Revolution. It identifies several factors that contributed to the revolution including economic struggles, unfair taxation and class divisions between the three estates. The document outlines the major events of the revolution including the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly and the execution of King Louis XVI. It also discusses the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the aftermath of the revolution.
The royal family tried to escape France but was caught. This led to the creation of a new constitution and Legislative Assembly with power shared between the king and assembly. Internal divisions grew between moderate and radical groups as the war went badly. Radicals took control in Paris, declared a republic and executed the king and queen. The Reign of Terror followed under Robespierre until his own fall from power. The government transitioned to the Directory and then the Consulate before Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
The American Revolution occurred between 1775-1783 as the 13 American colonies sought independence from British rule. Key events that ignited the revolution included the Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Intolerable Acts, and publication of Common Sense. The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. Major battles included Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, winter at Valley Forge, and the Siege of Yorktown, which marked the end of fighting. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 officially ended the war and recognized American independence.
The late 18th and the early 19th centuries was a revolutionary age: the American revolution, the French revolution and the liberal and national revolutions. Liberalism was the bourgeoise ideology which defends the Capitalism as an economic system and the parlamentary system.
- The document summarizes key events in the history of revolutions, liberalism, and nationalism between the 18th-19th centuries. It discusses the American Revolution, French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, liberalism, nationalism, revolutions of 1848, unification of Italy, and unification of Germany. The American Revolution established independence and a new constitution, while the French Revolution established republican rule and was later expanded by Napoleon's empire. The Congress of Vienna restored monarchical rule but also spread nationalist ideas. Liberalism advocated for individual rights and separation of powers. Nationalism united previously divided Italian and German states.
Unit 6 - RESTORATION, LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISMRocío G.
This document provides an overview of political developments in Europe from 1815-1870, including the restoration of absolutism after Napoleon's defeat, revolts against absolutism, and the rise of liberalism, nationalism, and democracy. Key events discussed include the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which redrew Europe's political map; the Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance between major powers; revolutions in the 1820s-1830s that overthrew absolutist rulers; and the revolutions of 1848 that spread across Europe demanding greater democratic rights. It also summarizes the processes of Italian and German unification in the mid-19th century driven by liberal and nationalist ideologies.
The document defines key terms related to social and political changes in Spain between the 18th and 19th centuries. The Industrial Revolution transformed society as people moved from rural to urban areas. The French Revolution brought liberal ideas and an end to absolute monarchy. Spain experienced a civil war during the French invasion in 1808 and adopted a liberal constitution in 1812, though King Ferdinand VII later rejected constitutional rule and restored absolutism. Social classes divided between nobility, bourgeoisie, and a growing working class.
Ferdinand VII's reign from 1814-1833 was divided into three phases: restoration of absolutism from 1814-1820 which caused instability and liberal revolts; a liberal triennium from 1820-1823 which ended when Ferdinand called on French troops to restore absolutism; and a period of repression of liberals from 1823-1833. After Ferdinand's death in 1833, Isabella II took the throne, but Spain experienced political instability and alternating liberal and conservative governments during her reign from 1830-1868, which ended when she was deposed.
The document summarizes key events leading up to the French Revolution. It describes the unequal system of the three estates, with the third estate bearing the tax burden. It then discusses the formation of the National Assembly as all estates met together, the Tennis Court Oath where the third estate vowed not to disband until a constitution was written, and the storming of the Bastille prison, which was a symbolic attack on the king and inequality.
George Washington was born in Virginia in 1732. He received some schooling but had a largely self-directed education. After inheriting land, he became a wealthy plantation owner in Virginia. During the French and Indian War in the 1750s, he gained fame and reputation as a military leader. In the American Revolutionary War starting in 1776, he took command of the Continental Army and led them to victory over the British, despite early setbacks. After the war, he presided over the Constitutional Convention and was unanimously elected the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He refused to seek a third term and retired to his home at Mount Vernon, where he died in 1799.
The Revolution of 1848 by Briana y María del MarHilario Roma
La revolución de 1848 se extendió por toda Europa luego de estallar en Francia, donde se derrocó al rey y se estableció la Segunda República Francesa. Esto inspiró movimientos nacionalistas en Italia y Alemania que buscaban la unificación. Mientras que la revolución fracasó políticamente en la mayoría de lugares, marcó el inicio de la democratización y el surgimiento de la conciencia de clase del proletariado.
The French Revolution was caused by social inequalities, unfair taxation that burdened the poor, and new Enlightenment ideas that inspired the people to seek change. The Revolution began in 1789 when the Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to write a constitution. This led to unrest, the storming of the Bastille prison, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. However, revolutionary violence increased in the following years as the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI was executed. Maximilien Robespierre then rose to power and instituted the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, executing over 40,000 people with the guillotine before he too was over
The 1830 and 1848 revolutions in France were a result of unrest with the monarchy. In 1830, Charles X suspended civil liberties and restricted voting rights, leading to protests. He was forced to abdicate and flee to England. Louis Philippe became the "Citizen King" but inequality grew under his rule. In 1848, reformers planned a protest banquet that was banned, leading to more unrest. Louis Philippe abdicated and the Second Republic was formed, establishing universal male suffrage. However, Louis Napoleon later made himself emperor as Napoleon III, beginning the Second Empire.
French Revolution done in 2007 (IX Class) By Prabhat GauravSahil Gaurav
I hope that this ppt will help you a lot. This presentation consist of the facts about French Revolution in 2007....This would be helpful for the students in 9 class.
Unit 4 French Revolution and Napoleon Empirealmusociales
The document summarizes key events of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1793. It describes the causes of the revolution, including the influence of Enlightenment ideas, the monarchy's financial crisis, and tensions between the three estates. It outlines major developments like the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, adoption of the Declaration of Rights of Man, and King Louis XVI's failed escape. It also discusses the shift to more radical rule by the Jacobins and Robespierre's dictatorship known as the Reign of Terror.
The document discusses the political developments in Europe between 1815-1870, including the Restoration period after Napoleon's defeat and the rise of liberalism, nationalism, and democracy. It describes how the Congress of Vienna redrew borders and established absolute monarchies across Europe. It also examines the reign of Fernando VII in Spain and the revolutions of the 1820s-1840s that established constitutional monarchies and helped unify Italy and Germany.
