Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, especially at the population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY QUESTIONS PDF.
Clinical toxicolgy dealt with the toxicity of the medicine in the human body once used at the higher dose . beside of clinical toxicology there are forensic toxicology that dealwith environment . toxicology is the wide course that has many field of applications.
BOS 4201, Toxicology 1 Course Learning Outcomes for U.docxaryan532920
BOS 4201, Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Explain how toxins are processed in biological systems.
2.1 Calculate the mean, median, mode, and dispersion in different types of toxins.
3. Assess the environmental risk of chemical substances based on toxicity.
3.1 Differentiate between pollution and contamination.
3.2 Describe the processes by which chemicals move through the environment.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1 Unit Lesson, Unit Readings
3.1
3.2
Unit Lesson, Unit Readings
Reading Assignment
Chapter 5:
Environmental Pollutants and Their Fate
Chapter 6:
Dose and Response
Unit Lesson
This unit discusses the risks to the
environment from chemical contamination.
Historical incidents are explored in addition
to the factors that affect the fate of
chemicals in the environment. In the past, it
was thought that dilution was the solution to
pollution. Chemicals were released into the
environment, and it was thought that these
chemicals would just blow away until
researchers found persistent chemicals in
locations where they were not being used.
As this became known, new technologies
were invented to capture or reduce the
amount of chemicals.
Chemicals are found almost everywhere in
our environment. They enter our food chain
and can accumulate in animals. As
humans, we are at the top of the food
chain; breastfeeding infants is at the highest level. It has been theorized that infants are the most exposed
group to environmental contaminants.
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Environmental Risks
The pollution response unit at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola,
Florida., deploys oil containment booms at Sherman Cove to protect
environmentally sensitive grass beds from the Deepwater Horizon oil
spill on May 4, 2010.
(Nichols, 2010)
BOS 4201, Toxicology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Environmental Pollutants and Their Fate
Pollution is defined as any change in the characteristic of the air, water, or soil that will adversely affect the
health of an organism. A pollutant is any substance released into the environment that may cause adverse
effects. The ecosystem is complex with abiotic and biotic factors being interrelated. Pollutants are often
introduced into the ecosystem and carried into the atmosphere. Precipitation—in the form of rain, sleet, or
snow—can pull the pollutants from the atmosphere and deposit them onto land and into bodies of water,
causing contamination in the soil and water.
Below are some examples of common pollutants found in the environment:
gases (nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide),
metals (lead and mercury),
organics (benzene and toluene),
noise,
photochemical oxidants (ozone), and
radioactive wastes.
The fate of chemicals in the environment is affected by the process in which chemicals are moved and
transforme ...
Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, especially at the population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY QUESTIONS PDF.
Clinical toxicolgy dealt with the toxicity of the medicine in the human body once used at the higher dose . beside of clinical toxicology there are forensic toxicology that dealwith environment . toxicology is the wide course that has many field of applications.
BOS 4201, Toxicology 1 Course Learning Outcomes for U.docxaryan532920
BOS 4201, Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Explain how toxins are processed in biological systems.
2.1 Calculate the mean, median, mode, and dispersion in different types of toxins.
3. Assess the environmental risk of chemical substances based on toxicity.
3.1 Differentiate between pollution and contamination.
3.2 Describe the processes by which chemicals move through the environment.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1 Unit Lesson, Unit Readings
3.1
3.2
Unit Lesson, Unit Readings
Reading Assignment
Chapter 5:
Environmental Pollutants and Their Fate
Chapter 6:
Dose and Response
Unit Lesson
This unit discusses the risks to the
environment from chemical contamination.
Historical incidents are explored in addition
to the factors that affect the fate of
chemicals in the environment. In the past, it
was thought that dilution was the solution to
pollution. Chemicals were released into the
environment, and it was thought that these
chemicals would just blow away until
researchers found persistent chemicals in
locations where they were not being used.
As this became known, new technologies
were invented to capture or reduce the
amount of chemicals.
Chemicals are found almost everywhere in
our environment. They enter our food chain
and can accumulate in animals. As
humans, we are at the top of the food
chain; breastfeeding infants is at the highest level. It has been theorized that infants are the most exposed
group to environmental contaminants.
