The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
In a computer simulation of an epidemic, the computer is given data describing the various sub components of the epidemic and control practices at specific points in time (such as at weekly intervals).Computer simulation of epidemics is extremely useful as an educational exercise for students of plant pathology and also for farmers so that they can better understand and appreciate the effect of each epidemic sub component on the final size of their crop loss.Simulators serve as tools that can evaluate the importance of the size of each epidemic sub component at a particular point in time of the epidemic by projecting its effect on the final crop loss.Computer simulation are expert systems,that try to equal and suppress the logic and ability of an expert professional in solving problems.Systems are used in plant pathology frequently for diagnosis of plant diseases.Systems can advice growers in making decisions on disease management in respect of kind, amount and time of application of pesticides etc.Simulators can decompose disease progress so they are used now to develop forecaster.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
In a computer simulation of an epidemic, the computer is given data describing the various sub components of the epidemic and control practices at specific points in time (such as at weekly intervals).Computer simulation of epidemics is extremely useful as an educational exercise for students of plant pathology and also for farmers so that they can better understand and appreciate the effect of each epidemic sub component on the final size of their crop loss.Simulators serve as tools that can evaluate the importance of the size of each epidemic sub component at a particular point in time of the epidemic by projecting its effect on the final crop loss.Computer simulation are expert systems,that try to equal and suppress the logic and ability of an expert professional in solving problems.Systems are used in plant pathology frequently for diagnosis of plant diseases.Systems can advice growers in making decisions on disease management in respect of kind, amount and time of application of pesticides etc.Simulators can decompose disease progress so they are used now to develop forecaster.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
Antifungal activity of endosequence root repair material / dental crown & bri...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Similar to ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI; Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum musea andFusarium oxysporum
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Natural pesticides derived from plants are one of the best alternative approaches for the management of nematodes, as excessive use of chemicals eradicate beneficial organisms in the soil and disturb ecological equilibrium and ultimately cause environmental degradation. Six different weed plants viz., Achyranthes aspera L., Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. & JC wendl. Amaranthus spinosus L., Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f., Cassia tora L., Oxalis stricta L. were collected from in and around the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The nematode eggs and juveniles were exposed at 24, 48 and 72 h in different concentrations (S, S /2, S /10, S /100, S is the standard concentration and S/2, S/10, S/100 is the dilution of Standard solution) of weeds extracts. The plant extract of weeds S. xanthocarpum and A. aspera exhibited highly promising mortality (86-100%) after 72 h exposure period respectively, while the plant extract of O. stricta and C. tora exhibited minimum promising mortality (48-52%) after 24 h of exposure period respectively. There was a gradual decrease in egg hatching with an increase in the concentration of aqueous extracts of weeds. A. aspera, S. xanthocarpum and A. spinosus were found to be most effective in reducing egghatching and increase in mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Efficacy of treatments improved with increase in their concentration and exposure period. Hatching of larvae and juvenile mortality were strongly influenced by concentration of plants extract.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa L and Rumex ...theijes
The present study presents the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and Rumex dentatus against some selected microorganisms which are known to cause diseases in human beings and the comparative study of extent of antimicrobial properties of various extracts. Petroleum ether, Methanol and Aqueous extracts of seeds and whole plant respectively were prepared and then tested against pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition for Nigella sativa was found maximum in petroleum ether extract of 30 mm at a dose of 250μg/ml against Salmonella typhimurium while as at the same concentration the highest inhibition zone diameter of 21mm was recorded against K. pneumoniae for methanol extract in case of Rumex dentatus.