The document provides an overview of the major events and developments of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795, including:
- The storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism in 1789.
- The establishment of the National Assembly and Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
- The overthrow of the monarchy and execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
- The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 led by Robespierre to consolidate the revolution amid foreign and civil wars.
- The end of the Reign of Terror in 1794 with Robespierre's execution and
This document summarizes key events of the early French Revolution from 1789 to 1791:
1) It describes the meeting of the Estates-General in May 1789 and the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate.
2) It then discusses the Tennis Court Oath in June 1789, where the National Assembly vowed to write a constitution.
3) The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 by angry Parisians seeking arms and ammunition is presented as a pivotal early act of the Revolution.
The document provides an overview of the key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It discusses the unfair taxation system that burdened the third estate and led to unrest. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the abolition of feudalism. The monarchy was overthrown and a republic established, though this gave way to the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Eventually, a Directory assumed power in France as the Revolution came to an end.
This document provides an overview of the French Revolution and Napoleon's rise to power between 1789-1815. It discusses the social structure and economic troubles under the Old Regime, the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic, the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre, and Napoleon's eventual seizure of power and establishment of the First French Empire.
The French Revolution began in 1789 as the poor third estate grew angry over their lack of representation and equality compared to the first and second estates. They took an oath at a tennis court to form a national assembly and constitution. Over the next decade, violence erupted as the monarchy was overthrown and Robespierre established the Reign of Terror. The revolution installed several short-lived governments until Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, bringing the revolution to an end. The revolution profoundly influenced ideas of democracy, equality, and the role of citizens in government across Europe.
The document discusses the causes and characteristics of revolutions through examining the French Revolution. It identifies several factors that contributed to the revolution including economic struggles, unfair taxation and class divisions between the three estates. The document outlines the major events of the revolution including the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly and the execution of King Louis XVI. It also discusses the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the aftermath of the revolution.
The royal family tried to escape France but was caught. This led to the creation of a new constitution and Legislative Assembly with power shared between the king and assembly. Internal divisions grew between moderate and radical groups as the war went badly. Radicals took control in Paris, declared a republic and executed the king and queen. The Reign of Terror followed under Robespierre until his own fall from power. The government transitioned to the Directory and then the Consulate before Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
The American Revolution occurred between 1775-1783 as the 13 American colonies sought independence from British rule. Key events that ignited the revolution included the Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Intolerable Acts, and publication of Common Sense. The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. Major battles included Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, winter at Valley Forge, and the Siege of Yorktown, which marked the end of fighting. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 officially ended the war and recognized American independence.
The late 18th and the early 19th centuries was a revolutionary age: the American revolution, the French revolution and the liberal and national revolutions. Liberalism was the bourgeoise ideology which defends the Capitalism as an economic system and the parlamentary system.
- The document summarizes key events in the history of revolutions, liberalism, and nationalism between the 18th-19th centuries. It discusses the American Revolution, French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, liberalism, nationalism, revolutions of 1848, unification of Italy, and unification of Germany. The American Revolution established independence and a new constitution, while the French Revolution established republican rule and was later expanded by Napoleon's empire. The Congress of Vienna restored monarchical rule but also spread nationalist ideas. Liberalism advocated for individual rights and separation of powers. Nationalism united previously divided Italian and German states.
Unit 6 - RESTORATION, LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISMRocío G.
This document provides an overview of political developments in Europe from 1815-1870, including the restoration of absolutism after Napoleon's defeat, revolts against absolutism, and the rise of liberalism, nationalism, and democracy. Key events discussed include the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which redrew Europe's political map; the Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance between major powers; revolutions in the 1820s-1830s that overthrew absolutist rulers; and the revolutions of 1848 that spread across Europe demanding greater democratic rights. It also summarizes the processes of Italian and German unification in the mid-19th century driven by liberal and nationalist ideologies.
The document defines key terms related to social and political changes in Spain between the 18th and 19th centuries. The Industrial Revolution transformed society as people moved from rural to urban areas. The French Revolution brought liberal ideas and an end to absolute monarchy. Spain experienced a civil war during the French invasion in 1808 and adopted a liberal constitution in 1812, though King Ferdinand VII later rejected constitutional rule and restored absolutism. Social classes divided between nobility, bourgeoisie, and a growing working class.
Ferdinand VII's reign from 1814-1833 was divided into three phases: restoration of absolutism from 1814-1820 which caused instability and liberal revolts; a liberal triennium from 1820-1823 which ended when Ferdinand called on French troops to restore absolutism; and a period of repression of liberals from 1823-1833. After Ferdinand's death in 1833, Isabella II took the throne, but Spain experienced political instability and alternating liberal and conservative governments during her reign from 1830-1868, which ended when she was deposed.
The document summarizes key events leading up to the French Revolution. It describes the unequal system of the three estates, with the third estate bearing the tax burden. It then discusses the formation of the National Assembly as all estates met together, the Tennis Court Oath where the third estate vowed not to disband until a constitution was written, and the storming of the Bastille prison, which was a symbolic attack on the king and inequality.
George Washington was born in Virginia in 1732. He received some schooling but had a largely self-directed education. After inheriting land, he became a wealthy plantation owner in Virginia. During the French and Indian War in the 1750s, he gained fame and reputation as a military leader. In the American Revolutionary War starting in 1776, he took command of the Continental Army and led them to victory over the British, despite early setbacks. After the war, he presided over the Constitutional Convention and was unanimously elected the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He refused to seek a third term and retired to his home at Mount Vernon, where he died in 1799.
The Revolution of 1848 by Briana y María del MarHilario Roma
La revolución de 1848 se extendió por toda Europa luego de estallar en Francia, donde se derrocó al rey y se estableció la Segunda República Francesa. Esto inspiró movimientos nacionalistas en Italia y Alemania que buscaban la unificación. Mientras que la revolución fracasó políticamente en la mayoría de lugares, marcó el inicio de la democratización y el surgimiento de la conciencia de clase del proletariado.