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Environmental Risks
The pollution response unit at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola,
Florida., deploys oil containment booms at Sherman Cove to protect
environmentally sensitive grass beds from the Deepwater Horizon oil
spill on May 4, 2010.
(Nichols, 2010)
BOS 4201, Toxicology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Environmental Pollutants and Their Fate
Pollution is defined as any change in the characteristic of the air, water, or soil that will adversely affect the
health of an organism. A pollutant is any substance released into the environment that may cause adverse
effects. The ecosystem is complex with abiotic and biotic factors being interrelated. Pollutants are often
introduced into the ecosystem and carried into the atmosphere. Precipitation—in the form of rain, sleet, or
snow—can pull the pollutants from the atmosphere and deposit them onto land and into bodies of water,
causing contamination in the soil and water.
Below are some examples of common pollutants found in the environment:
gases (nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide),
metals (lead and mercury),
organics (benzene and toluene),
noise,
photochemical oxidants (ozone), and
radioactive wastes.
The fate of chemicals in the environment is affected by the process in which chemicals are moved and
transforme ...
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of humans.
The environmental friendly materials involve the fields of green chemistry, biodegradable, and bio-based materials at the structural, chemical, and physical level, as well as the utilization of principles to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products.
Basic definition and types of toxicology (general, mechanistic, regulatory and descriptive), Regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicity studies OECD, ICH, EPA and Schedule Y OECD principles of Good laboratory practice (GLP)
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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2. What are Toxins
They
are defined as chemical compounds
that can cause some disorder in human
health and generations are known as
toxins.
3. “Classes Of TOXINS”
There are various classes of Toxins with respect
to there nature occurrence and diseases or
disorders caused by them, including…..
Cosmetics
Metals
Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides) h
4. Metals
Increased
human exposure to metals have
made things a little complex
Usage of metals has increased and so is their
exposure to human beings
Despite the wide range of metal toxicity and toxic
properties, they have a property to penitrate the cell.
If the metal is in a lipid-soluble form such as
methylmercury, it readily penetrates the membrane;
Protien soluble metals such as cadmiummetallothionein, the metal is taken into the cell by
endocytosis; or by passive diffusion.
The toxic effects of metals usually involve interaction
between the free metal and the cellular entity.
5. Agricultural Chemicals (pesticides)
Chemicals used to kill un wanted living organisms
from crops and trees.
Properties
They kill the damaging entities and being sprayed on
crops and trees
Disadvantages
Targeted element dies instead or escaping.
There they also affect the consumers afterwards
Pests got immune until we need a stronger pesticide
6. Food additives and contaminants
Those substances which are added to food to enhance its
life and form.
Includes “Colors” and “preservatives”
History
These substances were used since when toxicity checking
was not practiced.
And people keep on using them without even knowing its
consequences
Tragedy
A lot of them are toxins themselves
7. Solvents
In addition to cutaneous effects, such as defatting and local
irritation, many have systemic toxic effects, including effects
on the nervous system or, as with benzene, on the bloodforming elements.
Commercial solvents are frequently complex mixtures and
may include nitrogen- or sulfur-containing organics— gasoline
and other oil-based products are examples of this.
Examples
Aliphatic hydrocarbons i.e hexane.
Aliphatic alcohols i.e. methanol ethanol.
Benzene.
Chloroform.
8. Drugs
All drugs have toxins in them up to some extent.
They are harmful and ultimately fatal.
Constituents
Muscle relaxant. i.e. Marijuana
CNS depressant, i.e. Ethanol
CNS stimulant, i.e. Cocaine
And many other like caffeine, nicotine, heroin,diethylamide
(LSD), and “XTC”
Another reason for being unhygienic is that all of
these are illegal So they are prepared in a poor way
and with the material of bad quality
9. Combustion
A process
in which compounds are burned in
the presence of oxygen.
Release of gasses
CO and Co2 majorly
Infects lungs and blood.
10. Cosmetic
The
most common effects of modern
cosmetics are occasional “allergic reactions”
The highly toxic or carcinogenic dyes are no
longer in use.
Bromates, used in some cold wave
neutralizers, may be acutely toxic if ingested
Sodium hydroxide used in hair straighteners
are also toxic on ingestion.
Used as directed, cosmetics appear to present
little risk because a little part is absorbed.
