the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial productsPrograma TF Innova
Ponencia: Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial products
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova: Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial productsPrograma TF Innova
Ponencia: Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial products
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova: Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
Biological control is the suppression of one organism by another. There are two modes of mechanisms namely direct and indirect. Here I focused on the direct mechanisms such as parasitism, predatism, antibiotic-mediated suppression, lytic enzymes and unregulated-waste products. with the help of these various direct mechanisms, the bio-control agents will compete the pathogen's activity.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
Biological control is the suppression of one organism by another. There are two modes of mechanisms namely direct and indirect. Here I focused on the direct mechanisms such as parasitism, predatism, antibiotic-mediated suppression, lytic enzymes and unregulated-waste products. with the help of these various direct mechanisms, the bio-control agents will compete the pathogen's activity.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
Insecticide
An insecticide is a substance used to kill insects. They
include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are
used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major
factor behind the increase in agricultural 20th century\'s productivity . Nearly all insecticides
have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; some concentrate
along the food chain.
Insecticides can be classified in two major groups: systemic insecticides, which have residual or
long term activity; and contact insecticides, which have no residual activity.
Furthermore, one can distinguish three types of insecticide. 1. Natural insecticides, such as
nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts, made by plants as defenses against insects. 2. Inorganic
insecticides, which are metals. 3. Organic insecticides, which are organic chemical compounds,
mostly working by contact.
The mode of action describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest. It provides another
way of classifying insecticides. Mode of action is important in understanding whether an
insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals.
Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents, which do not kill.
activity
Systemic insecticides become incorporated and distributed systemically throughout the whole
plant. When insects feed on the plant, they ingest the insecticide. Systemic insecticides produced
by transgenic plants are called plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs). For instance, a gene that
codes for a specific Bacillus thuringiensis biocidal protein was introduced into corn and other
species. The plant manufactures the protein, which kills the insect when consumed .Contact
insecticides are toxic to insects upon direct contact. These can be inorganic insecticides, which
are metals and include arsenates, copper and fluorine compounds, which are less commonly
used, and the commonly used sulfur. Contact insecticides can be organic insecticides, i.e. organic
chemical compounds, synthetically produced, and comprising the largest numbers of pesticides
used today. Or they can be natural compounds like pyrethrum, neem oil etc. Contact insecticides
usually have no residual activity.
Efficacy can be related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets, such as
aerosols often improving performance.[4][better source needed]
Biological pesticides
Main article: Biopesticide
Many organic compounds are produced by plants for the purpose of defending the host plant
from predation. A trivial case is tree rosin, which is a natural insecticide. Specific, the production
of oleoresin by conifer species is a component of the defense response against insect attack and
fungal pathogen infection . Many fragrances, e.g. oil of wintergreen, are in fact antifeedants.
Four extracts of plants are in commercial use: pyrethrum, rotenone, neem oil, and various
essential oil.
PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES IN PLANTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCEHemlata
Secondary metabolites attract animals for pollination and seed dispersal.
The plants used in their defence against herbivores and pathogens.
They act as agents of plant-plant competition.
They are used in making drugs, insecticides, flavours, pigments, scents, rubber, spices and other industrial materials like gums, resins for human welfare
Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
MICROBIAL INSECTIDES...USES AND APPLICATIONS OF INSECTICIDESlokismicrobiology
Microbial insecticides are those microorganisms or their products that are capable of attacking and killing pest insects. This may be considered to be an aspect of biological control, but when one is dealing with the products of such microbes the control may be termed chemical.
Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health. In order to effectively control factors that may affect health, the requirements that must be met in order to create a healthy environment must be determined.[1] The major sub-disciplines of environmental health are environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, and environmental and occupational medicine.[2]
Definitions
WHO definitions
Environmental health was defined in a 1989 document by the World Health Organization (WHO) as: Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.[citation needed] It is also referred to as the theory and practice of accessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health.[citation needed]
A 1990 WHO document states that environmental health, as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, "includes both the direct pathological effects of chemicals, radiation and some biological agents, and the effects (often indirect) on health and well being of the broad physical, psychological, social and cultural environment, which includes housing, urban development, land use and transport."[3]
As of 2016, the WHO website on environmental health states that "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, as well as genetics."[4]
The WHO has also defined environmental health services as "those services which implement environmental health policies through monitoring and control activities. They also carry out that role by promoting the improvement of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and behaviors. They also have a leading role in developing and suggesting new policy areas."[5][6]
Other considerations
The term environmental medicine may be seen as a medical specialty, or branch of the broader field of environmental health.[7][8] Terminology is not fully established, and in many European countries they are used interchangeably.[9]
Children's environmental health is the academic discipline that studies how environmental exposures in early life—chemical, nutritional, and social—influence health and development in childhood and across the entire human life span.[10]
Other terms referring to or concerning environmental health include environmental public health and health protection.