Synergistic antibacterial effects of three edible plants extract against anti...Open Access Research Paper
In vitro synergistic antibacterial effects among Alocasia macrorrhizos rhizome, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corm and Colocasia esculenta corm extracts were tested against six resistant bacteria viz., Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone was compared with the commercially available antibiotic (tetracycline). High inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (12.67±0.33 mm) and S. aureus (12.50±0.29 mm) for methanol extract at 800 mgml-1 of concentration. MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 200-580 mgml-1 and 250-650 mgml-1 respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC of the extracts were measured against E. coli.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of Salicornia herbacea L. seed ...Innspub Net
In this study, the antibacterial activities of Salicornia herbacea L. seed extract against two gram-negative and two gram- positive bacteria were evaluated with the agar disc diffusion and MIC methods. Result showed that inhibition zones of 9.5±0.01, 6.2±0.00, 4±0.00 and 3.5±0.10 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. Among four bacteria the maximum and minimum inhibition seed ethanolic extract were related to S. aureus with inhibition zones of 9.5mm and MIC 189.5 mg/ml and E. coli with inhibition zones of 3.5 mm and MIC 420 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol seed extract of S. herbacea is the result of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, osmotic compound (betaine)
or synergic and additive effect of several compounds present in it. Our results suggest the possibility of using S. herbacea seed, which possesses strong antibacterial activity, in the treatment of diseases caused by the microorganisms tested. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-6-march-2014/
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Similar to ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI; Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum musea andFusarium oxysporum (20)
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The present study provides evidence that 1,5-Bis (3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper has an antidiabetic effect, as hypoglycemic agent and as antilipolytic agent, but with many abnormalities. It affected blood and liver biochemistry in rats. Sera of animals treated with 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in the present study revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose and albumin, while reported a significant increase in ALT and AST. Moreover, significant decrease in body weight.
THE EFFECT OF ALSTONEA BOONEI STEM BARK PLUS CISPLATININDUCED RENAL INSUFFIC...IJSIT Editor
The bark of Alstoniaboonei stem was analysed for the medicinal and the effect of extracts on induced
renal insufficiency. The plant material was collected in August-September 2012 and Rats 100-150g body
weights were subjected to the study. Normal saline as control, Cisplatin, and cisplatin plus Alstoneiboonei
stem bark extract were administered and the result summary for serum creatinine in cisplatin treated Rats
(2.69±0.32mg/dl) and in Rats administrates cisplastin plus Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract
(2.5±0.01mg/dl) were elevated compared to saline control (1.89±0.89mg/dl). Serum urea in cisplatin treated
Rats was (38.4 ±2.98mg/dl) compared to Rats administrates with cisplatin plus the extract (38.4±2.98mg/dl)
and saline control (24.94±3.76mg/dl). The study indicates Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract reduced the
renal insufficiency in rats.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
WATER INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN SOUTHERN BORNO NIGERIA IJSIT Editor
The water intake characteristics of soils under arable crop practice were studied with a view to
obtaining useful information for the design of irrigation and drainage system and for effective soil
management techniques. Parameters determined; infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, bulk
density, particle density, porosity and moisture content. The textural class of the soils from the three sites
was found to be clay. The result obtained indicates that infiltration was high initially but decreases later. This
may be due to the soil reaching a saturation point. On the average the infiltration rate was observed to
decrease with time. The coefficient of permeability was found to be 9.26 x 10 , 7.66 x 10 and 2.15 x 10 cm/s
for site A, B and C respectively. Information on infiltration and permeability are useful tools in irrigation and
other engineering design.
DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION ...IJSIT Editor
In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
DIRECT EXPANSION GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS FOR HEATING AND COOLINGIJSIT Editor
This article is an introduction to the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved
through improving building performance and the use of ground energy sources. The relevance and
importance of the study is discussed in the paper, which, also, highlights the objectives of the study, and the
scope of the theme. This study discusses some of the current activity in the GSHPs field. The basic system and
several variations for buildings are presented along with examples of systems in operation. Finally, the GCHP
is presented as an alternative that is able to counter much of the criticism leveled by the natural gas industry
toward conventional heat pumps. Several advantages and disadvantages are listed. Operating and installation
costs are briefly discussed.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINE...IJSIT Editor
Fish are at present in high demand in food markets, they are widely consumed in many parts of the
world because they posses high protein content, saturated fat and also contain omega fatty acids known to
support good health. The present study deals with biochemical composition of common fish,Sardinella
longiceps. The proximate composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids were
studied. The results of proximate composition in S. longiceps showed the percentage of protein was high in
the normal and tumor infected fish tissue (29.15 &18.93%), followed by the carbohydrate (5.81 & 2.42 %)
and lipid (15.61 & 9.28 %). The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are
presented in normal tissue and tumor infected tissue were found to be as 46.09 % & 41.47 % and 37.23% &
40.63%. In the analysis, the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount
of PUFA (Linolenic acid 32.74 %) in normal tissue. The details of the vitamins detected in S. longicepstissue.