11. Organ Toxicity
It is the acute or chronic problems caused by
different toxins in human body.
They can be avoided for the first place
But some of them are eliminated by
Different medications only.
Following are different problems caused by
Toxins in our body
13. Hepatotoxicity
This is explained as the
damage caused to Liver.
This damage could be due
to over dose of numerous
medicines
Up to 900 medicines have
been extracted from
markets for causing
hepatotoxicity
Drug-induced liver injury is
responsible for 5% of all
hospital admissions and
50% of all acute liver
failures.
Troglitazone, bromfenac, tro
vafloxacin are few
examples.
14. Nephrotoxicity
Poisonous effect of substances on
kidney.
They could be both toxins and
medicines.
Caused by substances called
nephrotoxins.
Heavy metals interfere with enzymes of
energy metabolism are involved
It is usually diagnosed by changes in
excretory function, such as increases in
urinary glucose, amino acid, or protein
excretion, changes in urine
volume, osmolarity, or pH.
15. Toxicity of nervous system
stimulatory effect of a cup of
coffee relax our brain.many
Other effects can be much more
insidious
metabolic poisons (e.g., cyanide)
disrupt cellular respiration, which
ultimately prevents the brain
from getting sufficient oxygen
and energy.
Nerve agents and metabolic
poisons also appear to have
serious long-term neurological
effects, including
neurodegeneration e.g. poison of
king cobra.
16. Reproductive system
Many toxins have a
strong effect on
reproductive system.
E.g cigarette smoking
decreases fertality
In humans along with
renal and heart diseases.
This is due to presence of
cadmiun Cd
It also causes
abnormalities in embryo.
17. Respiratory toxicology
The respiratory system
represents a unique target for
the potential toxicity of toxi- cants
due to the fact that the lungs are
the primary portal of entry for
inhaled gases and particles.
In addition, the lungs receive the
entire cardiac output, and
therefore, toxicants that enter the
bloodstream also have the
potential to cause lung injury.
Different type of toxins produced
by burning e.g CO traces od lead
and different gasses can harm
respiratory track .
18. Immune system toxicology
Pollens
in air
Secretions
of different
fungi
Bacrial
action
Infactions
causes
immune system
affected
19. Environmental Toxins
Those
toxins which are produced and
then get exposed to the “Environment”
The study of Environmental Toxins is known as
“Environmental
toxicology”
Environmental toxicology is defined as the study of the
fate and effects of chemicals in the environment.
Including toxic chemicals naturally found in the
environment (i.e., animal venom and microbial and plant
toxins),
Environmental toxicology is typically associated with the
study of environ- mental toxins
20. Environmental Toxins
Environmental toxicology can be divided
into two subcategories:
Environmental health toxicology
&
Ecotoxicology
Environmental health toxicology is the study of the adverse
effects of environmental chemicals on human health, while
Ecotoxicology focuses upon the effects of environ- mental
contaminants upon ecosystems and constituents thereof
(i.e., fish and wild- life etc).
21. Environmental Persistence
Many abiotic and biotic processes that function in order to eliminate
(i.e., degrade) toxic chemicals exist in nature.
Accordingly, many chemicals released into the environment having
less hazards because of their limited life span in the environment.
Chemicals that are difficult to degrade persist in environment for a
very long time.
Trace metals represent an extreme case of persistence because as
elements, metals cannot be broken down in the environment.
Continued disposal of persistent chemicals into the environment can
result in their accumulation to environment cause toxicity.
22. How To Degrade…??
These
Elements are being degraded by
following two processes
24. Degradation
with the help of living things
This is the degradation of elements from complex to simple
By certain living organisms like
Algae
Fungi
Bacteria
Protozoans
And other uni or multicellular organisms
25. What is Toxicity…?? :o
When
organisms are exposed to toxins the
effect of that toxin on that organism is known
as toxicity.
Types of toxicity…..
There
Are Two Types Of Toxicity.
Acute Toxicity.
Mild Toxicity.
26. Acute Toxicity
Acute
toxicity is defined as toxicity caused due
to short-term exposure to a toxicant.
Incidences of acute toxicity in the
environment are commonly associated with
accident (e.g., derailment of a train resulting in
leakage of a chemical into a river)
27. Chronic Toxicity
Chronic
toxicity is defined as toxicity elicited
as a result of long-term exposure to a toxicant.
