In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
Identification of Plant Types by Leaf Textures Based on the Backpropagation N...IJECEIAES
The number of species of plants or flora in Indonesia is abundant. The wealth of Indonesia's flora species is not to be doubted. Almost every region in Indonesia has one or some distinctive plant(s) which may not exist in other countries. In enhancing the potential diversity of tropical plant resources, good management and utilization of biodiversity is required. Based on such diversity, plant classification becomes a challenge to do. The most common way to recognize between one plant and another is to identify the leaf of each plant. Leaf-based classification is an alternative and the most effective way to do because leaves will exist all the time, while fruits and flowers may only exist at any given time. In this study, the researchers will identify plants based on the textures of the leaves. Leaf feature extraction is done by calculating the area value, perimeter, and additional features of leaf images such as shape roundness and slenderness. The results of the extraction will then be selected for training by using the backpropagation neural network. The result of the training (the formation of the training set) will be calculated to produce the value of recognition accuracy with which the feature value of the dataset of the leaf images is then to be matched. The result of the identification of plant species based on leaf texture characteristics is expected to accelerate the process of plant classification based on the characteristics of the leaves.
Study of-land-quality-and-land-characteristics-that-determine-the-productivit...NurdinUng
The challenge of composite maize developing in the future is the low productivity because the maize is grown on land that is not suitable for land quality. This study aims to determine the land quality and land characteristics that control the composite maize productivity in Gorontalo Province. A total of 33 land units were surveyed and their land observed to obtain data on morphology and soil characteristics, climate and terrain characteristics, as well as composite maize productivity data through ubinan plots and direct interviews with maize farmers. Partial least square of structural equation models (PLS-SEM) analysis has been used to determine the land quality and land characteristics that control the composite maize productivity through variable validity and reliability tests, as well as structural model tests. The results showed that the manifest variables were air temperature, rainfall, wet months, dry months, LGP, drainage, coarse materials, effective depth, pH H2O, pH KCl, C-organic, total N, available P, available K, ESP, slopes, soil erosion, inundation height, inundation time, surface rock, and rock outcrops were valid and able to explain well the latent variables. Furthermore, the latent variables were temperature, water availability, oxygen availability, nutrient retention, nutrients availability, sodicity, erosion hazard, flood hazard, and land preparation used has good composite reliability and high reliability because of the composite reliability and alpha cronbach >0.6. Land quality that controls the composite maize productivity based on the order of importance were nutrient retention, rooting media, land preparation, and nutrients availability. Meanwhile, land characteristics that control the composite maize productivity based on the order of importance were pH KCI, coarse material, rock outcrops, effective depth, surface rock, available K, and soil texture. Soil texture, effective depth, pH KCI, and available K has a positive relationship and has a significant to very significant effect on the composite maize productivity, while the content of course materials, surface rock, and rock outcrops has a negative relationship and has a significant effect on the composite maize productivity.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Identification of Plant Types by Leaf Textures Based on the Backpropagation N...IJECEIAES
The number of species of plants or flora in Indonesia is abundant. The wealth of Indonesia's flora species is not to be doubted. Almost every region in Indonesia has one or some distinctive plant(s) which may not exist in other countries. In enhancing the potential diversity of tropical plant resources, good management and utilization of biodiversity is required. Based on such diversity, plant classification becomes a challenge to do. The most common way to recognize between one plant and another is to identify the leaf of each plant. Leaf-based classification is an alternative and the most effective way to do because leaves will exist all the time, while fruits and flowers may only exist at any given time. In this study, the researchers will identify plants based on the textures of the leaves. Leaf feature extraction is done by calculating the area value, perimeter, and additional features of leaf images such as shape roundness and slenderness. The results of the extraction will then be selected for training by using the backpropagation neural network. The result of the training (the formation of the training set) will be calculated to produce the value of recognition accuracy with which the feature value of the dataset of the leaf images is then to be matched. The result of the identification of plant species based on leaf texture characteristics is expected to accelerate the process of plant classification based on the characteristics of the leaves.
