Antidotes
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short ppt on the topic antidote, easy for students from diploma and bachelor course . it explains definition , classification , mechanism of action with example .
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Antidote
Activated charcoal is commonly used as an antidote to counteract drug and chemical poisonings. It works by binding to poisons in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing absorption. Common side effects include black stools and diarrhea. Antidotes work through various mechanisms like complex formation, metabolic conversion, or changing the physicochemical properties of toxins. In the future, more research on new antidotes and applications of existing treatments is needed, as well as evaluating long term side effects from chronic use. International collaboration helps advance the field of antidotal therapy.
4.cholinergic and anticholinergics
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It focuses on the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter acetylcholine and drugs that interact with acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and activates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Drugs that mimic acetylcholine, called cholinergic drugs, directly activate muscarinic receptors or indirectly increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Examples include pilocarpine, neostigmine, and organophosphate pesticides. Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine competitively block muscarinic receptors, producing effects like tachy
Urinary antiseptics
Urinary antiseptics are drugs used to treat and prevent urinary tract infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in the urine. Common urinary antiseptics discussed include sulphonamides, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, methenamine, and nitrofurantoin. These drugs work by being bacteriostatic and inhibiting bacterial growth in the urine. Some potential adverse effects include fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, and crystalluria. Nurses should monitor patients taking these drugs and educate them on proper hygiene, fluid intake, and contraceptive use during treatment.
Antineoplastic agents-Anticancer drugs
This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents (chemotherapies) used to treat cancer. It begins by defining a neoplasm or tumor and describing the causes and types of cancer. It then discusses factors that affect cancer incidence and classifies antineoplastic drugs. The main classes described are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant products, and miscellaneous drugs. For each drug class and some individual drugs, the document provides details on mechanisms of action and specific uses to treat different cancer types. It concludes by covering the synthesis of some example antineoplastic agents including mechlorethamine, methotrexate, and mercaptopurine.
Antipyretic drugs
Thank you for the informative presentation on antipyretic drugs. Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions.
Mechanism of drug action
1) The document discusses the mechanism of drug action, including principles of drug action like stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement. It also discusses drug action via discrete functional proteins like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors.
2) The majority of drugs act through interaction with specific target molecules like proteins, particularly enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Drugs can stimulate or inhibit enzymes. They can also directly bind to ion channels to modulate their opening and closing.
3) Transporters facilitate diffusion of substrates across membranes, and drugs can directly interact with solute carrier transporter proteins to inhibit transport. Receptors recognize signal molecules and drugs to initiate cellular responses, and drugs act
Anti - Venoum.pptx
Anti-venom, also known as antivenin, is a treatment for venomous bites and stings composed of antibodies. It is produced by injecting venom into animals to produce antibodies in their blood. The three main types of venom are neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and hemotoxic, which attack the nervous system, cells, and blood/circulatory system respectively. Symptoms depend on the venom type but can include paralysis, respiratory failure, and internal bleeding. Anti-venom is the only available treatment and works by binding to the venom before it can cause harm, though it sometimes causes mild allergic reactions. It is manufactured by several companies in India and must be administered as soon as possible after envenomation
Antidotes
This document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract poisons. It defines antidotes and explains that they are classified based on their mode of action into physiological, physical, and chemical antidotes. Physiological antidotes counteract poisons through opposing pharmacological effects, physical antidotes interfere through physical properties like adsorption, and chemical antidotes specifically interact with or neutralize toxins. The document also outlines several ways antidotes can be administered, such as forming inert complexes with toxins, accelerating detoxification, competing at receptor sites, and bypassing toxic effects.
Recommended
Antidote
Activated charcoal is commonly used as an antidote to counteract drug and chemical poisonings. It works by binding to poisons in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing absorption. Common side effects include black stools and diarrhea. Antidotes work through various mechanisms like complex formation, metabolic conversion, or changing the physicochemical properties of toxins. In the future, more research on new antidotes and applications of existing treatments is needed, as well as evaluating long term side effects from chronic use. International collaboration helps advance the field of antidotal therapy.
4.cholinergic and anticholinergics
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It focuses on the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter acetylcholine and drugs that interact with acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and activates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Drugs that mimic acetylcholine, called cholinergic drugs, directly activate muscarinic receptors or indirectly increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Examples include pilocarpine, neostigmine, and organophosphate pesticides. Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine competitively block muscarinic receptors, producing effects like tachy
Urinary antiseptics
Urinary antiseptics are drugs used to treat and prevent urinary tract infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in the urine. Common urinary antiseptics discussed include sulphonamides, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, methenamine, and nitrofurantoin. These drugs work by being bacteriostatic and inhibiting bacterial growth in the urine. Some potential adverse effects include fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, and crystalluria. Nurses should monitor patients taking these drugs and educate them on proper hygiene, fluid intake, and contraceptive use during treatment.