The Revolutions of 30's by Carmen, Garoé and AntonioHilario Roma
Este documento resume las revoluciones que ocurrieron en varios países de Europa en la década de 1830. En Francia, la Revolución de 1830 derrocó al rey Carlos X y estableció una monarquía constitucional bajo Luis Felipe. En Alemania hubo levantamientos estudiantiles que fueron reprimidos. En Italia hubo revueltas liberales y nacionalistas que también fueron sofocadas. Bélgica ganó su independencia de los Países Bajos, mientras que en España hubo una guerra civil entre facciones absolutistas y liber
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a su invasión de Ucrania. El embargo forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones y prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso en la UE a finales de este año. Algunos estados miembros aún dependen en gran medida del petróleo ruso y se les ha concedido una exención, pero se espera que el embargo reduzca de manera significativa los ingresos de Rusia por la venta de petróleo.
The document discusses the Spanish Constitution of 1812, known as La Pepa. It provides background on when the constitution was enacted and some of its key aspects, such as limiting monarchal power, establishing equality, and ending the Inquisition. It also discusses the influence of the 1812 Constitution on subsequent constitutions and governments in Spain and Latin America in the early 19th century.
Trabajo de Historia del Arte por Cándida y AdriánHilario Roma
El documento describe las actividades del grupo mientras realizaban un proyecto de historia del arte sobre el ayuntamiento de La Laguna en Tenerife. El grupo obtuvo permiso para tomar fotos dentro y fuera del ayuntamiento y también exploraron casas cercanas con fachadas antiguas. Más tarde visitaron una iglesia mientras buscaban a los otros grupos y finalmente terminaron el trabajo y regresaron a casa en tranvía.
Viaje a La Laguna de Tenerife por MarianoHilario Roma
El documento resume un viaje a la Laguna de Tenerife. El autor madruga para tomar un autobús y llegar al puerto de Agaete, donde toma un café para calmar los nervios. Luego viaja en tranvía a la Laguna, donde pasa la mañana haciendo fotos para un trabajo. Por la tarde explora Santa Cruz con compañeros y regresa al instituto sobre las 8 pm.
The North American Revolution by Emilio y AdayHilario Roma
La Revolución Americana consistió en dos eventos: la Guerra de Independencia entre 1775 y 1783, y la formación del gobierno de los Estados Unidos en 1787 bajo la Constitución. La revolución surgió del descontento de las 13 colonias británicas en América del Norte con los impuestos y leyes impuestos por Gran Bretaña después de la Guerra de los Siete Años. Eventos como el Motín del Té de Boston y las Actas Intolerables extendieron el malestar que llevó al inicio de la guerra en
Trabajo de Historia del Arte por IsaacHilario Roma
Isaac Yánez Martel realizó un viaje a Tenerife con sus amigos para un trabajo de historia del arte. Se levantó tarde y tuvo que apresurarse para coger la guagua al puerto. En el barco se marearon algunos compañeros. En La Laguna visitaron el ayuntamiento y la catedral, admirando su arquitectura. También disfrutaron de la música de un artista callejero. Finalmente regresaron contentos por haber vivido una gran experiencia.
The Journey to Tenerife by María SantanaHilario Roma
La Escuela de Actores de Canarias (E.A.C) tiene una estructura renovada y moderna adaptada a un barranco, lo que le da una forma peculiar con patios en diagonal. La escuela ofrece diversas clases y salas especializadas para los estudiantes así como una biblioteca. A pesar de estar escondida, la escuela recibe visitas de todo el mundo debido a su novedosa estructura adaptada al terreno.
Los estudiantes llegaron en barco al puerto de Santa Cruz de Tenerife y visitaron varios lugares notables como el auditorio Adán Martín y el Palacio Salazar. Después de un paseo por la ciudad, visitaron la iglesia y su estanque con carpas koi, y terminaron el día comiendo en un restaurante chino antes de regresar al puerto.
Nuestro día en La Laguna por Bianca, María e IriomeHilario Roma
El grupo visitó la iglesia de Nuestra Señora de La Concepción en La Laguna, Tenerife. Exploraron el interior de la iglesia y fotografiaron su torre de 28 metros y campana más grande de Canarias. También fotografiaron una escultura del papa Juan Pablo II cerca de la iglesia. Después se reunieron con los demás estudiantes y profesores y disfrutaron de su tiempo juntos antes de regresar a Santa Cruz.
France before the revolution by AridaneHilario Roma
France was facing a period of crisis before the Revolution of 1789, with a society divided between the privileged and unprivileged and an economy strained by the costs of the American War. The monarchy was also facing a political crisis, with King Louis XVI losing support as reforms failed to progress. The bourgeoisie saw this moment of crisis as an opportunity to spark a revolution and take power.
The Restoration. The Congress of Vienna by Diego y Alejandro AgrasoHilario Roma
The Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815 aimed to redraw the political map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Key outcomes included Russia gaining control of much of Poland and Finland, Austria obtaining Lombardy and Veneto in Italy, and Prussia receiving the Rhineland, Saarland, and Saxony. The Congress lasted from October 1814 to June 1815, and was led by important figures like the Tsar of Russia Alexander I, Austrian Chancellor Metternich, and the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, who worked to restore the balance of power in Europe.
