This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, and their roles in various disorders. It begins by defining ROS as unstable molecules that can damage cells, and listing their sources. ROS are necessary in small amounts but can cause issues in excess. Antioxidants help neutralize ROS and prevent oxidative damage. The document then examines the roles of ROS and antioxidants in specific disorders like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic fatigue, cancers, pregnancy complications, and male infertility. It provides treatment options like antioxidant supplementation to help control ROS levels and reduce related disease complications.
Antioxidants are molecules capable of reducing the causes or effects of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors, disease, infection, inflammation, aging (ROS production). The body produces some endogenous antioxidants, but dietary antioxidants may provide additional line of defense. Flavonoids & other polyphenolics, Vitamins C & E, and Carotenoids are the most common dietary antioxidants. Many herbs and botanicals also contain antioxidants.
Any molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons readily form free radical molecules which are chemically reactive and highly unstable.
Antioxidants are molecules capable of reducing the causes or effects of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors, disease, infection, inflammation, aging (ROS production). The body produces some endogenous antioxidants, but dietary antioxidants may provide additional line of defense. Flavonoids & other polyphenolics, Vitamins C & E, and Carotenoids are the most common dietary antioxidants. Many herbs and botanicals also contain antioxidants.
Any molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons readily form free radical molecules which are chemically reactive and highly unstable.
Free radicals in human diseases and the roleMohammed Sakr
Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Free radicals are a main cause of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, aging and immune defense disorders. Foods like berries and carrot protect us against free radicals.
Oxidative Stress in Aging and Human Diseases - Exploring the MechanismsQIAGEN
Many modern diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, arthritis and neurodegenerative disease are related to aging, and aging is closely linked to oxidative stress. Intensive research is being conducted to understand the antioxidant defense mechanism, the mechanisms of aging itself, as well as their roles in human diseases. This slidedeck provides an update on how oxidative stress is linked to aging and how inflammation leads to aging through DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Recent progress on the health benefits of antioxidants and examination of their potential mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases are also covered. Various assay technologies to tackle the complex signaling pathways in this process will be introduced. Learn how you can apply these advanced tools to your research!
Antioxidants/ general dentistry Courses /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Free radicals in human diseases and the roleMohammed Sakr
Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Free radicals are a main cause of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, aging and immune defense disorders. Foods like berries and carrot protect us against free radicals.
Oxidative Stress in Aging and Human Diseases - Exploring the MechanismsQIAGEN
Many modern diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, arthritis and neurodegenerative disease are related to aging, and aging is closely linked to oxidative stress. Intensive research is being conducted to understand the antioxidant defense mechanism, the mechanisms of aging itself, as well as their roles in human diseases. This slidedeck provides an update on how oxidative stress is linked to aging and how inflammation leads to aging through DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Recent progress on the health benefits of antioxidants and examination of their potential mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases are also covered. Various assay technologies to tackle the complex signaling pathways in this process will be introduced. Learn how you can apply these advanced tools to your research!
Antioxidants/ general dentistry Courses /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
definition, properties, types of free radical, neurodegenerative disorder, cardiovascular disease, and cancer due to free radicals, importance of antioxidants and their role.
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
The imbalance between free radical production and endogenous antioxidant defence may result in cellular oxidative stress, causing oxidative damage to various cellular components, such as DNA, proteins and membrane lipids. The human system employs the use of endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence systems against the onslaught of free radicals and oxidative stress.
Unsurprisingly, oxidative damage has been implicated in and is believed to be a key factor causing various pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes and cancer. Free radicals can be quenched through a number of mechanisms. Antioxidants directly scavenge free radicals (e.g., via hydrogen atom transfer or electron transfer), prevent free radical formation by chelating metal ions and by interrupting the radical chain reactions of lipid peroxidation, thus retarding its progression. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, glutathione, alpha-lipoic acid, carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10. Other antioxidants include polyphenols, minerals (copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium), and cofactors (B-vitamins). Together, antioxidants work synergistically with each other using different mechanisms against different free radicals and stages of oxidative stress.