Antineoplastic agents-Anticancer drugs
This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents (chemotherapies) used to treat cancer. It begins by defining a neoplasm or tumor and describing the causes and types of cancer. It then discusses factors that affect cancer incidence and classifies antineoplastic drugs. The main classes described are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant products, and miscellaneous drugs. For each drug class and some individual drugs, the document provides details on mechanisms of action and specific uses to treat different cancer types. It concludes by covering the synthesis of some example antineoplastic agents including mechlorethamine, methotrexate, and mercaptopurine.
Antipyretic drugs
Thank you for the informative presentation on antipyretic drugs. Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions.
Mechanism of drug action
1) The document discusses the mechanism of drug action, including principles of drug action like stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement. It also discusses drug action via discrete functional proteins like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors.
2) The majority of drugs act through interaction with specific target molecules like proteins, particularly enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Drugs can stimulate or inhibit enzymes. They can also directly bind to ion channels to modulate their opening and closing.
3) Transporters facilitate diffusion of substrates across membranes, and drugs can directly interact with solute carrier transporter proteins to inhibit transport. Receptors recognize signal molecules and drugs to initiate cellular responses, and drugs act
Anti - Venoum.pptx
Anti-venom, also known as antivenin, is a treatment for venomous bites and stings composed of antibodies. It is produced by injecting venom into animals to produce antibodies in their blood. The three main types of venom are neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and hemotoxic, which attack the nervous system, cells, and blood/circulatory system respectively. Symptoms depend on the venom type but can include paralysis, respiratory failure, and internal bleeding. Anti-venom is the only available treatment and works by binding to the venom before it can cause harm, though it sometimes causes mild allergic reactions. It is manufactured by several companies in India and must be administered as soon as possible after envenomation
Antidotes
This document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract poisons. It defines antidotes and explains that they are classified based on their mode of action into physiological, physical, and chemical antidotes. Physiological antidotes counteract poisons through opposing pharmacological effects, physical antidotes interfere through physical properties like adsorption, and chemical antidotes specifically interact with or neutralize toxins. The document also outlines several ways antidotes can be administered, such as forming inert complexes with toxins, accelerating detoxification, competing at receptor sites, and bypassing toxic effects.
Pharmacology of commonly used antisep, disinfect, insecticide
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit III Antiseptics & Disinfectants and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Anti emetics
1) Anti-emetic drugs are used to prevent or suppress vomiting. They are classified into different categories including anti-cholinergics, anti-histamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5HT antagonists, and adjuvent anti-emetics.
2) Common anti-emetic drugs include cyclizine, dicyclomine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. They work through different mechanisms such as blocking neurotransmitters or receptors.
3) Anti-emetics are used to treat nausea and vomiting from conditions like cancer chemotherapy, motion sickness, and post-operative vomiting. Adverse effects can include
Vaccines and sera
1. Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate the immune system to develop antibodies against diseases.
2. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and recombinant.
3. Diphtheria toxoid is prepared from toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxins are treated with formalin to remove toxicity while retaining antigenicity.
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This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
Chemotherapy
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Anticonvulsant notes
This document provides information on anticonvulsant/antiepileptic drugs. It begins by defining epilepsy and describing the main types. It then discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various anticonvulsant classes, including barbiturates, hydantoins, oxazolidinediones, succinimides, ureas, benzodiazepines, and newer agents. For several examples within each class, it provides details on their chemistry, pharmacology, clinical uses, and adverse effects. The document aims to give an overview of the treatment of epilepsy through the use of anticonvulsant medications.
Introduction to pharmacology 1
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit VII Miscellaneous drugs and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Notes sedative & hypnotics
This presentation will help the viewers to get a summed up knowledge about sedatives and hypnotics. the MoA is clearly described.
Antidotes
This document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract toxins and poisons. It defines antidotes and explains that some are made by injecting toxins in animals and extracting resulting antibodies. The document classifies antidotes into physical, chemical, and pharmacological categories based on their mechanisms of action. It provides examples of specific antidotes for various toxins and poisons like paracetamol, morphine, cyanide, and more. The document aims to explain what antidotes are and how they work to neutralize different toxins.
Drugs acting on the central nervous system
This document summarizes drugs that act on the central nervous system, focusing on anticonvulsant drugs. It discusses the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of various anticonvulsant drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, valproic acid, gabapentin and others. It also outlines some of the adverse effects associated with these drugs. The document provides information on how these drugs stabilize neuronal membranes, activate GABA receptors, and alter ion channel permeability to raise the seizure threshold.
Anti malarial drug classification
This document discusses various antimalarial drugs, classifying them and describing their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. It covers quinoline derivatives like chloroquine and amodiaquine, mefloquine, quinine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, primaquine, artemisinin and its derivatives, atovaquone, and others. The drugs act against different life stages of the malaria parasite and are used for prophylaxis, treatment, and radical cure of malaria caused by various Plasmodium species.