The Crisis of The Ancient Regime by Natalia Benítez and ValeriaHilario Roma
La Constitución de 1791 consolidó el triunfo de la alta burguesía pero no satisfizo a las masas populares que buscaban mayores cambios. Ni el rey ni los privilegiados aceptaron la pérdida de su poder. Tras las elecciones, la nueva Asamblea moderada aprobó decretos contra los emigrados y el clero que se oponían, pero el rey vetó ambos decretos. La guerra contra Austria y Prusia y la huida frustrada de la familia real llevaron al asalto del palacio real
The Revolutions of 20's by Martín and YasmínHilario Roma
Las revoluciones de 1820 comenzaron con la independencia de las colonias españolas y portuguesas en América debido al deseo de los criollos de gobernarse a sí mismos y la debilidad de España. Luego, las revoluciones se extendieron a Europa, afectando principalmente a España, Nápoles, Portugal y Grecia, impulsadas por las ideas liberales y nacionalistas. Los gobernantes absolutos de estos países intentaron reprimir los movimientos revolucionarios, mientras que en otros como Alemania y Francia hubo protestas pero no revoluciones
Viaje a Tenerife por Laura, Keyla y SeleneHilario Roma
El documento describe un viaje de estudiantes de Gran Canaria a Tenerife. Salieron a las 6 de la mañana en guagua hacia Agaete para embarcar en el barco a Tenerife. Visitaron Santa Cruz y La Laguna, donde vieron el tranvía, edificios notables y la fuente de la Plaza del Adelantado. También exploraron el Palacio de Nava, construido en 1585, y escucharon música callejera. Regresaron cansados a Santa Cruz para comer antes de volver a Gran Canaria en barco sobre las 8 de la noche.
2º ESO - Iker Catedral de Santa María de SegoviaHilario Roma
La Catedral de Santa María de Segovia es una catedral gótica construida entre los siglos XVI y XVIII. Es conocida como la "Dama de las Catedrales" debido a sus impresionantes dimensiones y elegancia. Algunas de sus características principales incluyen tres naves, capillas laterales, crucero, cabecera y girola. También cuenta con una torre de 88 metros y varias puertas ornamentadas.
El documento resume las experiencias de un estudiante durante un viaje escolar a Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Describe su viaje en barco y tranvía, la visita a varios edificios históricos como la Casa de los Marqueses de Torrehermosa, y las actividades del día como una exposición sobre el casco histórico. Al final, expresa las lecciones y experiencias positivas aprendidas durante el viaje.
This document provides a summary of Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824. It discusses how Spain and Portugal's colonial empires in Latin America led to grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxation by the imperial powers. The American and French Revolutions inspired some colonists to seek more political and economic control. When Spain and Portugal faced difficulties due to war with France, it weakened their control over colonies and independence movements arose. By 1824, both the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Latin America had collapsed and new independent nations were formed, but they struggled with division and establishing effective governments and economies.
Week 5 Worksheet HST276 Version 23Week 5 Worksheet As you.docxcockekeshia
Week 5 Worksheet
HST/276 Version 2
3Week 5 Worksheet
As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
1. Revolutionary France
a. Burdened by debt from the Seven Years’ War and French support for the American Revolution, King needed to raise taxes, so he agreed to convene the , which met in 1789 at Versailles. Led by the —those outside the aristocracy or church— a new was declared on June 17, 1789. Its members swore, in the Tennis Court Oath, to create a new for France.
b. Nervous about the new National Constituent Assembly, the king gathered troops near Versailles and in early July of 1789. The citizens of , anxious about the royal troops, formed a militia and, on July 14, 1789, stormed the fortress of the city, the , earning a position in the French Revolution for -class people.
c. Following the events of July 14, 1789, workers in many French cities formed militias, and peasants rose up in the countryside in a movement called the . To confront these threats, aristocrats and clergy in the National Constituent Assembly surrendered many of their privileges on August , 1789, establishing the same and equal laws for all French citizens. The National Constituent Assembly went on to issue the Declaration on August 27, 1789. The king hesitated to ratify either of these decisions.
d. Worried that the king might suppress the revolution and demanding more , the of Paris marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789, and returned with the royal family, who moved to the palace of the in the city, where popular pressure could be maintained.
e. In 1790, the National Constituent Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the , which declared government control over the Church in France. They demanded that priests and bishops swear to support the Civil Constitution and declared those who refused to take the oath were and prohibited them from conducting religious ceremonies. These actions convinced the , in February of 1791, to denounce the Civil Constitution and the . The National Constituent Assembly replaced the traditional provinces with , founded uniform courts, and established the system of measurement.
f. The Constitution of 1791, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly, established a constitutional that limited many people, including all women, from voting. The new Legislative Assembly declared war on in 1792. The war initially went poorly, and revolutionaries grew more radical. On August 10, 1792, the people of Paris invaded the palace, forcing the king and queen to flee to the , which held them comfortably but did not allow them any political power.
g. During the second revolution, the new radical government of Paris, the executed hundreds of criminals, calling them counterrevolutionaries, during the Massacres. This gove.
Revolutions and State Formation in Europe, 5th lecture: Mediterranean revolut...ChrisAliprantis2
1) The document discusses revolutions that occurred across Europe and the Mediterranean between 1789-1871, with a focus on the Greek revolution of 1821-1830.
2) It provides context on revolutionary ideas spreading after the French Revolution and resistance from post-1815 governments. Revolutions then occurred in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Russia in 1820-1821, as well as Greece.
3) The Greek revolution differed in that it aimed for an independent Greek state, as Greeks had lived under Ottoman rule for centuries and Greek nationalism was growing. It ultimately succeeded after earlier revolutions elsewhere failed due to foreign intervention.
Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. The period from 1810-1824 saw most Latin American countries declare independence, including Mexico in 1821, Brazil in 1822, and Peru in 1824. After achieving independence, the new nations worked to establish stable political and economic systems during a turbulent period of the 1820s and 1830s, with many experiencing political instability and conflict.
Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. By the 1820s, most Latin American countries had declared independence, though Spain held out in some areas until the 1820s. In the post-independence period, the new nations experienced political instability as they established new governments and struggled with internal conflicts. By the 1850s, many Latin American economies were growing due to increased international trade, particularly with Britain and the United States. However, some countries like Ecuador and Argentina continued to experience political turmoil and civil wars into the late 19th century as they developed their national identities independent of European colonial powers.
The document provides an overview of revolutionary changes in the Atlantic world between 1750-1850. It discusses the colonial wars and fiscal crises that drove European powers to seek new sources of revenue. The Enlightenment challenged old political ideas and thinkers like Locke and Rousseau proposed new concepts of government and individual rights. The American and French Revolutions broke out in response to taxation attempts and economic struggles. Both revolutions overthrew old regimes but established new republican systems of government.
