Nervous System and Types of Nerves ppt
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The nervous system is a complex network that coordinates the actions and sensory information of an animal's body. It uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit messages between the brain and other parts of the body. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate activity.
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Lecture 1. introduction to pharmacology (lecture notes text)
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The Nervous System (Slide Show)
The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body through nerves and allows for voluntary control of muscles and glands as well as involuntary reflexes. The nervous system monitors both internal and external changes through sensory receptors and responds through integration and motor functions to control the body.
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Nervous System
The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to organs and tissues). The central nervous system receives sensory information and coordinates motor responses through neurons that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor and interneurons. The peripheral nervous system has two divisions - somatic (voluntary control) and autonomic (involuntary control like digestion).
Nervous system notes
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and classifications. It describes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also discusses the structure and function of neurons, how impulses are transmitted, and the main regions and components of the brain and spinal cord.
Transmitters
This document defines neurotransmitters as endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between neurons across synapses. It lists important neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin, acetylcholine, catecholamines, and glutamate. It provides details on the synthesis, release, and actions of several key neurotransmitters including GABA, glutamate, serotonin, acetylcholine, glycine, and nitric oxide. It also discusses some disorders related to issues with neurotransmitters like deficiencies or excess levels.
Basic structure of neuron
The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.
Function of Dendrites. In order for neurons to become active, they must receive action potentials or other stimuli. Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. These messages come in two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory.
The Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.
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The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body through nerves and allows for voluntary control of muscles and glands as well as involuntary reflexes. The nervous system monitors both internal and external changes through sensory receptors and responds through integration and motor functions to control the body.
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Nervous system notes
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Transmitters
This document defines neurotransmitters as endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between neurons across synapses. It lists important neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin, acetylcholine, catecholamines, and glutamate. It provides details on the synthesis, release, and actions of several key neurotransmitters including GABA, glutamate, serotonin, acetylcholine, glycine, and nitric oxide. It also discusses some disorders related to issues with neurotransmitters like deficiencies or excess levels.
Basic structure of neuron
The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.
Function of Dendrites. In order for neurons to become active, they must receive action potentials or other stimuli. Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. These messages come in two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory.
The Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.
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3. The major neurotransmitters are classified as small molecule transmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and amino acids or large molecule transmitters like neuropeptides. Their roles in neurotransmission and disorders are also summarized.
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The document discusses neurotransmitters and their functions. It describes how neurotransmitters allow communication between neurons through secretion and reception. Some key neurotransmitters discussed include acetylcholine, catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, histamine, glycine, glutamate, and nitric oxide. The document also outlines the clinical importance of some neurotransmitters, with examples of conditions treated by agents that modulate neurotransmitter systems like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and allergies.
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Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Myelin allows faster impulse transmission. The nervous system regulates sensation, movement, and organ function through sensory, motor and interneurons. Nerve impulses rely on ion exchange and travel through the nervous system via pathways and reflex arcs.
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A synapse is a junction between two neurons that allows nerve impulses to be transmitted chemically or electrically. In a chemical synapse, an action potential causes calcium ions to enter the presynaptic neuron, triggering vesicles filled with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generating a postsynaptic potential that may be excitatory or inhibitory. Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by diffusion and enzymatic breakdown to terminate its effect and allow subsequent impulses to be transmitted.
Synaptic Transmission
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1. The document discusses neurotransmitters, which are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.
2. It identifies the conditions for a chemical to be classified as a neurotransmitter and discusses the major neurotransmitter systems and their functions.
3. The major neurotransmitters are classified as small molecule transmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and amino acids or large molecule transmitters like neuropeptides. Their roles in neurotransmission and disorders are also summarized.
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The document discusses neurotransmitters and their functions. It describes how neurotransmitters allow communication between neurons through secretion and reception. Some key neurotransmitters discussed include acetylcholine, catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, histamine, glycine, glutamate, and nitric oxide. The document also outlines the clinical importance of some neurotransmitters, with examples of conditions treated by agents that modulate neurotransmitter systems like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and allergies.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. They include acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and others. Neurotransmitters are synthesized and stored in neurons then released into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential. They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and are then inactivated by reuptake or degradation to terminate their effects. Common neurological disorders involve imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as Parkinson's disease being linked to low dopamine levels and Myasthenia gravis involving antibodies against acetylcholine receptors.