Among them, vitamin A was found in higher levels (91.16 mg/gm) at normal tissue. In the present study,
totally 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were reported. The S. longiceps normal and infected tissue
contributed maximum sodium (289.6 mg/gm) and Potassium (166.5 mg/gm) of minerals. The result shows
that marine fish (S. longiceps) tissue is a valuable food recipe for human consumption, due to its high quality
protein and well-balanced amino acids fatty acids and vitamins and minerals.
OUTCOME OF TUNNELED CATHETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: FIVE YEARS SINGLE CE...IJSIT Editor
Introduction: The tunneled hemodialysis catheters(THCs) are preferred for the patients who are expected to
poor survival and the attempts to arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are failure. In our study,in hemodialysis
patients who are implemented tunneled catheter it is evaluated the mean duration for the catheters , their
complications and the factors which affect the period of the catheters.
Methods: At the Antalya Research and Education Center Hemodialysis Unit it is retrospectively evaluated the
data of 297 hemodialysis patients who are implemented tunneled catheter during 5 years .
Results: The mean duration time of the tunneled catheters has been 224.9+162.9 days. The duration time of
right internal jugular vein(RIJV) is considerably higher than left internal jugular vein(LIJV) and subclavian
veins (235.8+96.6 days). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, the duration time of the catheter is rather lower
than the other end stage renal disease reasons(184.4±72.1 days).
Conclusions: THCs must be considered as an alternative but not a permanent vascular access in hemodialysis
patients. Because of relatively short duration times than AVF, high infection risks and thrombosis , it must be
used only in patients who have problems with the creating permanent vascular access or patients with
expected low survival time. Moreover, it must be taken into consideration the duration time of the catheter is
low in diabetic hemodialysis patients. According to our results, catheter duration time was longer in RIJV than
in other insertion sites and RIJV must be preferred as first place to placement of THCs.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTO–CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF RAKTADUSHTIHAR YOGAIJSIT Editor
The Rakta has vital role in the maintenance of health. If Rakta is in proper quantity and having desirable
qualities too, it promotes health, improves complexion, strength and vigor. Raktadushtihara Yoga was
formulated to assess its role in the management of Raktadushti. The present study deals with the
standardization of Raktadushtihara Yoga through the Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards.
Organoleptic features of coarse powder were within normal range. The pH value was 6.5, water soluble
extract 46.9% w/w, methanol soluble extract 25.9%, ash value 8.73%, loss on drying 9.63% and average
weight was 512 mg. HPTLC was carried out after organizing appropriate solvent system in which maximum 2
spots were distinguished at 254 nm.
ESTIMATION OF THE REPRODUCTION NUMBER OF THE NOVEL INFLUENZA A, H1N1 IN MALA...IJSIT Editor
In June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the novel influenza A, H1N1 as a
pandemic. After six months, as of December 29, 2009, it was reported by WHO that more than 208 countries
and territories were affected by the pandemic accounting for about 150,000 infected cases and at least 11,516
death. In Malaysia, during the first wave, there are about 14,912 cases were reported from May, 15, 2009
until June, 4, 2010 and a total number of 88 deaths were recorded across the country in 2010. The aim of this
study is to assess the transmissibility of this pandemic in Malaysia by estimating the basic reproduction
number, Ro, which is the average number of secondary cases generated by a single primary case. The value of
Ro is a summary measure of the transmission potential in a given epidemic setting and has been estimated to
range from 1.4 – 1.6 in Mexico, from 2.0 – 2.6 in Japan, 1.96 in New Zealand and 1.68 in China for this current
pandemic.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI; Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum musea andFusarium oxysporum
1. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS
AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI; Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum
musea andFusarium oxysporum
MLMC Dissanayake* and JAN Jayasinghe
Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanaka,
Belihuoya, Sri Lanka
ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Keywords: Antifungal activity, Fusarium oxysporum,Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum musae, plant
extracts, sweet flag and wild basil
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2. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
INTRODUCTION
Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum musae are plant pathogenic fungi with a
wide host range and worldwide distribution [1].At present quick and effective management for most of plant
pathogenic fungi is generally achieved by the use of synthetic fungicides. The massive use of synthetic
fungicides in crop defense from plant pathogenic fungi had severe environmental impact. [2] The inappropriate
use of agrochemicals especially fungicides were found to possess adverse effects on ecosystems and a
possible carcinogenic risk than insecticides and herbicides together. [3] Moreover, resistance by pathogens to
fungicides has rendered certain fungicides ineffective. [4,5,6] In recent years, a large number of synthetic
pesticides have been banned in the western world because of their undesirable attributes such as high and
acute toxicity, long degradation period, accumulation in food chain and an extension of their power to destroy
both useful organism and harmful pests[7]. Due to the aforementioned considerations, necessitate the search
for alternative control measures to reduce the dependence on the synthetic fungicides.
Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents [8]. Many of the plant materials used
in traditional medicine are readily available in rural areas at relatively cheaper price
[9].
Medicinal plants
extracts are promising as alternative or complementary control means because of their anti-microbial
activity, nonphytotoxicity, systemicity as well as biodegradability. [10,11]Plants produce a great deal of
secondary metabolites, many of them with antifungal activity. Well-known examples of these compounds
include flavonoids, phenols and phenolic glycosides, unsaturated lactones, sulphur compounds, saponins,
cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates.[12,13]Although hundreds of medicinal plants are used medicinally in
different countries as a source of many potent and powerful drugs and the vast majority of them have not
been adequately explored against plant pathogenic fungi[14] . Plants are the sources of natural pesticides that
make excellent leads for new biopesticide development. [15,16,17]
The use of plants for their antifungal properties which could be used against the pathogen in the
organic farming system becomes an area of interest for the ecofriendly mode of disease management.
Considering the vast potentiality of plant as sources for antimicrobial drugs with reference to antimicrobial
agents, a systematic investigation was undertaken to screen the antifungal activity of medicinal plant species
,Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel red and green), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil) and bulbs of Acorus
calamus (sweet flag), Zingiber officinale (ginger),wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and siam weed
(Chromolaena odorata) against fungal strains F. oxysporum,R.solani,and C. musea .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of plant extracts:
Fresh leaves of Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel red and green), Ocimum gratissimum (wild
basil), wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and bulbs of Acorus
calamus (sweet flag) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) were collected from the surrounding areas of Belihuloya,
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3. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
Sri Lanka . The leaves and bulbs were washed in clean water and dried in room temperature. The dried plant
materials were milled to a fine power using grinder and stored in the dark at room temperature inairtight
containers. The air dried plant materials were ground to a fine power and 1 g of finely ground plant material
was used for the extraction in 20 ml of methanol. The solution was kept overnight at room temperature and
filtered using filter papers (Whatman filter paper No. 1) and stored at 40C temperature.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Extracts on Radial Growth of test Organisms:
Plant extracts were tested for their efficiency against the pathogen by using an agar dilution
technique.[18] Different concentrations of the extracts; 20%, 15%, 10%, and 5% were obtained by amending
PDA. The amended medium was dispensed into sterile Petri plates and allowed to solidify with streptomycin
(100 µg/ml). Each plate was inoculated with F. oxysporum,R.solani, and C. musea. A 4-mm diameter mycelia
disc of each of the test organisms was inoculated on each amended agar plate. Inoculated plates were
incubated at 25±2oC and growth measured along the perpendicular lines. Daily radial growth of each test
organism in any of the test extracts was recorded for 7 days. Each treatment was replicated thrice with
appropriate untreated controls.
In here three replications were prepared for each treatment. Then all the culture plates were
incubated at 25±2oC in dark condition. The mycelia growth of fungus was measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96
hours. Calculate the percent inhibition of the mycelia growth over control by using the following formula [19].
