The document provides background on the Age of Revolution from 1763 to 1848. It summarizes several major revolutions during this period including the American Revolution against British rule, the French Revolution which overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic, and the Haitian Revolution which established Haiti as the first black republic. It also discusses the spread of revolutionary ideals to Latin America, leading to independence movements against Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule. Key influences included the ideas of the Enlightenment and desires for self-government and an end to colonialism and absolutism.

1. The Age of
Revolution
1763 1848
MK 2019

2. Political
power
Economic
power
Religious
power
Judicial
power
From Absolutism to
Constitutional States and
Republics

3. Background
Information

4. BACKGROUND - Definition
Revolution -
A sudden change in the status-quo: thinking
government
how things are done
society
economics

5. BACKGROUND - Connections
Absolutism
The development of Absolute
Monarchies throughout
Europe.
14th Century
Monarchs increase their power
Nobles lose power (except
England)
Protestant Reformation
The Church loses power and
the monarchs gain power.
Enlightenment
Enlightened philosophers
question what government and
society should be like.
?

6. BACKGROUND - Connections
Enlightenment
Enlightened philosophers
question what government and
society should be like.
Absolutism
The development of Absolute
Monarchies throughout Europe.
VS
AGE of
REVOLUTION

7. English
Civil War
_____
Limits
power of
King
American
Revolution
_________
Enlightenment
Ideas
Vs
change in
Statue quo
French
Revolution
______
Enlightenment
Ideas
VS
Absolutism
Haitian
Revolution
________
Enlightenment
Vs
Monarchy
Slavery
South
America
Revolutions
________
Revolutionary Dominos
Enlightenment
Vs
Monarchy
&
Colonialism

8. American
Revolution

9. American Revolution
1774 – 1783
Over-All Cause:
Enlightenment Vs Changing Status Quo
Immediate causes:
1.England’s attempts to collect taxes from the colonies.
2. England’s attempts to re-establish political control
over the self-governing colonies.
3. Resistance by the colonies against the English Govt.

10. American Revolution
1774 – 1783
Background
Political leaders in England had allowed the American colonists a great deal of economic and political
freedom,
but because of financial problems, Parliament began to restrict local control and enforce Parliamentary
control.
American colonial leaders were well educated and were reading and familiar with Enlightenment ideas.
Colonial leaders remembered England’s Civil War and the struggle by Parliament to have power over the
monarchy.
The English Parliament, with the law (their laws/power) on their side attempted to subdue the colonies.

11. American Revolution
1774 – 1783
Main Characters:
England
Lord North – Prime Minister
Thomas Gage - General
Richard Howe - General
Charles Cornwallis – General
?? George III - King
America
John Adams - Politician
Thomas Jefferson - Politician
George Washington - General
John Hancock - Politician
Benjamin Franklin - Politician
France
Louis XVI - King
Charles de Vergennes – Foreign
Minister
Marquis de la Fayette - General

12. American Revolution
1774 – 1783
Timeline of Main Events
1754 – 1766 French & Indian War American colonists angry over broken promises
1765 – 1773 Tax raising Acts Parliament attempts to replenish its treasury
1774 “Intolerable Acts” Parliament punishes Boston for it’s violence against
the government and its “right to tax”.
1775 Lexington & Concord First armed conflict.
1776 America declares independence
1777 Valley Forge American Army becomes true fighting army.
1778 France becomes American ally
1781 Articles of Confederation American government is created.
Yorktown ½ of British army surrenders.
1783 Treaty of Paris After wearing down the British, the war ends with
England recognizing America as its own country.

13. American Revolution
1774 – 1783
Effects
Enlightenment ideas are put into practice in the new United States.
For the first time in history a colony gained Independence from its “mother country”.
France is left in debt as a result of the war.
France loses more land to England around the world.

14. French
Revolution

15. The Revolution of
RevolutionsStarting with the French Revolution,
Most revolutions followed a pattern of
revolution.
Revolution – to make a complete, full turn.
Revolution – A sudden change.
Down with the
King

16. French Revolution
1789 - 1799
Over-All Cause:
Enlightenment Vs Absolutism
Immediate causes:
1.France was deep in debt and needed more money.
2. Louis XVI was a weak and indecisive king.
3. Mini ice-Age caused poor harvests – lack of food
4. Huge gap between wealthy nobles and poor peasants
5. Nobles refused to give up long-held rights.