Study of-land-quality-and-land-characteristics-that-determine-the-productivit...NurdinUng
The challenge of composite maize developing in the future is the low productivity because the maize is grown on land that is not suitable for land quality. This study aims to determine the land quality and land characteristics that control the composite maize productivity in Gorontalo Province. A total of 33 land units were surveyed and their land observed to obtain data on morphology and soil characteristics, climate and terrain characteristics, as well as composite maize productivity data through ubinan plots and direct interviews with maize farmers. Partial least square of structural equation models (PLS-SEM) analysis has been used to determine the land quality and land characteristics that control the composite maize productivity through variable validity and reliability tests, as well as structural model tests. The results showed that the manifest variables were air temperature, rainfall, wet months, dry months, LGP, drainage, coarse materials, effective depth, pH H2O, pH KCl, C-organic, total N, available P, available K, ESP, slopes, soil erosion, inundation height, inundation time, surface rock, and rock outcrops were valid and able to explain well the latent variables. Furthermore, the latent variables were temperature, water availability, oxygen availability, nutrient retention, nutrients availability, sodicity, erosion hazard, flood hazard, and land preparation used has good composite reliability and high reliability because of the composite reliability and alpha cronbach >0.6. Land quality that controls the composite maize productivity based on the order of importance were nutrient retention, rooting media, land preparation, and nutrients availability. Meanwhile, land characteristics that control the composite maize productivity based on the order of importance were pH KCI, coarse material, rock outcrops, effective depth, surface rock, available K, and soil texture. Soil texture, effective depth, pH KCI, and available K has a positive relationship and has a significant to very significant effect on the composite maize productivity, while the content of course materials, surface rock, and rock outcrops has a negative relationship and has a significant effect on the composite maize productivity.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The potential of solid tannery waste as filler in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied by examination of mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. The Composites were prepared by two roll melt mixing and compression moulding technique for varying fiber contents from 0% to 60%. The parameters tested were tensile, impact and hardness in accordance with ASTM specification. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of stress-strain behaviour of the composite was similar to those of thermoplastic polymer, the tensile strength and yield stress of the control (HDPE) was higher than that of the prepared samples by 8% and 5%. Hardness was better than HDPE by 12.86%. When 3.5g of Mg (OH)2, 0.3g of Ti2O, 10g of NR, 0.5g of trimethyl quinolene (TMQ), 2g of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer and 2ml of Acrylic acid were incorporated into the formulation, 52.2%, 39.2% and 29.1% enhancement in yield stress, tensile and impact strength. SEM scan shows ductile tensile fractured surface of composites with better thermal stability than the control. Composite of HDPE90/fibers waste10 presents good mechanical performance with enhanced thermal stability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Evaporation and Production Efficiency Modelling Using Fuzzy Linear RecurrenceAI Publications
The relationship between crop production and amount of evapotranspiration is very important to agronomists, engineers, economists, and water resources planners. These relationships are often determined using classical least square regression (LSR). However, one needs high amount of samples to determine probability distribution function. Linear regression also requires so many measurements to obtain the valid estimates of crop production function coefficients. In addition, deriving ET-yield regression for each crop and each district is usually expensive, since lysimetric experiments should be repeated for several years for each crop. The object of this study is to introduce a fuzzy linear regression as an alternative approach to statistical regression analysis in determining coefficients of ET- yield relations for each crop and each district with minimum data. The application of possibilistic regression has been examined with a case study. Two data set for winter wheat in Loss Plateau of China and North China Plain have been used. The current finding shows capability of possibilistic regression in estimation of crop yield in data shortage conditions.
Transformations for non-destructive evaluation of brix in mango by reflectanc...IJECEIAES
Mango is a very popular climacteric fruit in America and Europe. Among the internal properties of the mango, total soluble solids (TSS) are an adequate indicator to estimate the quality of mango, however, the measurement of this indicator requires destructive tests. Several research have addressed similar issues; they have made use of pre-processing transformations without making it clear which of them is statistically better. Here, we created a new spectral database to build machine learning (ML) models. We analyzed a total of 18 principal component regression (PCR) models and 18 partial least squared regression (PLSR) models, where 4 types of transformations, 3 different feature extractors, and 3 different pre-processing techniques are combined. The research proposes a double cross validation (CV) both to determine the optimal number of components and to obtain the final metrics. The best model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1382 °Brix and a RMSE on the transformed scale of 0.5140. The best model used 4 components, used y2 transformation, reflectance R as the independent variable and MSC as a pre- processing technique.
In this study, an electronic system was built to determine the mass and volume of orange fruits from their dimensions using ultrasonic sensors. The system hardware parts include a metal box, three ultrasonic sensors, a load-cell sensor, an Arduino board, a memory card module, a voltage converter, a keypad, a display and a power adapter. A computer program was written to obtain data from ultrasonic sensors and determine the mass and volume of fruits using regression relationships in Arduino software. 100 samples of orange fruits (Dezful local variety) were picked randomly from a garden and various measurements were done to determine the main physical properties of fruits including three dimensions, mass (M), and volume (V). The system output values for mass and volume of orange fruits with their actual values had no significant difference at 1% probability level. The root mean square error (RMSE) in determining the oranges mass and volume by the system were 9.02 g and 10.90 cm3, respectively. In general, the proposed system performance was acceptable and it can be used for determining the mass and volume of orange fruits.
Mass estimation of citrus limetta using distance based hand crafted features...IJECEIAES
Sorting and grading are qualitative operational tasks performed in food processing industries. Realization of higher accuracy in mass estimation is the key inclination of this work. In this work, an automated technique for mass estimation of citrus limetta is devised based on the geometrical features derived from pre-processed images. Dataset includes 250 data samples of citrus limetta, whose images are acquired in different orientations. Two novel handcrafted distance-based geometrical features along with four conventional geometrical features were employed for regression analysis. Predictive modeling is conducted with configuration of 150 training and 100 testing data samples and subject to regression analysis for mass estimation. Multiple linear and support vector regression models with linear, polynomial and radial basis function (RBF) kernels were employed for mass estimation with two different model configurations, conventional and conventional with handcrafted features, for which an R2 score of 0.9815, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 10.94 grams, relative averages of accuracy and error of 96.61% and 3.39% respectively is achieved for the proposed model and configuration which was validated using k-fold cross-validation. Through comparison with performance of model with conventional and conventional with handcrafted features configurations, it was established that inclusion of handcrafted features was able to increase the performance of the models.