Sublethal end points are generally associated
with chronic toxicity.
These include
reproductive, immune, endocrine, and
developmental dysfunction.
However, chronic exposure also can result in
direct mortality not observed during acute
exposure
28. Transport and Fate of
Toxicants
in the
Environment
More
than 100,000 chemicals are released
into the global environment every year through
their normal production, use, and disposal.
29. Transport and Fate of Toxicants in the
Environment
Toxicants
are released into the environment in
many ways, and they can travel along many
pathways during their lifetime..
30. Transport and Fate of
Toxicants
in the
Environment
Environmental
contamination and exposure
resulting from the use of a chemical is
modified by the transport and transformation
of the chemical in the environment.
Dilution and degradation can decrease its
harms.
32. Point sources are discrete discharges of chemicals,
that are usually identifiable and measurable,
such as industrial or municipal effluent outfalls, chemical or
petroleum spills and dumps, smokestacks,
and other stationary atmospheric discharges.
Nonpoint sources are more diffuse inputs over large
areas with no identifiable single point of entry such as
agrochemical (pesticide and fertilizer) runoff, mobile
source emissions (automobiles), atmospheric
deposition, desorption or leaching from very large
areas (contaminated sediments or mine tailings), and
groundwater inflow.
33.
34. How To avoid Toxins
Different
companies, Law making Institutes
and Governments are trying there best to
reduce toxins on national and international
levels but…
Followings
steps should be made by each
common person to avoid toxins in our daily
life.
35. Sodium nitrate makes them red and
appetizing, but this additive can also cause the
formation of nitrosamines in your system, which
can lead to cancer.
2. Stick to low-mercury fish like Trout
instead of swordfish or tuna.
Overexposure can cause memory
problems, fatigue, and other health issues.
36. Cans are commonly lined with bisphenol-A, an
organic compound that, according to the Lang
study, may be associated with diabetes and heart
disease.
These animal products may contain trace
amounts of harmful contaminants used as a food
supplement by them Although many of these
toxins have been banned, they are still present in
the soil. Reducing your intake of animal products
is also more friendly to the environment.
37. chemical additive in these products, can lead to
nerve cell damage, dizziness, and headaches.
Besides, anything that gives rats brain tumors is
worth avoiding in my book.
The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy
discovered traces of arsenic in non-organic
chickens. Exposure to this dangerous chemical
can lead to cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
Another study also found numerous antibioticresistant bacteria in conventional poultry.
38. Only drink milk that says “no rBGH” on the carton
because recombinant bovine growth hormone
has been linked with breast cancer.
Hydrogenated oils are used to lengthen the shelf
life of products like crackers and
cookies, but they are also associated with
diabetes and heart disease. Another reason to
stay away from the middle aisles: snack foods
are generally loaded with salt, corn syrup and
other unhealthy ingredients.
39. Stay away from artificially-colored foods like
candy, maraschino cherries, and gelatin. Mice
and rats experimentally exposed to blue 1 and
2, red 3 and yellow 6 suffered from brain, adrenal
gland, thyroid, and kidney tumors.
Use stainless steel or cast iron cookware to
prepare your meals. The Teflon used to
create nonstick surfaces can release noxious
gases when exposed to high
temperatures, which puts you at risk for heart
disease.
40. Never microwave food in plastic
bowls, containers, or dishes. Exposure to heat
causes the bisphenol-A found in plastics to break
down and potentially contaminate your food.
Also, make sure to hand wash them.
41. Conclusion
Regulatory
agencies should enhance
efforts to incorporate toxicogenomic data
into risk assessment.
Develop specialized
bioinformatic, statistical, and computation
al tools and approaches to analyze toxins.
Actions
should be taken to facilitate the
technical and regulatory validation of
toxicogenomics.
42. Conclusions
Continue
to use toxicogenomics to study
differences in toxicant responses between
animal models and humans and continue
to use genotyped and genetically altered
animal model strains as experimental tools
to better extrapolate results from animal
tests to human health.
43. Conclusion
Address
the ethical, legal, and social
issues that affect the use of toxicogenomic
data and the collection of data and
samples needed for toxicogenomic
research.
Develop
education and training programs
relevant totoxicogenomic applications to
predictive toxicology.