Disciplines
Five basic disciplines generally contribute to the field of environmental health: environmental epidemiology,
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2. 2
what is sustainable agriculture ?
Economic
profitability
and social
Sustainable agriculture goals
3. 3
What is an Endophyte?
In plants, microorganisms that are present, but do not
cause disease symptoms, are called endophytes (Wilson
1995).
●
- endophyte
“endo”=“inside”
“phyte” means
“plants”
4. 4
• there is no
effect on the
host by the
organism
commensal
• the fungi or
bacteria benefit,
but there is no
benefit to the
host
parasitic
• the host receives
some benefit by
having the
organism
present.
mutualistic
Endophytic associations can either be :
5. 5
● Some of the benefits to a host :
- tolerance to heat, salt
- resistance to plant pathogens
- animal foraging (Rodriguez and Redman 2008).
● Some of the more interesting compounds produced by
endophytic microbes, with which Stroble’s lab have dealt:
Taxol: the world’s first billion-dollar anti-cancer drug.
Cryptocin: antifungal agent
Cryptocandin: a molecule with potent anti-fungal properties.
Jesterone: antifungal agent
Oocydin: antifungal agent
Isopestacin: antioxidant
The munumbicins: wide spectrum antibiotics
Kakadumycin: antibiotic
The pseudomycins: antifungal agents for use in humans.
Ambuic acid: antifungal agent
6. 6
endophyte examples
● Fungi and bacteria are the most
common organisms associated with
the term endophyte.
● Some commonly found endophytes:
Enterobacter sp., Colletotrichum sp.,
Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta sp.,
Cladosporium sp., and…
7. 7
Ecological significance
● Endophytic microbes occupy a relatively privileged niche
within plant and usually contribute to plant health. Some groups
of endophytic microorganisms have been believed to be
mutualists that protect plants against biotic stresses. Co-
evolution may exist between endophytes and their host in resist
to environmental stresses.
8. 8
Importance of the microorganism in this habitat
● Some of the endophytes are proved:
- enhance plant growth by nitrogen fixation
- increase resistant against pathogens
- remove contaminants and solubilize phosphate
● Some bacterial endophytes are originally from the phyllosphere
bacterial communities in phyllophane, endophyte infected seeds
and plant material.
9. 9
Isolation and Identification
● Endophytes are isolated
by initial surface
sterilization followed by
culturing from ground tissue
extract or by direct culturing
of plant tissues on media
suitable for bacteria or fungi
or actinomycetes.
11. 11
● Pleurostoma, Chaetomium,
Coniochaeta (Lecythophora),
Daldinia, Xylaria, Hypoxylon,
Nodulisporium, Cazia, and
Phellinus isolated as
endophytes from Huperzia
serrata were confirmed for the
first time by rDNA ITS analysis
12. 12
Effect of Climate on Endophytic Population
● Endophytic population varies from plants to plants and
from species to species. Within the same species it not only
varies from region to region but also differs with change in
climatic conditions of the same region.
14. 14
Fungi
● Endophytic fungi could be broadly
defined as fungi that live for all, or at
least significant part of their life cycle
internally and asymptomically inside
plants. Fungi are the most frequently
isolated endophytes.
● Every plant species is found to be
at least host one fungal endophytes,
but usually asymptomatic and
sometimes systemically
15. 15
● NC-endophytes represent three distinct functional classes
based on :
-host colonization
-transmission, in planta biodiversity
-fitness benefits conferred to hosts
the C group has just one class.
infect some
grasses
nonvascular
plants, ferns
and allies,
conifers, and
angiosperms
16. 16
Bacteria
● Endophytic bacteria are
defined as bacteria that are
detected extracted from inside
plants and have no
visibly harmful effects on the
plants.
● Endophytic bacteria, along
with rhizospheric bacteria
contribute to plant growth.
● From a phylogenetic view,
endophytic bacteria are
between saprophytic bacteria
and plant pathogens.
20. Application of different innovative biotechnological tools will
help in strengthening the understanding of plant-endophyte
interactions, producing new bioactive compounds, perk up
the growth in plants, and improve biocontrol activity,
reducing the debris and other wastes which are otherwise
harmful to the ecosystem. Considering all these, definitely
endophytes have proved to be a boon and have left good
impact on plants, environment, and also human beings in
several possible ways.
20
Conclusions