The independence of Mexico was the result of a political and social process that ended in armed conflict and Spanish rule in New Spain. The Mexican War for Independence lasted from 1810 to 1821, beginning with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's Grito de Dolores call to arms and ending with the entry of the Trigarante Army into Mexico City. The movement was influenced by Enlightenment liberal revolutions of the late 18th century and fueled by economic and political tensions under Spanish rule. After early leaders were defeated, the movement transitioned to guerrilla warfare until Agustin de Iturbide united rebel and royalist factions under the Plan de Iguala to finally declare independence from Spain on September 27, 18
The document summarizes key events in the Americas during the 1700s. The French and Indian War ended in 1763 with Britain gaining control over North America. The American Revolution began as American colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776. Additionally, the Haitian Revolution of 1791 saw slaves revolt against exploitation by European colonizers. Religious movements like the Great Awakening spread across the colonies in the mid-1700s. Governments also evolved, from the Articles of Confederation to the U.S. Constitution being adopted in 1787. European powers like Spain and Portugal dominated colonial governments in South America through the 18th century.
This document provides an overview of nation-building and economic transformation in the Americas between 1800-1890. It summarizes the independence movements in Latin America beginning in the early 1800s, led by figures like Simon Bolivar. It also discusses the establishment of new political systems in these countries and the challenges of regionalism. It outlines the abolition of slavery in different nations and the impacts of immigration. It analyzes social changes including the development of women's rights movements and struggles for racial justice.
The document summarizes the Latin American independence movements that occurred between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Key events included Toussaint L'Ouverture leading a successful slave revolt in Haiti in 1791, Simon Bolivar helping liberate several South American countries from Spanish rule in the 1810s-1820s, and Mexico gaining independence from Spain in 1821 led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos. The movements led to political instability in the newly independent countries as they struggled with tensions between liberals and conservatives over governance. Economically, the regions remained dependent on Western European powers that dominated their markets.
The document provides a summary of the Latin American independence movements between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It describes how independence movements in Latin American countries like Mexico, Brazil, and nations in Central and South America led to revolutions against Spanish rule and the establishment of new republics in the early 1800s, though political instability and dictatorships remained common issues in the early consolidation period.
The independence of the spanish colonies in america2liviadivina96
The document provides background on the independence of the Spanish colonies in America from 1808-1825. It discusses the various factors that led to independence, including the American and French Revolutions, as well as economic and political problems within the Spanish Empire. The independence process occurred in phases, with the first phase from 1808-1818 involving declarations of independence in Venezuela, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Paraguay led by figures like Miranda, Belgrano, Hidalgo, and O'Higgins. The document outlines some of the key events and battles in each country's independence movement during this volatile period.
This document provides an overview of influential historical events that shaped the 19th century, including:
- The Bourbon Reforms in Spain and their effects in the Philippines like promoting agriculture and administrative reforms.
- The American and French Revolutions gave rise to nationalism and the idea that loyalty is to one's nation rather than the king.
- The Industrial Revolution began in England and spread, transforming manufacturing through machines.
- Western imperialism spread ideas and knowledge but also relied on force to conquer other nations.
The document provides an overview of Latin America from the period of independence in the early 19th century through the late 19th century. It discusses several key events and trends during this period including:
1) The independence movements that began in the early 1800s and ended colonial rule by Spain and Portugal, giving rise to independent nations in Latin America.
2) The turbulence and instability that many Latin American countries experienced in the first few decades after independence as they struggled with political conflicts and lack of central control.
3) The wars and rebellions that plagued Mexico throughout much of the 19th century, including the Mexican-American War and civil conflicts between Liberals and Conservatives.
The document provides background information on Latin America's independence movements from Spain in the early 19th century. It discusses how Spain's Bourbon Reforms unintentionally helped foster independence by training colonial militias. The Enlightenment ideas of the time also challenged Spanish rule. By the 1820s, most Latin American colonies had achieved independence, though establishing stable political systems proved difficult. Mexico's independence movement was similarly sparked by the Bourbon Reforms and the disruption of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1810.
This document provides an overview of nation-building efforts in the Americas between the late 18th century and mid-19th century. It describes how Latin American countries gained independence from European rule, through leaders like Bolivar and San Martin, leading to the end of European dominance by 1824. It also outlines the expansion and strengthening of the United States through territorial growth, wars, and political and economic developments, until tensions over slavery erupted into the American Civil War in 1861.
The document summarizes Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824 as Spain and Portugal's colonies gained independence. It discusses the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Brazil. While the empires functioned well for three centuries, grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxes imposed by imperial powers grew in the mid-1700s. The first decades of independence saw increased political participation but fundamental social and economic structures changed little.
The independence movements in Latin America started in the early 19th century against the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires, which stretched from modern-day United States to Argentina. Key leaders of independence included Simon Bolivar, who fought for independence in northern South America, and Jose de San Martin, a major leader in the southern cone. Independence was a long process that involved many wars and conflicts throughout the 1810s and 1820s.
Latin American revolutionary movements in the early 19th century were led by creoles seeking independence from European colonial powers like Spain and Portugal. By the 1820s and 1830s, most Latin American states had gained independence, though political instability and authoritarian rule by military dictators were common. Independence did little to improve the conditions of indigenous and slave populations. Throughout the late 1800s, new revolutionary movements emerged seeking land reform, secular rule, and greater political participation as Latin American nations struggled with foreign economic domination and conflicts over land and resources with native groups.
Similar to The Spanish America Revolution by Carlos, Alejandro Miranda and Alejandro Rodríguez (20)
2º ESO Alexandra CATEDRAL DE SAN PEDRO DE SORIAHilario Roma
La colegiata de San Pedro en Soria, España es una joya de la arquitectura románica que data del siglo XII. Fue construida entre los siglos XVI y XVII y su estilo arquitectónico combina elementos románicos, renacentistas y barrocos. La iglesia original pudo haberse construido durante el periodo de repoblación de Soria entre 1109-1114.