% of inhibition = Diameter of control colony – Diameter of treated colony x 100
Diameter of control colony
Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC):
The minimal inhibition concentration was taken from the results of the fungistatic activity. The
lowest bio extracts and chemical concentrations with highest inhibition percentage were taken as MIC.
Fungicidal activity:
Further study about fungicidal activity of each plant extract and Carbendazim were done for the
minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC). Fungicidal activities of each treatment against F. oxysporum ,
R.solaniand C.musea were done by immersing the fungal block in minimal inhibition concentration of each
solution separately for 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and 24 hours. PDA media plates were prepared and
treated fungal blocks were inoculated aseptically in the center of the plate. The agar blocks were washed
prior to inoculate on PDA plates to remove the crude extracts. Fungal blocks which were dipped in methanol
for the above time periods were used as controller. Three replications were prepared for each treatment. All
culture plates were incubated at room temperature in dark condition. The mycelia growth was measured by
taking the colony diameter after 36, 72 and 96 hour.
The comparison of the fungicidal activity of minimal inhibition concentrations of plant extracts and
Carbendazim were done by calculating the present inhibition of the mycelia growth over control by using the
IJSIT (www.ijsit.com), Volume 2, Issue 5, September-October 2013
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4. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
formula [19].
Data analysis:
The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design. Standard errors of means of
three replicates were computed using computer software Microsoft Excel. All the data were subjected to
analysis of variance followed by mean separation through Duncan’s Multiple Range Test using computer
software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Antifungal activity of six botanical extracts was assayed and the effect of plant extracts on the growth
of fungal strain F. oxysporum,R.solani,and C.musea was observed. The data revealed that significant reduction
in growth of fungal strain F. oxysporum,R.solani,and C. musea against six medicinal plants. The antifungal
effects of the studied plant extracts creeping woodsorrel, wild basil, wild sunflower, siam weed, sweet flagand
ginger on the tested fungi strain F. oxysporum,R.solani,and C.musea were compared with the control .The
results showed that the growth inhibition of the tested fungi produced by plants extracted at concentration
ranging from 5 - 20% were significantly different from control values.
All the plant extracts exhibited different degrees of antifungal activity against F.oxysporum. The
growth of F. oxysporum was highly inhibited by all the tested concentrations (5 - 20%) of methanol extracts of
sweet flagand wild basilcompared with control, the correspond inhibition ranging from 91% - 75%. The plant
extract of creeping woodsorrel, wild sunflower,siam weed showed comparatively very low activity against
F.oxysporum . However, Ginger showed moderate level of antifungal activity (75%-42%)followed by siam
weed (44%-8%) creeping ws (red) (42%-8%), creeping ws (green) (13%-2%), wild sunflower (flower)
Inhibition %
(15%-13%) and wild sunflower (leaves) (8%-1%) (Figure 01).
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
20%
15%
10%
5%
Plant Extracts
Figure 1:Mycelium growth inhibition effect at various concentrations ofOxalis corniculata (creeping
woodsorrel red and green), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil), wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Siam
Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Acorus calamus (sweet flag)and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Fusarium
oxysporum
IJSIT (www.ijsit.com), Volume 2, Issue 5, September-October 2013
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5. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
All the plant extracts exhibited different degrees of antifungal activity against R. solani. The growth
of R. solani was highly inhibited by all the tested concentrations (5 - 20%) of methanol extracts of sweet
flagand wild basilcompared with control, the corresponding inhibition ranging from 91% - 75%. The plant
extract of ginger, creeping woodsorrel (red and green), wild sunflower and siam weed showed comparatively
very low activity against R. solani.Ginger showed inhibitory effect ranging from 41%-10%followed by siam
weed (24%-2%) , creeping ws (red)(18%-2%), creeping ws (green) (23%-14%), wild sunflower
(flower)(15%-3%) and wild sunflower (leaves) (12%-5%)(Figure 02). However, there was no significant
difference between them.