The benefits associated with antioxidants are numerous and diverse but it can be a minefield when choosing the appropriate antioxidant support for clients. In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey discusses the direct and indirect benefits and actions of key antioxidants including (but not limited to) astaxanthin, alpha lipoic acid, polyphenols and co-enzyme Q10, with a focus on:
-Antioxidant sources and benefits
-Mechanisms and actions
-When to combine antioxidants for synergistic effects
-Overcoming bioavailability issues
-Targeted intervention, which antioxidant(s) and why
External agents like carcinogens, pollutants, ionizing radiations produce oxidative stress in living cells generating reactive oxygen
species [ROS]. Cells have built in defense against these reactive species and keep a balance between generated ROS and their
neutralization by endogenous antioxidants [AO]. In addition, many antioxidants present in our diets react with the ROS and make
them inactive. The maintenance of balance is a continuous process inside cells to keep them functioning normally. When
generation of ROS exceeds the level of endogenous and externally added AOs , cells are driven to pathogenic state leading to
diseases. A variety of dietary AOs are available from various sources of fruits and vegetables. This paper aims to review the
molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, generation and reactions of ROS with vital molecules such as DNA, Protein and
membrane and involvement of ROS in the induction of cancer and other diseases. An attempt is made to suggest ways to reduce
cancer incidence risks , need to modify dietary foods by consuming vegetables, fruits for chemo prevention. An example has been
given to emphasize the role of curcumin as an antioxidant in the mechanism of chemoprevention.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Carcinogens, ROS, Antioxidants, Chemoprevention.
Free radical reactions are expected to produce progressive adverse changes that accumulate with age throughout the body. Such “normal” changes with age are relatively common to all.
However, superimposed on this common pattern are patterns influenced by genetics and environmental differences that modulate free radical damage.
These are manifested as diseases at certain ages determined by genetic and environmental factors.
Cancer and atherosclerosis, two major causes of death, are salient “free radical” diseases. Cancer initiation and promotion is associated with chromosomal defects and oncogene activation. It is possible that endogenous free radical reactions, like those initiated by ionizing radiation, may result in tumor formation.
Oxygen is an essential and fundamental term for life. Cells use oxygen to
produce energy for normal cell activities, Free radicals are normal
consequence of ATP production in the mitochondria. These by-products
are in general reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen
species (RNS). These two species are referred collectively as ROS/RNS.
The phrases "free radicals" and "reactive oxygen species" (ROS) are
frequently used interchangeably although this is not always correct. The
physiological state of increased steady-state ROS level along with certain
physiological effects has been called oxidative stress. These species play
a dual role. As benefit compounds at low or moderate levels. And as toxic
compounds at high concentrations by generation of oxidative stress .The
delicate balance between their two antagonistic effects is clearly an
important aspect of life [1-5]. Free radicals are, by definition, species
which contain an odd number of electrons. They may be positively
charged, negatively charged, or neutral and all three types are important
Emerging evidence indicates that impaired cellular energy metabolism is the defining characteristic of nearly all cancers regardless of cellular or tissue origin. In contrast to normal cells, which derive most of their usable energy from oxidative phosphorylation, most cancer cells become heavily dependent on substrate level phosphorylation to meet energy demands. Evidence is reviewed supporting a general hypothesis that genomic instability and essentially all hallmarks of cancer, including anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), can be linked to impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. A view of cancer as primarily a metabolic disease and how Autophagy process is activated will impact approaches to cancer management and prevention
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. We will discuss
ROS : Definition, Source, function and effect on human
body
Antioxidants: Definition, Type and Examples
Different disorders where Antioxidants is indicated
Role of ROS in these disorders
Treatment options
Antioxidant USPs
3. ROS - FREE RADICALS
DEFINITION
Free radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron in their
outer atomic orbital, causing the molecule to be extremely reactive
Free radicals cause oxidative damage in biological systems, which
includes damage to the cell membrane and other structures, DNA
molecules, lipids, and proteins
This damage arises from exposure to free radicals
4. ROS - FREE RADICALS
SOURCE
1.Byproduct of cellular respiration
2. Synthesized by enzyme systems –
phagocytic cells, neutrophils and
macrophage
3. Exposure to ionizing radiation
4. Smoking, herbicides, pesticides, fried foods, etc
5. ROS - FREE RADICALS
FUNCTION
1. Necessary for production of some hormones (thyroxine).
2. Generated to kill some types of bacteria and engulfed pathogens.
3. Normal cell functions and cell signaling.
4. A balance:
a. Free radicals generated by normal processes do become harmful if
inadequate anti-oxidant defenses are present. A balance between
production and removal/inactivation is required.
b. When free radicals are present in excess of the defense mechanism’s
ability to control them is when damage may occur.
c. Anti-oxidants – compounds which will provide electrons to free
radicals to neutralize them. The compounds are able to accommodate
6. ROS - FREE RADICALS
EFFECT ON HUMAN
Excessive ROS can induce oxidative damage in
cell constituents and promote a number of
degenerative diseases and aging.