2º ESO David Catedral de Santa María de SigüenzaHilario Roma
The Cathedral of Sigüenza is located in Guadalajara, Spain. It was built in the Romanesque and Gothic styles starting in 1121 when Bishop Bernardo de Agén was named bishop. The large Gothic cathedral features ashlar stone construction and was designated a historic monument in 1931. During the Spanish Civil War, the cathedral's ceiling and stained glass windows were damaged but reconstruction was completed by 1947. The interior contains the high altar of San Pedro as well as several notable tombs.
2 ESO - Cumara cat de S. Pedro de AngulemaHilario Roma
La catedral de San Pedro en Angoulême, Francia, es el monumento más importante de la ciudad y ha sido reconstruida varias veces a lo largo de la historia. Data del siglo IV pero ha sido destruida y reconstruida en estilo románico-bizantino. Tiene una fachada dominada por dos torres con esculturas y bajorrelieves que representan temas religiosos. En el interior, la nave central está cubierta por cúpulas y el crucero contiene capillas como la de la Virgen y las Obras Pías.
Angers es la antigua capital de Anjou y alberga una catedral del siglo XII dedicada a San Mauricio. La catedral tiene una nave central con forma de cruz latina y alberga importantes vitrales desde el siglo XII así como una portada del siglo XII que representa escenas del Antiguo Testamento. Angers es actualmente un puerto fluvial antiguo situado entre París y el suroeste de Francia.
2 ESO - Shakira Catedral de MondoñedoHilario Roma
El documento describe la historia de la ciudad de Mondoñedo en el noroeste de España. Originalmente fundada como un monasterio en el siglo IX, la ciudad se convirtió en la sede de una diócesis en el siglo XII. La catedral de Mondoñedo, construida entre los siglos XIII y XIV, refleja una mezcla única de estilos arquitectónicos y alberga importantes obras de arte. La ciudad ha sido declarada Sitio Histórico-Cultural Nacional debido a su rica historia y patrimonio cultural.
2 ESO - Rubén Catedral de Santo Domingo de la CalzadaHilario Roma
La catedral de Santo Domingo de la Calzada se encuentra en La Rioja, España, fue construida originalmente en estilo románico entre los siglos XII y XVII con elementos góticos y barrocos, y está dedicada al culto católico tras ser donado el terreno para su construcción en 1098.
The cathedral of Ourense is the principal religious monument in Ourense, Spain. It was built between the mid-11th century and late 13th century in the Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles. The cathedral has a central apse with small bows on brackets that influenced other churches in Galicia, as well as a presbiterial section and vaulted interior decorated with columns attached to the walls.
2 ESO - Nadia y Sofía S. Catedral de Santa María de LugoHilario Roma
La Catedral de Santa María de Lugo se encuentra en la Plaza de Santa María en Lugo, España. Presenta estilos arquitectónicos como el románico, barroco y gótico. Comenzó su construcción en 1129 y finalizó en 1273 bajo la dirección de Reimundo de Monfort. El interior posee una impresionante nave central y capillas laterales a pesar de las modificaciones a lo largo de los siglos.
2 ESO - Marianne Cathedral Notre dDame es Doms AvignonHilario Roma
This document provides a layout of a cathedral including key areas like the papal palace, organ, choir, and balustrade. The papal palace and organ are located within the cathedral. The choir sings from the balustrade area.
2 ESO - Lorena Catedral de Santa María de TarragonaHilario Roma
La catedral de Santa María de Tarragona es una catedral gótica construida entre 1170 y 1331. Ubicada en Tarragona, España, tiene planta de cruz latina con tres naves, transepto y tres ábsides semicirculares. Su construcción comenzó en estilo románico pero fue evolucionando hacia el gótico, con arcos apuntados y contrafuertes. Destacan elementos como el tímpano con el Juicio Final realizado por Jaume Cascalls en 1375.
2 ESO Eva Chang - Catedral vieja de SalamancaHilario Roma
La Catedral Vieja de Salamanca fue fundada en el siglo XII y terminada en el siglo XIV, y sirvió como fortaleza. Aunque se planificó demolerla para construir la nueva catedral, este plan se abandonó debido al tiempo que tomó completar la nueva. Es un edificio de estilo románico y gótico con planta de cruz latina y tres naves.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. The Spanish American wars of independence
were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in
Spanish America that took place during the early
19th century, after the French invasion of Spain
during Europe's Napoleonic Wars.
3. Historical background
Several factors set the stage for wars of independence. First the Bourbon Reforms of the mid-eighteenth century
introduced changes to the relationship of Spanish Americans to the Crown. In an effort to better control the
administration and economy of the overseas possessions the Crown reintroduced the practice of appointing outsiders,
almost all peninsulars, to the various royal offices throughout the empire. This meant that Spanish Americans lost the
gains they had made in holding local offices as a result of the sale of offices during the previous century and a half. In
some areas—such as Cuba, Río de la Plata and New Spain—the reforms had positive effects, improving the local
economy and the efficiency of the government.
4. In other areas, the changes in crown's economic and
administrative policies led to tensions with locals, which at times
erupted into open revolts, such as the Revolt of the Comuneros in
New Granada and the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II in Peru.
Neither of these two eighteenth-century developments—the loss
of high offices to Criollos and the revolts—were the direct causes
of the wars of independence, which took place decades later, but
they were important elements of the political background in which
the wars took place.
Other factors included Enlightenment thinking and the examples of the Atlantic
Revolutions. The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social and economic reform to
spread throughout Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Ideas about free trade and
physiocratic economics were raised by the Enlightenment in Spain. The political reforms
implemented and the many constitutions written both in Spain and throughout the
Spanish world during the wars of independence were influenced by these factors.
5. Creation of new governments in Spain and
Americas, 1808-1810
The Peninsular War was the trigger for the
wars of independence. The Peninsular
War began an extended period of
instability in the world-wide Spanish
monarchy which lasted until 1823.
Napoleon's removal of the Bourbon
dynasty from the Spanish throne
precipitated a political crisis. Although the
Spanish world almost uniformly rejected
Napoleon's plan to give the crown to his
brother,Joseph, there was no clear
solution to the lack of a king.