17. French Revolution
1789 - 1799
Background
France was still a feudal state (3 Estates: Clergy - Noble - Peasant)
France was deep in debt as a result of Louis XIV (Versailles), Louis XV (wars, Versailles, personal spending),
Louis XVI (Versailles).
A growing middle class which was not Noble but still counted as Peasant who wanted social and political
equality with the Nobles.
Unpopular Queen Marie Antionette from Austria was never trusted or liked by the French.
Inability of the government to deal with the debt and increasing inflation.
Enlightenment Ideas.

18. French Revolution
1789 - 1799
Main Characters:
Monarchy
Louis XVI - King of France
Marie Antionette - Queen of France
Jacques Necker - Finance Minister
Revolution Leaders
Marquis de Lafayette - National Guard
Jean Paul Marat - Radical Newspaper owner
George Danton - Leader of Paris Commune
Maximillian Robespierre - leader of the Committee
of Public Safety
Napoleon Bonaparte - Ends Revolution

19. French Revolution
1789 - 1799
Timeline of Main Events
1789 – *King calls for Estates General to
resolve finance issues.
* Tennis Court Oath
* Storming the Bastille
* Abolition of feudal order
* Declaration of the Rights of Man
* Fish-wives march to Versailles
1790 - * National Assembly
1791 - * Constitutional Monarchy
* King and Queen attempt to escape
1792 - * Paris Commune Established
* Austria, Prussia, England & Holland
attack
* French Republic established
1793 - * Trial & execution of king and queen
* Committee of Public Safety formed
* Reign of Terror begins
1794 - * Extreme Terror
* Cult of the “Supreme Being”
1795 - * Directory formed
* End of the Reign of Terror

20. French Revolution
1798 – 1799
Timeline of Main Events
1796 – 1798 - France defeats enemies – (Napoleon)
1799 - 1st Consulate formed – (Napoleon and 2 others)
2nd Consulate formed – (Napoleon and 2 others. Napoleon is 1st Consul and then dictator)
Revolution ends… (or does it?)
1804 - Napoleon crowned Emperor of France
Royal Flag Const. Monarchy
Flag
French Consulate
Flag
French Republic
Flag
Imperial French
Flag

21. French Revolution
1789 - 1799
Effects
End of Feudal France and elimination of French monarchy (for a while)
Greatly reduced the power of the Catholic Church
Growth of Nationalism and Liberalism
Rise of Napoleon
Influenced Haitian Revolution
Influenced Latin American revolutions
Set a pattern for revolutions in the future.
Lady Gaga French
Revolution Video
Click to view – (optional)

22. Haitian
Revolution

23. Haitian Revolution
1791 - 1804
Over-All Cause:
Enlightenment Vs Slavery & Monarchy
Immediate causes:
1. French Revolution.
2. Unspeakably harsh slavery conditions.
3. Desire for self-government.
4. End to colonialism.

24. Haitian Revolution
1791 - 1804
Background
St. Dominique ( Haiti ) occupied 1/3 of the Island it shared with Spanish Hispaniola.
500,000 slaves worked in the sugar cane fields and outnumbered the non slaves colonists
by a ratio of 8 : 1
St. Dominique was the wealthiest colony in the world.
Slaves were treated like a disposable commodity. Excessive cruelty.
Society was divided into different groups: Free whites (Grand Blancs), Free Blacks (Gens de Couleur),
Run-away slaves (Maroons) and slaves.