Selected Physical Properties of Soybean In Relation To Storage DesignIJERA Editor
Bulk density, kernel density, internal friction of Soybean were measured over a moisture content range of 7.4 to
22.22%(wb). First and second order polynomial equations are given which describe the kernel density, bulk
density as well as other properties’ dependence on moisture content. For the grain that was tested, bulk density,
kernel density and specific gravity decreased with moisture content while angle of repose, angle of internal
friction and coefficient of sliding friction increased as moisture content increased. One thousand grain weight
and average diameter increased with moisture content for the crop. Frictional coefficients of the crop was
measured on four structural surface namely: concrete, wood, galvanized sheet metal and mild steel sheet. The
values were maximum for concrete among the four surfaces. The angle of repose was found to be higher than
angle of internal friction in all cases tested. These measurements are necessary in selection of the material and in
determination of pressures and angles of the wall of storage structures.
Dynamic Assessment of Air Temperature for Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) Cu...Redmond R. Shamshiri
Net-screen covered greenhouses operating on natural ventilation are used as a sustainable approach for closed-field cultivation of fruits and vegetables and to eliminate insect passage and subsequent production damage. The objective of this work was to develop a real-time assessment framework for evaluating air-temperature inside an insect-proof net-screen greenhouse in tropical lowlands of Malaysia prior to cultivation of tomato. Mathematical description of a growth response model was implemented and used in a computer application. A custom-designed data acquisition system was built for collecting 6 months of air-temperature data, during July to December 2014. For each measured air-temperature (T), an optimality degree, denoted by Opt(T), was calculated with respect to different light conditions (sun, cloud, night) and different growth stages. Interactive three-dimensional plots were generated to demonstrate variations in Opt(T) values due to different hours and days in a growth season. Results showed that, air temperature was never less than 25% optimal for early growth, and 51% for vegetative to mature fruiting growth stages. The average Opt(T) in the entire 6 months was between 65 and 75%. The presented framework allows tomato growers to automatically collect and process raw air temperature data and to simulate growth responses at different growth stages and light conditions. The software database can be used to track and record Opt(T) values from any greenhouses with different structure design, covering materials, cooling system and growing seasons, and to contribute to knowledge-based decision support systems and energy balance models.
Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Device for Ha...ijtsrd
Pineapple Ananas comosus in family Bromeliaceaeis a large, succulent, and tasty fruit with immense health benefits. Among all the cultivation activities of pineapple, harvesting is the most difficult, time consuming, and energy intensive process due to the higher plant density and spiny leaves of pineapple plants. Although, mechanization helps to increase the efficiency and post harvest quality, very little attention has been drawn to the mechanization of the harvesting process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to introduce an efficient mechanical method for harvesting to overcome the practical problems associated with manual harvesting. The major concept of this is to harvest more fruits from one place by minimizing movement in the cultivation. The long handle, fruit picker, stalk holder, cutter, and operating levers are the major components of this device. The remotely operated cutter and fruit gripper are fixed in one end of the 2m long handle and operating levers are attached to other end so that all the fruits within a nearly 2m radius circular area can be harvested from a one place. The performance of the mechanical harvester was evaluated compared to the manual method at a pineapple field in Kurunegala district of Sri Lanka. The Actual harvesting capacity of the device was 385 fruits h 1with 84 efficiency while the manual method recorded it as 210 fruitsh 1 with 64 efficiency when it is operated by males in double row cultivation systems. Results clearly showed that the mechanical method saves more time considerably than the manual method. P. D. Kahandage | S. W. Hettiarachchi | G. V. T. V. Weerasooriya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. D. S. Piyathissa "Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Device for Harvesting Pineapple" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42548.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/42548/design-development-and-performance-evaluation-of-a-mechanical-device-for-harvesting-pineapple/p-d-kahandage
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The potential of solid tannery waste as filler in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied by examination of mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. The Composites were prepared by two roll melt mixing and compression moulding technique for varying fiber contents from 0% to 60%. The parameters tested were tensile, impact and hardness in accordance with ASTM specification. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of stress-strain behaviour of the composite was similar to those of thermoplastic polymer, the tensile strength and yield stress of the control (HDPE) was higher than that of the prepared samples by 8% and 5%. Hardness was better than HDPE by 12.86%. When 3.5g of Mg (OH)2, 0.3g of Ti2O, 10g of NR, 0.5g of trimethyl quinolene (TMQ), 2g of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer and 2ml of Acrylic acid were incorporated into the formulation, 52.2%, 39.2% and 29.1% enhancement in yield stress, tensile and impact strength. SEM scan shows ductile tensile fractured surface of composites with better thermal stability than the control. Composite of HDPE90/fibers waste10 presents good mechanical performance with enhanced thermal stability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Evaporation and Production Efficiency Modelling Using Fuzzy Linear RecurrenceAI Publications
The relationship between crop production and amount of evapotranspiration is very important to agronomists, engineers, economists, and water resources planners. These relationships are often determined using classical least square regression (LSR). However, one needs high amount of samples to determine probability distribution function. Linear regression also requires so many measurements to obtain the valid estimates of crop production function coefficients. In addition, deriving ET-yield regression for each crop and each district is usually expensive, since lysimetric experiments should be repeated for several years for each crop. The object of this study is to introduce a fuzzy linear regression as an alternative approach to statistical regression analysis in determining coefficients of ET- yield relations for each crop and each district with minimum data. The application of possibilistic regression has been examined with a case study. Two data set for winter wheat in Loss Plateau of China and North China Plain have been used. The current finding shows capability of possibilistic regression in estimation of crop yield in data shortage conditions.