ROS have been implicated in more than 100
diseases
7. ROS IS IMPLICATED IN
Diabetic complications
CVD – Atherosclerosis
Debility – Chronic fatigue
Prostate cancer
Infertility
Pregnancy complications
Breast Cancer
Eye Disorders
8. HOW TO CONTROL ROS
Free radicals are formed when an electron has
escaped from the outer orbit of molecule
Free radicals quench electron from nearby cell and
inturn damage the cell
Free radicals can be neutralized by donating an
electron and stabilizing the molecule
9. AN ANTIOXIDANT IS A MOLECULE
CAPABLE OF INHIBITING
THE OXIDATION OF OTHER
MOLECULES. OXIDATION IS
A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT
TRANSFERS ELECTRONS OR
HYDROGEN FROM A SUBSTANCE
TO AN OXIDIZING AGENT.
OXIDATION REACTIONS CAN
PRODUCE FREE RADICALS. IN
TURN, THESE RADICALS CAN
START CHAIN REACTIONS.
11. Common antioxidants (scavengers)
1. Bilirubin
2. Carotenoids
a. Beta-carotene b. Alpha-carotene
c. Beta-cryptoxanthin d. Lutein
e. Zeaxanthin f. Lycopene
3. Flavonoids
a. Quercetin
b. Rutin
c. Catechin
4. Uric acids 5. Thiols (R-SH)
6. Coenzyme Q10 7. Vitamin A, C, E, D.
Others antioxidants
1. Copper 2. glutathione (GSH)
3. Alpha lipoic acid 4.Manganise
5. Selenium 6. Zinc
12. Antioxidant compounds
Foods containing high levels
of these antioxidants
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Fresh Fruits and vegetables
Vitamin E (tocopherols,
tocotrienols)
Vegetable oils
Polyphenolic antioxidants
(resveratrol, flavonoids)
Tea, coffee, soy, fruit, olive
oil, chocolate, cinnamon, orega
no and red wine
Carotenoids(lycopene,
carotenes, lutein)
Fruit, vegetables and eggs.
Natural antioxidants
13. ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN OUR BODY
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase
The enzymatic antioxidants
The nonenzymatic antioxidants
Vitamins E, C, A or Provitamin A(beta-carotene), GSH
14. IDEAL ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY
Not one antioxidant alone can lead to health benefits
but the combination, as found for example in fruits
and vegetables, is the active principle, leads to
synergistic effects.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jul 18;
15. IDEAL ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY
The clinical studies have shown that the Antioxidant
supplements which are high in ORAC contents are
very potent in action against the Oxidative Stress
and Free Radicals which are responsible for the
complications of the various Diseases in the
humans.
16. ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES IN
HUMAN PLASMA AND LDL
Small Molecule Antioxidants Typical Plasma Conc.
• Water-Soluble: μM
Uric Acid 300
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 50
Albumin-Bound Bilirubin 15
Glutathione (GSH) < 2
• Lipid-Soluble (Lipoprotein): mol/mol LDL
α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 25 10
Ubiquinol-10 (Coenzyme Q10) 1.0 0.4
β-Carotene (Pro-Vitamin A) 0.5 0.2
Lycopene 0.5 0.2
17. DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder
characterized by hyperglycemia due to
insufficiency of secretion (Type 1)
or
utilization of endogenous insulin (Type 2)
18. ROS & DIABETES
Increased oxidative stress is a widely accepted
participant in the development and progression of
diabetes and its complications
Free radicals are formed disproportionately in diabetes
by glucose oxidation, on enzymatic glycation of proteins,
and the subsequent oxidative degradation of glycated
proteins.
19. ROS & DIABETES
Abnormally high levels of free radicals and the
simultaneous decline of antioxidant defence
mechanisms can lead to damage of
cellular organelles and enzymes,
increased lipid peroxidation,
and development of insulin resistance.