6. This impasse was resolved through
negotiations between the juntas and the
Council of Castile, which led to the creation
of a "
Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies
" on September 25, 1808. It was agreed that
the traditional kingdoms of the peninsula
would send two representatives to this
Central Junta, and that the overseas
kingdoms would send one representative
each. These "kingdoms" were defined as "the
viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru,
New Granada, and Buenos Aires, and the
independent captaincies general of the island
of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Chile,
Province of Venezuela, and the Philippines."
The dissolution of the Supreme Junta on
January 29, 1810, because of the
reverses suffered after the
Battle of Ocaña by the Spanish forces
paid with Spanish American money, set
off another wave of juntas being
established in the Americas. French
forces had taken over southern Spain
and forced the Supreme Junta to seek
refuge in the island-city of Cadiz.
7. First phase of the wars of independence;
1810-1814
The creation of juntas in Spanish America, such as the Junta Suprema de Caracas on April 19,
1810, set the stage for the fighting that would afflict the region for the next decade and a half.
Political fault lines appeared, and were often the causes of military conflict. On the one hand the
juntas challenged the authority of all royal officials, whether they recognized the Regency or not.
On the other hand, royal officials and Spanish Americans who desired to keep the empire
together were split between liberals, who supported the efforts of the Cortes, and conservatives
(often called "absolutists" in the historiography), who did not want to see any innovations in
government. Finally, although the juntas claimed to carry out their actions in the name of the
deposed king, Ferdinand VII, their creation provided an opportunity for people who favored
outright independence to publicly and safely promote their agenda. The proponents of
independence called themselves patriots, a term which eventually was generally applied to
them.
8. The creation of juntas in Spanish America, such as
the Junta Suprema de Caracas on April 19, 1810,
set the stage for the fighting that would afflict the
region for the next decade and a half. Political fault
lines appeared, and were often the causes of
military conflict. On the one hand the juntas
challenged the authority of all royal officials,
whether they recognized the Regency or not. On
the other hand, royal officials and Spanish
Americans who desired to keep the empire together
were split between liberals, who supported the
efforts of the Cortes, and conservatives (often
called "absolutists" in the historiography), who did
not want to see any innovations in government.
Finally, although the juntas claimed to carry out
their actions in the name of the deposed king,
Ferdinand VII, their creation provided an
opportunity for people who favored outright
independence to publicly and safely promote their
agenda. The proponents of independence called
themselves patriots, a term which eventually was
generally applied to them.
9. The idea that independence was not the initial concern is
evidenced by the fact that few areas declared independence in
the years after 1810. The congresses of Venezuela and New
Granada did so in 1811 and also Paraguay in same year (14
and 15 of May 1811). Some historians explain the reluctance to
declare independence as a "mask of Ferdinand VII": that is,
that patriot leaders felt that they needed to claim loyalty to the
deposed monarch in order to prepare the masses for the
radical change that full independence eventually would entail.
10. Nevertheless, even areas such as Río de la Plata and
Chile, which more or less maintained de facto
independence from the peninsular authorities, did not
declare independence until quite a few years later, in
1816 and 1818, respectively. Overall, despite achieving
formal or de facto independence, many regions of
Spanish America were marked by nearly continuous
civil wars, which lasted well into the 1820s. In Mexico,
where the junta movement had been stopped in its
early stages by a coalition of Peninsular merchants and
government officials, efforts to establish a government
independent of the Regency or the French took the
form of popular rebellion, under the leadership of
Miguel Hidalgo.
Hidalgo was captured and executed in
1811, but a resistance movement
continued, which
declared independence from Spain in 1813
. In Central America,
attempts at establishing juntas were also
put down, but resulted in significantly less
violence. The Caribbean islands, like the
Philippines on the other side of the world,
were relatively peaceful. Any plots to set
up juntas were denounced to the
authorities early enough to stop them
before they gained widespread support.
11. Independenced cosolidated, 1820-25
To counter the advances the pro-independence forces had made in South America, Spain
prepared a second, large, expeditionary force in 1819. This force, however, never left
Spain. Instead, it became the means by which liberals were finally able to reinstate a
constitutional regime. On January 1, 1820, Rafael Riego, commander of the Asturias
Battalion, headed a rebellion among the troops, demanding the return of the 1812
Constitution. His troops marched through the cities of Andalusia with the hope of extending
the uprising to the civilian population, but locals were mostly indifferent. An uprising,
however, did occur in Galicia in northern Spain, and from there it quickly spread throughout
the country. On March 7, the royal palace in Madrid was surrounded by soldiers under the
command of General Francisco Ballesteros, and three days later, on March 10, the
besieged Ferdinand VII, now a virtual prisoner, agreed to restore the Constitution.
12. New Spain and Central America
In effect, the Spanish Constitution of 1812 adopted by the Cortes de Cadiz
served as the basis for independence in New Spain and Central America,
since in both regions it was a coalition of conservative and liberal royalist
leaders who led the establishment of new states. The restoration of the
Spanish Constitution and representative government was enthusiastically
welcomed in New Spain and Central America. Elections were held, local
governments formed and deputies sent to the Cortes. Among liberals,
however, there was fear that the new regime would not last; and
conservatives and the Church worried that the new liberal government
would expand its reforms and anti-clerical legislation.
13. Central America gained its independence
along with New Spain. The regional elites
supported the terms of the Plan of Iguala
and orchestrated the union of Central
America with the Mexican Empire in
1821. Two years later, following Iturbide's
downfall, the region, with the exception of
Chiapas, peacefully seceded from Mexico
in July 1823, establishing the Federal
Republic of Central America. The new
state existed for seventeen years,
centrifugal forces pulling the individual
provinces apart by 1840.
14. South America
Unlike in New Spain and Central America, in South
America independence was spurred by the pro-
independence fighters who had held out for the past
half decade. José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar
inadvertently led a continent-wide pincer movement
from southern and northern South America that
liberated most of the Spanish American nations on that
continent. After securing the independence of Chile in
1818, San Martín concentrated on building a naval fleet
in the Pacific to counter Spanish control of those
waters and reach theroyalist stronghold of Lima. By
mid-1820 San Martín had assembled a fleet of eight
warships and sixteen transport ships under the
command of Admiral Cochrane.