Transformations for non-destructive evaluation of brix in mango by reflectanc...IJECEIAES
Mango is a very popular climacteric fruit in America and Europe. Among the internal properties of the mango, total soluble solids (TSS) are an adequate indicator to estimate the quality of mango, however, the measurement of this indicator requires destructive tests. Several research have addressed similar issues; they have made use of pre-processing transformations without making it clear which of them is statistically better. Here, we created a new spectral database to build machine learning (ML) models. We analyzed a total of 18 principal component regression (PCR) models and 18 partial least squared regression (PLSR) models, where 4 types of transformations, 3 different feature extractors, and 3 different pre-processing techniques are combined. The research proposes a double cross validation (CV) both to determine the optimal number of components and to obtain the final metrics. The best model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1382 °Brix and a RMSE on the transformed scale of 0.5140. The best model used 4 components, used y2 transformation, reflectance R as the independent variable and MSC as a pre- processing technique.
In this study, an electronic system was built to determine the mass and volume of orange fruits from their dimensions using ultrasonic sensors. The system hardware parts include a metal box, three ultrasonic sensors, a load-cell sensor, an Arduino board, a memory card module, a voltage converter, a keypad, a display and a power adapter. A computer program was written to obtain data from ultrasonic sensors and determine the mass and volume of fruits using regression relationships in Arduino software. 100 samples of orange fruits (Dezful local variety) were picked randomly from a garden and various measurements were done to determine the main physical properties of fruits including three dimensions, mass (M), and volume (V). The system output values for mass and volume of orange fruits with their actual values had no significant difference at 1% probability level. The root mean square error (RMSE) in determining the oranges mass and volume by the system were 9.02 g and 10.90 cm3, respectively. In general, the proposed system performance was acceptable and it can be used for determining the mass and volume of orange fruits.
Mass estimation of citrus limetta using distance based hand crafted features...IJECEIAES
Sorting and grading are qualitative operational tasks performed in food processing industries. Realization of higher accuracy in mass estimation is the key inclination of this work. In this work, an automated technique for mass estimation of citrus limetta is devised based on the geometrical features derived from pre-processed images. Dataset includes 250 data samples of citrus limetta, whose images are acquired in different orientations. Two novel handcrafted distance-based geometrical features along with four conventional geometrical features were employed for regression analysis. Predictive modeling is conducted with configuration of 150 training and 100 testing data samples and subject to regression analysis for mass estimation. Multiple linear and support vector regression models with linear, polynomial and radial basis function (RBF) kernels were employed for mass estimation with two different model configurations, conventional and conventional with handcrafted features, for which an R2 score of 0.9815, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 10.94 grams, relative averages of accuracy and error of 96.61% and 3.39% respectively is achieved for the proposed model and configuration which was validated using k-fold cross-validation. Through comparison with performance of model with conventional and conventional with handcrafted features configurations, it was established that inclusion of handcrafted features was able to increase the performance of the models.
Selected Physical Properties of Soybean In Relation To Storage DesignIJERA Editor
Bulk density, kernel density, internal friction of Soybean were measured over a moisture content range of 7.4 to
22.22%(wb). First and second order polynomial equations are given which describe the kernel density, bulk
density as well as other properties’ dependence on moisture content. For the grain that was tested, bulk density,
kernel density and specific gravity decreased with moisture content while angle of repose, angle of internal
friction and coefficient of sliding friction increased as moisture content increased. One thousand grain weight
and average diameter increased with moisture content for the crop. Frictional coefficients of the crop was
measured on four structural surface namely: concrete, wood, galvanized sheet metal and mild steel sheet. The
values were maximum for concrete among the four surfaces. The angle of repose was found to be higher than
angle of internal friction in all cases tested. These measurements are necessary in selection of the material and in
determination of pressures and angles of the wall of storage structures.
Dynamic Assessment of Air Temperature for Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) Cu...Redmond R. Shamshiri
Net-screen covered greenhouses operating on natural ventilation are used as a sustainable approach for closed-field cultivation of fruits and vegetables and to eliminate insect passage and subsequent production damage. The objective of this work was to develop a real-time assessment framework for evaluating air-temperature inside an insect-proof net-screen greenhouse in tropical lowlands of Malaysia prior to cultivation of tomato. Mathematical description of a growth response model was implemented and used in a computer application. A custom-designed data acquisition system was built for collecting 6 months of air-temperature data, during July to December 2014. For each measured air-temperature (T), an optimality degree, denoted by Opt(T), was calculated with respect to different light conditions (sun, cloud, night) and different growth stages. Interactive three-dimensional plots were generated to demonstrate variations in Opt(T) values due to different hours and days in a growth season. Results showed that, air temperature was never less than 25% optimal for early growth, and 51% for vegetative to mature fruiting growth stages. The average Opt(T) in the entire 6 months was between 65 and 75%. The presented framework allows tomato growers to automatically collect and process raw air temperature data and to simulate growth responses at different growth stages and light conditions. The software database can be used to track and record Opt(T) values from any greenhouses with different structure design, covering materials, cooling system and growing seasons, and to contribute to knowledge-based decision support systems and energy balance models.
Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Device for Ha...ijtsrd
Pineapple Ananas comosus in family Bromeliaceaeis a large, succulent, and tasty fruit with immense health benefits. Among all the cultivation activities of pineapple, harvesting is the most difficult, time consuming, and energy intensive process due to the higher plant density and spiny leaves of pineapple plants. Although, mechanization helps to increase the efficiency and post harvest quality, very little attention has been drawn to the mechanization of the harvesting process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to introduce an efficient mechanical method for harvesting to overcome the practical problems associated with manual harvesting. The major concept of this is to harvest more fruits from one place by minimizing movement in the cultivation. The long handle, fruit picker, stalk holder, cutter, and operating levers are the major components of this device. The remotely operated cutter and fruit gripper are fixed in one end of the 2m long handle and operating levers are attached to other end so that all the fruits within a nearly 2m radius circular area can be harvested from a one place. The performance of the mechanical harvester was evaluated compared to the manual method at a pineapple field in Kurunegala district of Sri Lanka. The Actual harvesting capacity of the device was 385 fruits h 1with 84 efficiency while the manual method recorded it as 210 fruitsh 1 with 64 efficiency when it is operated by males in double row cultivation systems. Results clearly showed that the mechanical method saves more time considerably than the manual method. P. D. Kahandage | S. W. Hettiarachchi | G. V. T. V. Weerasooriya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. D. S. Piyathissa "Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Device for Harvesting Pineapple" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42548.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/42548/design-development-and-performance-evaluation-of-a-mechanical-device-for-harvesting-pineapple/p-d-kahandage
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
Similar to DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION THE HEIGHT OF BOX FOR HANDLING (20)
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The present study provides evidence that 1,5-Bis (3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper has an antidiabetic effect, as hypoglycemic agent and as antilipolytic agent, but with many abnormalities. It affected blood and liver biochemistry in rats. Sera of animals treated with 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in the present study revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose and albumin, while reported a significant increase in ALT and AST. Moreover, significant decrease in body weight.
THE EFFECT OF ALSTONEA BOONEI STEM BARK PLUS CISPLATININDUCED RENAL INSUFFIC...IJSIT Editor
The bark of Alstoniaboonei stem was analysed for the medicinal and the effect of extracts on induced
renal insufficiency. The plant material was collected in August-September 2012 and Rats 100-150g body
weights were subjected to the study. Normal saline as control, Cisplatin, and cisplatin plus Alstoneiboonei
stem bark extract were administered and the result summary for serum creatinine in cisplatin treated Rats
(2.69±0.32mg/dl) and in Rats administrates cisplastin plus Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract
(2.5±0.01mg/dl) were elevated compared to saline control (1.89±0.89mg/dl). Serum urea in cisplatin treated
Rats was (38.4 ±2.98mg/dl) compared to Rats administrates with cisplatin plus the extract (38.4±2.98mg/dl)
and saline control (24.94±3.76mg/dl). The study indicates Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract reduced the
renal insufficiency in rats.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
WATER INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN SOUTHERN BORNO NIGERIA IJSIT Editor
The water intake characteristics of soils under arable crop practice were studied with a view to
obtaining useful information for the design of irrigation and drainage system and for effective soil
management techniques. Parameters determined; infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, bulk
density, particle density, porosity and moisture content. The textural class of the soils from the three sites
was found to be clay. The result obtained indicates that infiltration was high initially but decreases later. This
may be due to the soil reaching a saturation point. On the average the infiltration rate was observed to
decrease with time. The coefficient of permeability was found to be 9.26 x 10 , 7.66 x 10 and 2.15 x 10 cm/s
for site A, B and C respectively. Information on infiltration and permeability are useful tools in irrigation and
other engineering design.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
DIRECT EXPANSION GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS FOR HEATING AND COOLINGIJSIT Editor
This article is an introduction to the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved
through improving building performance and the use of ground energy sources. The relevance and
importance of the study is discussed in the paper, which, also, highlights the objectives of the study, and the
scope of the theme. This study discusses some of the current activity in the GSHPs field. The basic system and
several variations for buildings are presented along with examples of systems in operation. Finally, the GCHP
is presented as an alternative that is able to counter much of the criticism leveled by the natural gas industry
toward conventional heat pumps. Several advantages and disadvantages are listed. Operating and installation
costs are briefly discussed.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINE...IJSIT Editor
Fish are at present in high demand in food markets, they are widely consumed in many parts of the
world because they posses high protein content, saturated fat and also contain omega fatty acids known to
support good health. The present study deals with biochemical composition of common fish,Sardinella
longiceps. The proximate composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids were
studied. The results of proximate composition in S. longiceps showed the percentage of protein was high in
the normal and tumor infected fish tissue (29.15 &18.93%), followed by the carbohydrate (5.81 & 2.42 %)
and lipid (15.61 & 9.28 %). The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are
presented in normal tissue and tumor infected tissue were found to be as 46.09 % & 41.47 % and 37.23% &
40.63%. In the analysis, the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount
of PUFA (Linolenic acid 32.74 %) in normal tissue. The details of the vitamins detected in S. longicepstissue.