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The document discusses neurotransmitters, including their definition, life cycle, mechanisms of action, classification, and role in mental health. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. They are classified as cholinergics, monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides, purines, and gases/lipids. Imbalances can be caused by various factors and influence conditions like depression, Alzheimer's, and schizophrenia. Diagnosis involves identifying symptoms and testing neurotransmitter levels. Drugs can alter neurotransmission by agonizing or antagonizing neurotransmitter receptors. Nurses play a role in assessing patients and supporting neurotransmitter balance through diet, supplements, education, and rehabilitation.
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Otto Loewi discovered the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in 1921 through an experiment using two frog hearts. He found that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve of one heart caused it to slow down, and the same effect was seen in the second heart, showing that a chemical was being transmitted. Neurotransmitters meet four criteria: they are synthesized and stored in neurons, released at synapses, mimic the action of natural transmitters as drugs, and are removed from synapses. There are two main classes of neurotransmitters - small molecules like acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin; and peptides. Small molecules are synthesized in axon terminals while peptides are made in cell bodies.
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The document provides an overview of the physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the following key points:
- The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia cells. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals and neuroglia provide support.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
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The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls thought and movement. It is divided into four lobes with different functions. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. The spinal cord runs through the vertebrae and gives rise to spinal nerves. Nerves transmit signals between the CNS and body.
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The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which coordinate incoming and outgoing information. The PNS connects the CNS to organs and sensory receptors, carrying signals to and from the CNS. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in sensory, motor, and interneuron types that differ in their dendrite and axon structures. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS while motor neurons carry signals away, and interneurons connect signals within the CNS.
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The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains motor and sensory neurons. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement through skeletal muscles and the autonomic nervous system regulates organs and smooth muscles, divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems for fight-or-flight responses and maintenance.
What Is A Neuron
Neurons are specialized cells that carry messages through the body via electrochemical processes. They have extensions called dendrites that receive information and axons that carry information to other neurons or structures. At the junction between neurons called the synapse, chemicals called neurotransmitters relay messages. Neurons have irregular shapes and specialized structures that allow them to communicate rapidly and coordinate the body's thinking and behavior. Support cells called glia aid neurons by insulating axons, removing waste, and regulating blood flow in the brain.
Central Nervous System 1
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It has two principal parts: the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising nerves. The CNS integrates sensory input and dictates motor responses, while the PNS carries signals between the CNS and sensory receptors and effector organs. Neurons are the basic functional units and transmit signals via electrical impulses. Neuroglia provide support and insulation for neurons.
Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Myelin allows faster impulse transmission. The nervous system regulates sensation, movement, and organ function through sensory, motor and interneurons. Nerve impulses rely on ion exchange and travel through the nervous system via pathways and reflex arcs.
Synapse
A synapse is a junction between two neurons that allows nerve impulses to be transmitted chemically or electrically. In a chemical synapse, an action potential causes calcium ions to enter the presynaptic neuron, triggering vesicles filled with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generating a postsynaptic potential that may be excitatory or inhibitory. Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by diffusion and enzymatic breakdown to terminate its effect and allow subsequent impulses to be transmitted.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
The synapse
This document provides an overview of synapses, including their definition, structure, function, types of transmission (electrical vs. chemical), neurotransmitters, and various properties like synaptic delay, fatigue, summation, and more. It discusses excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how convergence and divergence allow signals to be dispersed or combined. Clinical implications are that problems with synaptic transmission can cause diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. They are synthesized in the presynaptic neuron, stored in vesicles, released into the synaptic cleft upon an action potential, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin. Neurotransmitters are involved in communication between neurons and play a role in diseases when their function is impaired.
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