These consequences of oxidative stress can
promote the development of complications of
diabetes mellitus
20. DIABETES: AFFECTS QUALITY OF LIFE
Diabetes complications affecting the
vascular system,
kidney,
retina, lens,
peripheral nerves,
Skin
Complications are common and are extremely
costly in terms of longevity and quality of life.
21. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Oxidative damage is believed to be the
underlying mechanism in the etiology of
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
More recently, the multifaceted role of
oxidatively modified LDL has been
proposed as being instrumental in
atherogenesis
22. PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
AGE 20 AND OLDER BY AGE AND GENDER
Note: These data include CHD, CHF, stroke and hypertension.
Source: CDC/NCHS. : 1988-94
24. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
According to recent estimates, Cases of CVD may
increase from about 2.9 crore in 2000 to as many as
6.4 crore in 2015
Deaths from CVD will also more than double.
Most of this increase will occur on account of
coronary heart disease —AMI, angina, CHF
and inflammatory heart disease
Source:—Burden of Disease in India (New Delhi, India), September 2005
25. RISING PREVALENCE AND MORTALITY
Forecasting the prevalence rate (%) of coronary heart disease (CHD) in India
Estimated mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD)
27. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Hardening, loss of elasticity, and
thickening of arterial walls with
narrowing of the lumen of the artery
Principal cause of myocardial
infarction and stroke (heart and
brain attack)
29. MECHANISMS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Diaz, Frei et al. New Engl. J. Med. 1997;337:408-416
30. WHY ANTIOXIDANTS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS?
Inverse association between plasma
levels of carotenoids and the risk of
atherosclerosis in various vascular
territories support the hypothesis that
antioxidants protect against
atherosclerosis and other arterial
diseases
Atherosclerosis 153 (2000) 231-239
31. WHY ANTIOXIDANTS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS?
Inverse association between
plasma levels High serum levels of
total carotene, comprising alpha-
and beta-carotenes and lycopene,
may reduce the risk for
cardiovascular disease mortality
J Epidemiol. 2006 Jul;16(4):154-60.
32. CHRONIC FATIGUE
Intractable or chronic fatigue lasting
more than 6 months that is not reversed
by sleep is the most common complaint
of patients seeking medical care
It is also an important secondary
condition in many clinical diagnoses and
occurs naturally during aging
33. CHRONIC FATIGUE
Most patients understand fatigue as a loss of
energy and inability to perform even simple
tasks without exertion.
Many medical conditions are associated with
fatigue, including respiratory, coronary,
musculoskeletal, and bowel conditions as well
as infections and cancer
34. CHRONIC FATIGUE:ETIOLOGY
Fatigue is related to cellular energy systems found
primarily in the cells' mitochondria.
Damage to mitochondrial components, mainly by
ROS oxidation, can impair their ability to produce high-
energy molecules such as ATP.
This occurs naturally with aging and during chronic
illnesses, where the production of ROS can cause
oxidative stress and cellular damage, resulting in
oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA
36. CHRONIC FATIGUE : TREATMENT
Antioxidant
to Preserve mitochondrial function
Prevent oxidative membrane damage
Prevent oxidation of lipids and proteins
LRT to generate energy
40. ANTIOXIDANTS IN PROSTATE CANCER
In prostate cancer, a study has demonstrated inhibition of cell
line proliferation in the presence of physiological concentration
of lycopene in combination with vit.E
pastori m,pfander H, Biophys Res Commun,
1998;250:582-585
41. PROSTATE CANCER
Intake of exogenous antioxidants (vitamins
E, C, beta-carotene and others) could
protect against cancer and other
degenerative diseases in people with innate
or acquired high levels of ROS.
J Am Coll Nutr October 2001 vol. 20 no. suppl 5 464S-472S
42. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer can be
achieved with nutritional doses of antioxidant
vitamins and minerals (Mainly Vit C, Vit E, beta-
carotene, selenium & Zinc)
Int J Cancer 2005
43. PREGNANCY & ROS
Pregnancy places increased demands on the mother
to provide adequate nutrition to the growing
conceptus. A number of micronutrients function as
essential cofactors for or themselves acting as
antioxidants.