Among them, vitamin A was found in higher levels (91.16 mg/gm) at normal tissue. In the present study,
totally 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were reported. The S. longiceps normal and infected tissue
contributed maximum sodium (289.6 mg/gm) and Potassium (166.5 mg/gm) of minerals. The result shows
that marine fish (S. longiceps) tissue is a valuable food recipe for human consumption, due to its high quality
protein and well-balanced amino acids fatty acids and vitamins and minerals.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
OUTCOME OF TUNNELED CATHETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: FIVE YEARS SINGLE CE...IJSIT Editor
Introduction: The tunneled hemodialysis catheters(THCs) are preferred for the patients who are expected to
poor survival and the attempts to arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are failure. In our study,in hemodialysis
patients who are implemented tunneled catheter it is evaluated the mean duration for the catheters , their
complications and the factors which affect the period of the catheters.
Methods: At the Antalya Research and Education Center Hemodialysis Unit it is retrospectively evaluated the
data of 297 hemodialysis patients who are implemented tunneled catheter during 5 years .
Results: The mean duration time of the tunneled catheters has been 224.9+162.9 days. The duration time of
right internal jugular vein(RIJV) is considerably higher than left internal jugular vein(LIJV) and subclavian
veins (235.8+96.6 days). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, the duration time of the catheter is rather lower
than the other end stage renal disease reasons(184.4±72.1 days).
Conclusions: THCs must be considered as an alternative but not a permanent vascular access in hemodialysis
patients. Because of relatively short duration times than AVF, high infection risks and thrombosis , it must be
used only in patients who have problems with the creating permanent vascular access or patients with
expected low survival time. Moreover, it must be taken into consideration the duration time of the catheter is
low in diabetic hemodialysis patients. According to our results, catheter duration time was longer in RIJV than
in other insertion sites and RIJV must be preferred as first place to placement of THCs.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTO–CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF RAKTADUSHTIHAR YOGAIJSIT Editor
The Rakta has vital role in the maintenance of health. If Rakta is in proper quantity and having desirable
qualities too, it promotes health, improves complexion, strength and vigor. Raktadushtihara Yoga was
formulated to assess its role in the management of Raktadushti. The present study deals with the
standardization of Raktadushtihara Yoga through the Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards.
Organoleptic features of coarse powder were within normal range. The pH value was 6.5, water soluble
extract 46.9% w/w, methanol soluble extract 25.9%, ash value 8.73%, loss on drying 9.63% and average
weight was 512 mg. HPTLC was carried out after organizing appropriate solvent system in which maximum 2
spots were distinguished at 254 nm.
ESTIMATION OF THE REPRODUCTION NUMBER OF THE NOVEL INFLUENZA A, H1N1 IN MALA...IJSIT Editor
In June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the novel influenza A, H1N1 as a
pandemic. After six months, as of December 29, 2009, it was reported by WHO that more than 208 countries
and territories were affected by the pandemic accounting for about 150,000 infected cases and at least 11,516
death. In Malaysia, during the first wave, there are about 14,912 cases were reported from May, 15, 2009
until June, 4, 2010 and a total number of 88 deaths were recorded across the country in 2010. The aim of this
study is to assess the transmissibility of this pandemic in Malaysia by estimating the basic reproduction
number, Ro, which is the average number of secondary cases generated by a single primary case. The value of
Ro is a summary measure of the transmission potential in a given epidemic setting and has been estimated to
range from 1.4 – 1.6 in Mexico, from 2.0 – 2.6 in Japan, 1.96 in New Zealand and 1.68 in China for this current
pandemic.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION THE HEIGHT OF BOX FOR HANDLING
1. Hazbavi, IJSIT, 2013, 2(6), 492-501
DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE
FRUIT TO CALCULATION THE HEIGHT OF BOX FOR HANDLING
Hazbavi
Department of Engineering, Shahre - Ray Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT
In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
Keywords: pomegranate fruit; static force; height box; physical properties
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INTRODUCTION
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to Punicacea family. It is one of the important and
commercial horticultural fruit which is generally very well adapted to the Southern coastal countries of the
Mediterranean Sea climate [1,2]. It has been cultivated extensively in Iran, India and some parts in the U.S.A
(California), China, Japan, Spain and Russia. Pomegranate fruits are consumed fresh or processed as juice,
jellies and syrup for industrial production [3,4]. Different parts of its tree (leaves, fruits and bark skin) have
been used traditionally for their medicinal properties and for other purposes such as in tanning. It is proved
to have high antioxidant activity and good potency for cancer prevention [5-7].