120
100
Inhibition %
80
20%
60
15%
10%
40
5%
20
0
Sweet flag Wild Basil siam weed
creeping ws (red) ws (green) Wild sunflower (L)
creeping Wild sunflower (F)
Ginger
Positive control
-20
Plant Extracts
Figure 2:Mycelium growth inhibition effect at various concentrations ofOxalis corniculata (creeping
woodsorrel red and green), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil), Wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Siam
Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Acorus calamus (sweet flag) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Rhizoctonia
solani
All the plant extracts exhibited different degrees of antifungal activity against C. musea. The growth
of C. musea was highly inhibited by all the tested concentrations (5 - 20%) of methanol extracts of sweet
flagand wild basil compared with control, the corresponding inhibition ranging from 91% - 75%. The plant
extract of creeping woodsorrel (red and green), wild sunflower,siam weed showed comparatively very low
activity against F.oxysporum. However, gingershowed 61%-34%followed by Siam weed (23%-3%) , creeping
ws (red)(7%-1%), creeping ws (green) (18%-5%), wild sunflower (flower)(20%-1%) and wild sunflower
(leaves) (23%-5%)(Figure 03). However, there was no significant difference between them.
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6. Inhibition %
MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20%
15%
10%
5%
sweet flag Wild Basil
siam
weed
creeping creeping
Wild
Wild
Ginger
ws (red)
ws
sunflower sunflower
(green)
(F)
(L)
Positive
control
Plant Extracts
Figure 3:Mycelium growth inhibition effect at various concentrations ofOxalis corniculata (creeping
woodsorrel red and green), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil), Wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Siam
Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Acorus calamus (sweet flag) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against
Colletotrichum musea
Methanol extracts of wild basil and sweet flagwere found highly effective in suppressing the growth
of F. oxysporum , R. solaniand C.museaevenat 5%concentration (Figure 04). However creeping woodsorrel red
and green, ginger, siam weed and wild sun flower cause very low growth inhibition against F. oxysporum, R.
solani and C.musea even at 20% of concentration.Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of sweet flag and
wild basil was 5%, whereas MIC for ginger was recorded as 20 %( figure 04).
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7. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
Figure 4: Effect of Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel red and green), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil),
wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Acorus calamus (sweet flag)and
Zingiber officinale (ginger) treatment at different concentration against F. oxysporum(A), R. solani (B) and
C.musea (C)
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8. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
The fungicidal activities were tested to understand the ability of different plant extract to kill the
vegetative forms of F. oxysporum, , R. solaniand C.musea after immersed in solutions for different time periods.
According to results, only the wild basil and sweet flagwas shown the significant inhibition (more than 85%)
of the vegetative growth of the fungus after 6 hours immersion time for sweet flagand 6 hours of immersion
time for wild basil, respectively (Table 02). In addition, the fungicidal activity was varied with exposure time.
Although all the other plant extracts showed inhibition of the fungal growth compared to the control, after 24
hours of immersing, they didn't show any significant fungicidal effect on F. oxysporum, , R. solaniand C.musea.
Time
sweet flag
Ginger
Wild basil
F
53
.3y
R
60
.4y
C
58
.8y
F
44
.6x
R
33
.5x
C
37
.5x
F
55
.5y
R
56
.5y
3
73
.3z
70
.6z
70
.4z
48
.3x
39
.6x
46
.2x
65
.5
60
.4y
C
50
.3
y
65
.3y
6
95
.8z
98
.8z
10
0z
87
.7z
93
.3z
10
0z
92
.0z
95
.3z
10
0z
56
.4y
59
.8y
65
.2y
46
.5x
51
.2x
55
.2y
53
.8x
58
.5y
59
.3y
85
.5
95
.3
10
0
87
.3z
90
.3z
10
0z
86
.5z
94
.3z
10
0z
1
hr
hr
hr
hr
1
2hr
2
4hr
hr
Inhibition ratio of fungal growth
Methanol extracts of
Wild sun
Wild sun
flower (L)
flower (L)
F
R
C
F
R
C
18 10
11
16 14
20
.5x .2x .2x
.3x .5x .2x
Creeping
Wood (red)
F
R
C
12 22
17
.3x .2x .4x
20
.3x
15
.3x
12
.2x
19
.0x
20
.2x
22
.2x
19
.0x
25
.2x
20
.2x
23
.0x
22
.4x
29
.6x
18
.2x
23
.2x
25
.3.
