The 1830 and 1848 revolutions in France were a result of unrest with the monarchy. In 1830, Charles X suspended civil liberties and restricted voting rights, leading to protests. He was forced to abdicate and flee to England. Louis Philippe became the "Citizen King" but inequality grew under his rule. In 1848, reformers planned a protest banquet that was banned, leading to more unrest. Louis Philippe abdicated and the Second Republic was formed, establishing universal male suffrage. However, Louis Napoleon later made himself emperor as Napoleon III, beginning the Second Empire.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
2. Background:
•Congress of Vienna had restored the
monarchy (after Napoleon)
•Louis XVIII became king
•A constitution was put into place: Charter
of French Liberties.
•2 house legislature
•Limited freedom of press
•When Louis XVIII died his brother Charles X
inherited the throne.
•Charles supported absolutism.
3. July 1830
Charles suspends the Charter
of French Liberties;
Limits the right to vote;
Restricts press.
Liberals and radicals throw up
barricades in the streets; they fire
on soldiers and throw rocks.
Within days they control Paris.
Charles abdicates and flees to England.
4. “Citizen King” Louis Philippe
Owed throne to the people
•Cousin of Charles X
•Had supported 1789 revolution
•Ruled under a constitutional monarchy
5. BUT over time…
•Extended vote to only the wealthy
•Working people grew poorer; middle
class and aristocracy wealthier
Once again, discontent with leadership of
country would lead to yet another revolution
6. Some reformers were planning a banquet…
…the government said LA LA LA.
Protestors took to the streets!
Louis Philippe abdicated (gave up the throne)…
…say good bye to the monarchy.
7. Louis Napoleon for President!
(N’s nephew)
Second Republic (First between Revolution and Napoleon):
•All adult men received right to vote
•Fueled women’s rights movement
•Inspired other revolutions in Europe
8. But then…
Louis Napoleon wanted to stay past his 4 year term…
•Arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him;
•Called for a vote on whether he could write a new constitution;
•Voters said YES
•Louis Napoleon became EMPEROR NAPOLEON II
•The SECOND EMPIRE begins.
9. The Second Empire
• Increased voting rights;
• Many new railroads;
• Increased trade & improved communications.
BUT…
• 1870 began a war with Prussia: Franco-
Prussian War.
• Napoleon captured; surrenders to Prussians.
10. The Third Republic
•Primary education for children 6-13;
•Trade unions legalized;
•By 1900 working hours reduced;
•1906 act requiring employers to give workers
one day off a week.
11. The rest of the story…well, in a nutshell…
Early governments of the Third Republic considered
re-establishing the monarchy, but confusion of the
nature of that monarchy, and who among the various
deposed royal families would be awarded the throne
caused those talks to stall and made the Third
Republic, originally intended to be a transitional
government, to become the permanent government
of France.
The Third Republic lasted until 1940 when Germany
invaded at the beginning of WWII.