The physical and mechanical properties of pomegranate are important for the design of equipment for
post harvesting technology transporting, harvesting, sizing, storing, separating, cleaning, packaging and
processing it into different food. Since currently used systems are designed without taking these criteria into
consideration, the resulting designs lead to inadequate applications. These designs result in a reduction in
work efficiency and a rise in product loss. Thus, determination and consideration of these criteria play an
important role in designing of this equipment [8].
There were a lot of studies on physical properties and mechanical behavior of some agricultural
products such as physical properties and mechanical behavior of olive fruits [9], physical and mechanical
properties of Egyptian onion[10], physical and mechanical properties of aonla fruits [11], okro fruit[12], kiwi
fruit[13], mechanical properties of Tarocco orange fruit under parallel plate compression[14], also some
Physical properties of date fruit[15]. But no detailed study concerning the mechanical damage of
pomegranate fruit was found in the literature.
The mechanical resistance to the damage of fruits and seeds among other mechanical and physical
properties plays a very important role in the design of harvesting and other processing machines [16]. The
value of this basic information is necessary, because during operations, in these sets of equipment, products
are subjected to mechanical loads which may cause damage. Mechanical damage of fruits and seeds depends
on number factors such as products structural features, product variety, products moisture content, stage of
ripeness, fertilization level and incorrect settings of the particular working subassemblies of the machines
[17].
Damage can occur during harvesting and handling as a result of impact loads or shear forces produced
by contact with the hard surfaces of machinery or storage containers. Fruits and vegetables can be deformed
during storage as a result of static or quasi-static forces at points of contact with other fruits and vegetables
or storage containers. Static forces are applied on individual fruits, vegetables grains and seeds when they are
in piles or storage containers because they interact with each other at the points where they make contact
[18].
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The mechanization of various harvesting and subsequent manipulation operation has an unfavorable
consequence in that it leads to an increase in damage to the material processed. In every case the quality of
the product is directly lowered as a result, and in numerous cases mechanical damage is followed by rapid
spoiling, whereby the material deteriorates completely. In the course of longer storage, spoiled material also
endangers sound material which is in contact with it. Thus it is understandable that the reduction of
mechanical damage is of high economic importance. Experimental results for peaches indicating that peaches
can support about 15 N static loads without damage. This corresponds to the weight of a column of fruit
approximately 70 cm height. The deeper the container, the lower the volume ratio represented by the upper
layer. Thus the proportion of fruit damaged may be reduced significantly by increasing the depth of the
container up to a certain point [8,19].
In light of above facts, the objectives of this study were to: 1- Determination of some physical and
mechanical of pomegranate fruits. 2- Calculation of maximum height of box for pomegranate fruits storage
and handling. This information could be used to design and to optimize post harvesting mechanisms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample preparation:
Pomegranate fruits were collected from Saveh in Markazi province of Iran, in October 2012. The fruits
were cleaned manually to remove all foreign material and defective fruits. Then 100 healthy fruits were
stored in the refrigerator at temperature of 4˚C until the experiments were carried out. Before each test, the
required quantity of samples was taken out of refrigerator and allowed to warm up to room temperature
(25˚C). Moisture content of the samples was determined according to AOAC approved vacuum oven
(Memmert-ULE500, Germany) method[20]. All the physical properties were determined at the moisture
contents of 69.3 % (w.b.). All the experiments were replicated at least of five times and the average values
were reported.
Theoretical principles and experimental design:
In bins or shipping containers, only a portion of the surfaces of individual fruits, vegetables, grains and
seeds are in contact. If the force acting at a point can be determined, then the area of contact and the
maximum stress at the point of contact can be estimated using the contact stress theory. The forces at points
of contact can be estimated using the approach described by Ross and Isaacs
[21].
This requires several
assumptions. The particles are assumed to be spherical with a uniform diameter Dg. Their contact is assumed
to be inelastic, which has the following two implications: 1- The particles do not deform appreciably and
therefore the distance between particles does not change. 2- The inter particle forces act at the points of
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contact. The particles are assumed to be arranged in the rhombic stacking model shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Rhombic stacking model for fruits.
The individual particles are in contact along a line which makes an angle θ with the horizontal. In this
model, the angle θ is dependent on N, the number of particles per unit volume, and Dg, the characteristic
diameter of the particles. These three variables are related by the following equation [8]:
N
4 Dg
3
1
cos2 sin
(1)
Number of particles per unit volume is obtained from ratio of bulk density to mass of each particle multiplied
by its unit volume.
Figure 2: Diagram of stack of samples having n layers and confined by a vertical wall and a floor.
The maximum static force occurs in the last layer of fruits (Figure 2). There are four forces acting
from above on the particle in contact with the floor (Figure 3). They will sum to [8]:
F n w
(2)
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Where F is the total force on fruit in the last layer (rapture force) and w is fruit weight.
Figure 3: Static forces on the last layer of fruit.
Angle of the fruit and number of layers is calculated from Equation (1 and 2), respectively. Thus box
height is calculated from Equation (3) [8]:
h nD g sin
(3)
Where, h is height of box, Dg is geometric mean diameter, n is number of layers and θ is angle of contact line
with horizontal.