2x
16
.3x
19
.3
25
.2x
20
.0x
22
.4x
24
.8x
22
.2x
25
.2x
33
.2x
26
.3x
29
.3
31
.2x
24
.0x
26
.4x
29
.8x
28
.2x
30
.2x
34
.2x
24
.3x
28
.3
31
.2x
Creeping
Wood (red)
F
R
C
12 16
15
.5x .4x .3
2x
16 21
20
.8x .2x .6
2x
20 23
24
.5x .5x .5x
23 25
28
.4x .2x .3
26 29
30
.5x .8x .2x
Siam Weed
F
28
.3x
R
18
.2x
C
20
.2x
29
.0x
20
.2x
22
.2x
30
.0
30
.4x
39
.8
24
.2x
30
.2x
33
.2x
26
.3x
29
.3
35
.2x
1
Table 2: Fungicidal activity of various concentration of crude extracts against the growth of Fusarium
oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum musae
F: Fusarium oxysporum
R: Rhizoctonia solani
C: Colletotrichum musae
Numbers followed by the same letters in each row were not significantly different according to
Duncan’s Multiple Range test at (P = .05).
Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of sweet flag and wild basil was 5%whereas, MIC for ginger
was determine as 20%.
Biological control had attained importance in modern agriculture to curtail the hazards of intensive
use of chemicals for pest and disease management.[20] Accordingly, the efficacy of different plant extracts
against F. oxysporum,R. solani and c.musea the causal agents of wilt diseases of tomato, damping off and
anthracnose disease of banana were studied in vitro.
Methanol extract of creeping woodsorrel (red and green), wild sunflower, ginger and siam weed at
all concentrations, showed a slightly inhibition for the three selected pathogens. Thus those extracts were
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9. MLMC Dissanayake -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),421-431
excluded from further studies whereas sweet flag and wild basil were found to be highly effective in
controlling the growth of the three tested pathogens. All types of extracts from sweet flag and wild basil
showed different levels of antimicrobial activity and the relative differences were found to vary within the
tested extracts and with increasing concentration of the extracts, a gradual increase in the inhibition potential
of the tested fungi was recorded.
In this study, four concentrations of the sweet flag and wild basil extracts effectively suppressed
mycelial growth of the three pathogens, the 20% concentration completely suppressed the growth of one of
them, F. oxysporum (100%). These results are in agreement with
[21]
who found that the growth of four
pathogens (F. oxysporum, R. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) which incite wilt and rot in
Cicer arietinum, was inhibited in liquid medium by extracts of leaf, trunk park and oil from the aromatic
ginger and wild basil.
Comparing leaf extracts of with methanol, the inhibition percentage in each increased gradually with
the extract concentration, both completely suppressed the growth of F. oxysporum. Results of the present
study are in agreement with[22] who noticed that methanol extracts of wild basil showed fungitoxic properties
against 5 pathogenic fungi ; Alternaria brassicola, Colletotrichum capsici, F. oxysporum, R. solani and Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum) when tested under laboratory conditions at 500 and 1000 μg/ml. Several plant extracts
including wild basil have been tested for antifungal activities and used to control of plant fungal diseases
caused by different formae speciales of F.oxyporum , R. solani and C.musae.[ 23, 24, 25, 26 ,27 ,28]However according
to our knowledge this is the first report regarding antifungal activities of sweet flag against F.oxyporum , R.
solani and C.musae.
The fungitoxic effects of the phyto-extracts indicate the potentials of selected plant species as a
source of natural fungicidal material. These extracts exhibit significant fungicidal properties that support
their traditional use as antiseptics. In the case of fungal infection, these mechanisms include synthesis of
bioactive organic compounds [29] and antifungal proteins [30]and peptides. [31]
CONCLUSION
Antifungal activity was confirmed by all of the selected plant species and the results revealed wild basil and
sweet flag are the most effective inhibitor for the mycelia growth of three tested pathogens. The finding of the
present investigation could be an important step towards the possibilities of using natural plant products as
biopesticides in the control of plant diseases caused by F. oxysporum,R. solani and C.musea. Further studies are
needed to determine the chemical identity of the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed antifungal
activity.
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