25. Haitian Revolution
1791 - 1804
Main Characters:
France
Louis XVI - King of France
Revolutionary National Government
Napoleon – French Emperor
Revolution Leaders
Vincent Oge - gens de couleur who wanted equality
Dutty Boukman – Leader of the Maroons
Toussaint – Leader of the Maroons
Dessalines - Leader of most blacks

26. Haitian Revolution
1791 - 1804
Timeline of Main Events
1789 – French Revolution begins.
Declaration of the Rights of Man is issued.
Whites want home rule, Free blacks want equality, slaves want freedom.
First black leader is killed after returning from France.
1790 – French National Assembly allows whites to determine political life in St. Dominique.
French National Assembly gives all men with two free parents full rights.
Whites want independence.
1791 – Dutty Boukman leads Maroons to attack and kill plantation owners. (15,000 killed)
Toussaint becomes leader of Maroons and freed slaves after Boukman’s death.
French Assembly revokes rights previously given to men of color.
Toussaint

27. Haitian Revolution
1791 - 1804
Timeline of Main Events
1792 - France grants full rights to all free people of color.
France sends soldiers to the island to maintain control.
1793 - England and Spain invade St. Dominique.
1794 - France abolishes slavery in all French territories. Attempt to regain control of the island.
1795 – 1800 - Civil war and foreign invasion continue.
1801 – Toussaint becomes leader of St. Dominique and tries to restore slavery.
1804 - Dessalines becomes leader and declares a dictatorial republic
Renamed Haiti.
Dessalines

28. Haitian Revolution
1791 - 1804
Effects
First and only successful slave revolution in world history.
Frightened slave owning countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Made lives of slaves elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere more difficult.
Haiti never recovered and has never been a prosperous nation.
Today Haiti is the 6th poorest country in the world and the poorest in the
Western Hemisphere.
Average yearly wage is $250. The world gives over 2 billion dollars a year in aid.

29. Latin American
Revolutions

30. Latin American
Revolutions
1808 - 1836
Background
Royal Spain and Portugal controlled almost all of the Central and South American colonies.
Large amounts of mineral wealth and agricultural wealth flowed from Latin America to the Iberian
Peninsula.
The French Revolution ( 1789 – 1799 ) had ended with Napoleon Bonaparte in charge of France.
Napoleon spread liberal, revolutionary ideas when he invaded and conquered Spain 1807 – 1808
and invaded Portugal in 1808.
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) became the temporary capital of a disorganized Portugal from 1808 – 1821.

31. Latin American
Revolutions
1808 - 1836
Main Characters:
Royal
Joseph Bonaparte - King of Spain
John VI - King of Portugal
Revolution Leaders
Simon Bolivar - Venezuela, Columbia, Equator
Jose de San Martin - Rio-Plata ( Chile, Peru )
Pedro I - Brazil

32. Over-All Cause:
Enlightenment Vs Colonialism &
Monarchy
Immediate causes:
1. Spread of Liberal Revolutionary ideas (Enlightenment)
2. Success of American, French and Haitian revolutions
3. Spanish colonial “Caste System” (creoles & mestizos)
4. Napoleon’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsula
5. Weakness of Spanish and Portuguese authority
Latin American
Revolutions
1808 - 1836

33. Latin American
Revolutions
1808 - 1836
Timeline of Main EventsIndependence was declared:
1811 - Paraguay
1813 - Venezuela
1814 - Columbia
1816 - Rio de la Plata (Argentina)
1817 - Chile
1820 - Uruguay
1821 - Peru
Mexico
1822 - Ecuador
Brazil
United States recognizes the
independence of the former Spanish
colonies.
1823 – Nation of Central America formed
( Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras
Nicaragua )
1829 – Failed Spanish attempt to regain control over
her former American colonies.
1836 - Spain recognizes the independence of her
former American colonies
1838 – 1840 – Central American Civil War
1840 – End of Central America / creation of 7
individual states

34. Latin American
Revolutions
1808 - 1833
Effects
Unstable governments formed because people are divided: wealthy = dictatorships lower classes
have no experience with democracy.
United States President James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine to keep European powers out
of the Western Hemisphere.
Latin American countries can now trade with more countries and not just the “mother country”.
Unequal / unfair distribution of land seized from former Spanish landowners.
New political systems were dominated by strong men from European backgrounds. This did not
lead to democracy or equality.
Seeds of instability and poverty.

35. Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution
New ways of
thinking
Age of Revolutions Absolutism falls and Enlightenment
ideas spread
Industrial Revolution Coming soon…
So many Revolutions

36. History of Latin
America
Click for video
optional

37. Fin