Physical properties:
Measurements of the three major perpendicular dimensions of the fruit were carried out with a digital
caliper (AND GF-600. JAPON) to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The geometric mean diameter, Dg of the fruit was
calculated by using the following relationship [22]:
Dg (abc)1/ 3
(4)
Where the length, width and thickness are in mm as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Dimensions of pomegranate fruit; a, b and c are the length, width and thickness.
The bulk density (Pb) was determined using the mass/volume relationship, by filling an empty plastic
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container of predetermined volume (75 cm3) and tare weight with the grains by pouring from a constant
height, striking off the top level and weighing [23]. Using equation 5:
b
mb
Vb
(5)
Where: mb is the total mass of fruit in container and Vb is the volume of container.
Mechanical properties:
Maximum force (Fmax= rapture force) of pomegranate fruit was determined by the testing machine
(H50 K-S, Hounsfield, England), equipped with a 100 N compression load cell and integrator. The
measurement accuracy was ±0.001 N in force and 0.001 mm in deformation. The individual seed was loaded
between two parallel plates of the machine (Figure 5) and compressed along with thickness until rupture
occurred as is denoted by a rupture point in the force–deformation curve. The rupture point is a point on the
force–deformation curve at which the loaded specimen shows a visible or invisible failure in the form of
breaks or cracks. This point is detected by a continuous decrease of the load in the force-deformation
diagram. While the rupture point was detected, the loading was stopped. These tests were carried out at the
loading rate of 0.1 mm/min for all moisture levels [23].
Figure 5: Universal testing machine.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A summary of the descriptive statistics of the various physical dimensions is shown in Table 1. The
average of major, intermediate and minor diameters for pomegranate fruits at moisture content of 69.3%
(w.b) was 87.45, 80.8 and 73.1 mm, respectively. The geometric mean diameter of pomegranate fruit in this
research was 80.14 mm. With a geometric mean of 80.14 mm, The pomegranate fruits were thus bigger than
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cactus pear and kiwi fruit with reported average principal dimensions of 71.93, 57.57, 52.08 mm, and 68,
50.25, 46.38 mm, respectively [24,25], but smaller than the cantaloupe fruit with principal dimensions of 147,
140, 134 mm [26]. The importance of these and other characteristic axial dimensions in determining the
aperture size of machines, particularly in separation of materials, as discussed by Mohsenin [22] and
highlighted by other researchers [27].
property
Observations
Mean ±SD
Moisture content, (% w.b)
5
69.3±0.6
Fruit mass, (g)
100
227.52±15.42
Fruit length, (mm)
100
87.45±4.86
Fruit width, (mm)
100
80.8±4.75
Fruit thickness, (mm)
100
73.1±3.68
Geometric mean diameter, (mm)
100
80.14±4.71
Bulk density, (kg/m )
5
451.6±18.39
Rupture force, (N)
5
40.7±2.53
3
Table 1: selected some physical and mechanical properties of pomegranate fruit
The average fruit mass of the pomegranate was 227.52 g compared with 109.8 g in cactus pear fruit,
98.7 g in kiwi fruit, 1397 g in cantaloupe fruit and 171.5 g for wild mango fruit. Thus, the pomegranate fruit
has a bigger mass than kiwi, wild mango fruit and cactus pear fruit but smaller than the cantaloupe fruits[2426,28].
The bulk density of pomegranate was 451.6 kg/m3. This value was close to the corresponding values of
515.27 and 563.2 kg/m3 reported for orange and kiwi fruits, respectively [25,29]. This property could prove
useful in the separation and transportation of the fruits by processing machines.
The average rupture force for pomegranate fruit was 40.7 N compared with 13 N in kiwi fruit, 9.75 N in
apricot, 22.39 N in mango fruit and 57.38 N for olive fruit. Thus, the pomegranate fruit has a bigger rupture
force and more firmness than kiwi, apricot and mango fruit but smaller than the olive fruit [9,28,30,31].
The maximum height of box and estimated parameters of pomegranate fruit to calculate the maximum
height of box is shown in Table 2. According to these results, the maximum height of storage and handling box
for pomegranate fruit was obtained 123 cm. Then for caution this fruit should be not stored in containers
with over 123 cm height. This value is higher than the value reported for peach fruit (70 cm) because rupture
force of pomegranate fruit is greater than the force required to break the peach fruit (15 N) [19].
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Parameter
Observations
Mean±SD
N
5
1985±11.37
, (deg.)
5
57.4±3.18
W, (N)
100
2.23±0.1
n
5
18±2.11
h, (cm)
5
123±5.64
Table 2: Estimated parameters to calculate the maximum height of box for pomegranate fruit maintenance
CONCLUSIONS
Measuring maximum height of box for pomegranate storage and handling was performed in this study.
Also some physical and mechanical properties were measured. The following conclusions may be made based
on statistical analysis of the data: Length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, bulk density and mass
of pomegranate fruit were 87.45mm, 80.8 mm, 73 mm, 80.14 mm, 451.6 kg/m3 and 227.52 g, respectively.
Rupture force for pomegranate fruit was 40.7 N that equal with 18 layers of fruits. Consequently, it is
recommended for transporting and storing of pomegranate fruit that use less than 123 cm of box until the
fruit not broken due to the weight force of fruit bulk during handling and storing.
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