The Chilean Declaration of Independence
on 18 February 1818
15. Bolívar, learning about the
collapse of the Cadiz expedition, spent
the year 1820 preparing a liberating
campaign in Venezuela. Bolívar was
aided by Spain's new policy of seeking
engagement with the insurgents,
which Morillo implemented,
renouncing to the command in chief,
and returning to Spain. Although
Bolívar rejected the Spanish proposal
that the patriots rejoin Spain under the
Spanish Constitution, the two sides
established a six-month truce and the
regularization of the
rules of engagement under the
law of nations on November 25 and
26. The truce did not last six months.
The First Chilean Navy Squadron
engaged in the liberation of Peru and
sailed as far as to Baja California raiding
Spanish ships.
16. In Peru, on January 29, 1821, Viceroy
Pezuela was deposed in a coup d'état by
José de la Serna, but it would be two months
before San Martín moved his army closer to
Lima by sailing it to Ancón. During the next
few months San Martín once again engaged
in negotiations, offering the creation of an
independent monarchy; but La Serna
insisted on the unity of the Spanish
monarchy, so the negotiations came to
nothing. By July La Serna judged his hold on
Lima to be weak, and on July 8 the royal
army abandoned the coastal city in order to
reinforce positions in the highlands, with
Cuzco as new capital of viceroyalty. On the
12th San Martín entered Lima, where he
was declared "Protector of the Country" on
July 28, an office which allowed him to rule
the newly independent state
José de San Martín's proclamation of the
independence of Peru on 28 July 1821 in
Lima.
17. Last royalist bastions, 1825-33
The Spanish coastal fortifications in Veracruz, Callao and
Chiloé were the footholds that resisted until 1825 and
1826 respectively. In the following decade, royalist
guerrillas continued to operate in several countries and
Spain launched a few attempts to retake parts of the
Spanish American mainland. In 1827 Colonel José
Arizabalo started an irregular war with Venezuelan
guerrillas, and Brigadier Isidro Barradas lead the last
attempt with regular troops to reconquer Mexico in 1829.
The Pincheira brothers moved to Patagonia and
remained there as royalist outlaws until defeated in 1832.
But efforts like these did not reverse the new political
situation.
18. The increasing irrelevancy of the Holy Alliance after 1825
and the fall of absolutism in France in 1830 during the
July Revolution eliminated the principal support of
Ferdinand VII in Europe, but it was not until the king's
death in 1833 that Spain finally abandoned all plans of
military re-conquest, and in 1836 its government went so
far as to renounce sovereignty over all of continental
America. During the course of the 19th century, Spain
would recognize each of the new states.
Only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898.
19. Effects of independence
The nearly decade and a half of wars greatly weakened the
Spanish American economies and political institutions, which
hindered the region's potential economic developmentfor most of
the nineteenth century and resulted in the enduring instability the
region experienced. Independence destroyed the de facto
trade bloc that was the Spanish Empire -Manila galleons and
Spanish treasure fleets in particular. After independence, trade
among the new Spanish American nations was less than it had
been in the colonial period. Once the ties were broken, the small
populations of most of the new nations provided little incentive to
entice Spanish American producers to recreate the old trade
patterns. In addition, the protection against European
competition, which the Spanish monopoly had provided to the
manufacturing sectors of the economy, ended.
20. Society
In addition to improving the economy, the lower social classes also had to
be integrated into the new body politic, although they often got few
rewards from independence. The political debate seeking answers to
these questions was marked by a clash—at times on the battlefield—
between liberalism and conservatism. Conservatives sought to maintain
the traditional social structures in order to ensure stability; liberals sought
to create a more dynamic society and economy by ending ethnically-
based social distinctions and freeing property from economic restrictions.
In its quest to transform society, liberals often adopted policies that were
not welcome by Native communities, who had benefited from unique
protections afforded to them by traditional Spanish law.
21. Role of women
Women were not simply spectators throughout the Independence Wars of
Latin America. Many women took sides on political issues and joined
independence movements in order to participate on many different levels.
Women could not help but act as caring relatives either as mother, sister,
wives or daughters of the men who were fighting. Women created political
organizations and organized meetings and groups to donate food and
supplies to the soldiers. Some women supported the wars as spies,
informants and combatants. Manuela Sáenz was a long term lover of Simón
Bolívar and acted as his spy and confidante and was secretary of his archive.
She saved his life on two occasions, nursed wounded soldiers and has even
been believed some historians to have fought in a few battles.
Map of territories that became
independent during those wars (blue)
22. Government and politics
Independence also did not result in stable political regimes,
save in a few countries. First, the new nations did not have
well-defined identities, but rather the process of creating
identities was only beginning. This would be carried out
through newspapers and the creation of national symbols,
including new names for the countries ("Mexico",
"Colombia," "Ecuador," "Bolivia," "Argentina"), that broke
with the past. In addition, the borders were also not firmly
established, and the struggle between federalism and
centralism, which begun in independence, continued
throughout the rest of the century.
23. The wars destroyed the old civilian bureaucracy that had
governed the region for centuries, as institutions such as the
audiencias were eliminated and many Peninsular officials fled
to Spain. The Catholic Church, which had been an important
social and political institution during the colonial period,
initially came out weakened by the end of the conflicts. As
with government officials, many Peninsular bishops
abandoned their dioceses and their posts were not filled for
decades until new prelates could be created and relations
between the new nations and the Vatican was regularized.
Then as the Church recovered, its economic and political
power was attacked by liberals.
Despite the fact that the period of the wars of
independence itself was marked by a rapid
expansion of representative government, for
several of the new nations the nineteenth century
was marked by militarism because of the lack of
well-defined political and national institutions. The
armies and officers that came into existence during
the process of independence wanted to ensure that
they got their rewards once the struggle was over.
Many of these armies did not fully disband once
the wars were over and they proved to be one of
the stabler institutions in the first decades of
national existence. These armies and their leaders
effectively influenced the course of political
development. Out of this new tradition came the
caudillos, strongmen who amassed formal and
informal economic, military and political power in
themselves.