Oxidative stress is generated during normal placental
development; however, when supply of antioxidant
micronutrients is limited, exaggerated oxidative stress
within both the placenta and maternal circulation
occurs, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2011 (2011),
45. PRE-ECLAMPSIA & IUGR
Pre-eclampsia is a human pregnancy
specific
disorder that adversely affects
the mother by vascular dysfunction
the fetus by intrauterine growth restriction
Etiology is unknown
46. PREECLAMPSIA & IUGR
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) may be
estimated to develop in 8–10% women
Preeclampsia in 2–3%
Reduced gestation period (Preterm delivery)
Underweight Baby
47. ANTIOXIDANTS IN PREGNANCY
Reduces pre-eclampsia
Reduces incidence of PIH
Reduces incidences of IUGR
Facilitates full-term delivery
48. BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the
second leading cause of cancer-related death
among women
49. BREAST CANCER
Excess production of free radicals and/or deficiency of the
antioxidant defence system can result in oxidative stress,
causing damage to DNA and other molecules
Over time, such damage may become irreversible and may
lead to diseases such as cancer.
There is evidence showing that oxidative stress and lipid
peroxidation are linked to the etiology of breast cancer
50. ANTIOXIDANTS & BREAST CANCER
Antioxidants ―mopping up‖ free radicals decrease
oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage
Antioxidants may selectively induce apoptosis in
cancer cells but spare normal cells, and inhibit cell
proliferation
51. WHY ANTIOXIDANTS IN BREAST CANCER?
supplementation of certain antioxidants such as
beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc may
reduce the risk of breast cancer
Pan et al. BMC Cancer 2011, 11:372
52. MALE INFERTILITY: OVERVIEW
1. Male Infertility
2. Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility
3. Antioxidant Therapy for Male
Infertility
53. MALE INFERTILITY: PREVALENCE
15% of couples suffer from infertility
A male factor is responsible for the couple
infertility in 30-50% of cases
~5-10% of males are infertile or sub-fertile
56. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MALE
INFERTILITY
Multi-factorial
Varicocele
Idiopathic
Infection Oxidative stress is due to the
elaboration
Genetic of
Endocrine ROS (reactive oxygen species)
Immunologic
Obstruction
Developmental
Lifestyle
de Lamirande et al, Fertil Steril, 1995
Wesse et al, J Urol, 1993
Hendin et al, J Urol, 1999
Mazzilli et al, Fertil Steril, 1994
Vicari et al, Hum Reprod, 1999
57. ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN SEMEN
Function
Protect normal sperm from
ROS-producing sperm
Protect normal sperm from
WBC-derived ROS
Suppress premature sperm maturation
Site of Action
Male reproductive tract
58. ROS AND NORMAL SPERM FUNCTION
Low levels of oxidative stress in vitro enhance:
sperm hyperactivation
sperm capacitation
acrosome reaction
sperm-egg binding
sperm-egg fusion
Fertilization
Bize et al, Biol Reprod, 1991
de Lamirande et al, Int J Androl, 1993
Griveau et al, Int J Androl, 1994, 1995
Zini et al, J Androl, 1995
Kodama et al, J Androl, 1996
Aitken et al, Biol Reprod, 1998
59. MALE INFERTILITY:
Oxidative stress is important in Male
Reproduction
25% of infertile men have high levels of semen ROS
Spermatogenesis is very sensitive to oxidative stress
Lipid & DNA oxidation/damage are key pathologic events
60. ANTIOXIDANTS IN MALE INFERTILITY:
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE
Oral antioxidant (containing Vit C & E, Zinc,
Selenium, Carotenoids) improve sperm quality
and pregnancy rate .
Biomed Online 2010
61. ANTIOXIDANTS IN MALE INFERTILITY
Reaches in high concentration
Improves acrosome reaction
Enhances
Sperm morphology
Sperm motility
Sperm count
63. AMD
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a
degenerative disorder of the macula, the central
part of the retina.
Late-stage AMD results in an inability to read,
recognize faces, drive, or move freely.
64. AMD
The prevalence of late AMD steeply increases with
age
AMD is expected to increase in the next 20 years
by more than 50%
65. ANTIOXIDANTS IN AMD
A high dietary intake of beta carotene, vitamins C
and E, and zinc was associated with a substantially
reduced risk of AMD in elderly persons.
JAMA. 2005;294:3101-3107
66. USP’s of antioxidants:
•Destroy the free radicals that damage cells.
•Promote the growth of healthy cells.
•Protect cells against premature, abnormal aging.
•Help fight age-related macular degeneration.
•Provide excellent support for the body’s immune system, making it
an effective disease preventative.
No Matter What Your Age…You Need Antioxidants!