3.cholinergic drugs
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and cholinergic transmission. It describes how drugs can have parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic effects by stimulating or opposing muscarinic receptors. There are three main types of muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3) located throughout the body. Drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors can be direct acting parasympathomimetics or indirect acting via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Common cholinergic drugs and their effects/indications are also outlined.
Cholinergic and anti cholinergic drugs
Cholinergic drugs act similarly to acetylcholine by interacting with cholinergic receptors or increasing acetylcholine availability. They include choline esters and alkaloids. Anti-cholinesterases inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, prolonging its effects. They are classified as reversible or irreversible. Anti-cholinergic drugs block muscarinic receptors, antagonizing acetylcholine's effects. They are classified as natural/semi-synthetic alkaloids or synthetic compounds. Examples of each drug class and their mechanisms, indications, side effects and contraindications are provided.
Urinary antiseptic
The document discusses drugs used for the urinary system. It covers several categories of drugs including diuretics, antidiuretics, urinary antiseptics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, acidifiers and alkalinizers. It specifically discusses four urinary antiseptic drugs - nitrofurantoin, mehenamine, nalidixic acid and phenazopyridine. For each drug, it provides information on composition, action, dosage, route of administration, indications, contraindications, drug interactions, side effects and the role of nurses. The drugs work by inhibiting bacterial growth in the urine to treat urinary tract infections.
Introduction and scope of pharmacology
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Anti Pyretic Drugs
The document discusses various antipyretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and side effects. It provides details on common antipyretic drugs like paracetamol, aspirin, meloxicam, and piroxicam. The drugs are used to reduce fever and inflammation, and help relieve pain, with their effects stemming from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
This document discusses two broad-spectrum antibiotics - tetracycline and chloramphenicol. It provides details on their structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial spectrum, resistance, clinical uses and doses, contraindications, and adverse effects. Tetracycline is obtained from soil actinomycetes and has a four-cyclic-anthracyclin ring structure. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol is a naturally occurring antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae that possesses a nitro group and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Both antibiotics have become less used due to increasing bacterial resistance.
Antianxiety drugs
This document provides information on antianxiety drugs. It discusses that anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state associated with unease from an unknown threat. Treatment is needed when anxiety is disproportionate or excessive. It then describes various classes of antianxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, azapirones, barbiturates, beta blockers, and antidepressants. The document focuses on benzodiazepines, explaining their mechanism of action by enhancing GABA through binding sites on GABA receptors. It discusses their therapeutic uses for anxiety disorders, seizures, muscle disorders and as amnesia for medical procedures. Potential adverse effects and drug interactions are also summarized.
Parasympathomimetic agents
This document provides an overview of parasympathomimetic agents or cholinergic drugs. It discusses the organization of the nervous system and types of cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic drugs are classified as directly acting or indirectly acting. Directly acting drugs like choline esters and pilocarpine directly bind to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Indirectly acting drugs like physostigmine and neostigmine inhibit acetylcholinesterase and prolong the action of acetylcholine. These drugs have therapeutic uses in conditions like myasthenia gravis and glaucoma. Organophosphate poisoning is also discussed which occurs due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
Medicinal Chemistry unit bsc nursing home 4.pptx
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It readily penetrates bacterial cells and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of aminoacyl tRNA and inhibiting peptide bond formation. Sulphonamides are antibacterial and antifungal agents that act as antimetabolites by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, preventing the formation of metabolites vital for microbial growth. Common sulphonamides include sulphanilamide, sulphacetamide, and sulphamethoxazole, often used in combination with trimethoprim. Paracetamol is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic with few anti-
ppt of antivenom.pptx
Antidotes are substances that counteract toxins and poisons. They can work physically by binding or coating toxins, chemically by neutralizing or changing toxins into non-toxic compounds, or physiologically/pharmacologically by competing with or blocking toxins from receptors or restoring normal bodily functions. Antidotes are classified by their mode of action as physical, chemical, or physiological/pharmacological, and by their site of action within the body. Activated charcoal is a common physical antidote that works by adsorbing toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent absorption. Chemical antidotes include chelating agents that bind to heavy metals and antibodies that bind to toxins. Physiological ant
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Pharmacology of commonly used antisep, disinfect, insecticide
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit III Antiseptics & Disinfectants and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Anti emetics
1) Anti-emetic drugs are used to prevent or suppress vomiting. They are classified into different categories including anti-cholinergics, anti-histamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5HT antagonists, and adjuvent anti-emetics.
2) Common anti-emetic drugs include cyclizine, dicyclomine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. They work through different mechanisms such as blocking neurotransmitters or receptors.
3) Anti-emetics are used to treat nausea and vomiting from conditions like cancer chemotherapy, motion sickness, and post-operative vomiting. Adverse effects can include
Vaccines and sera
1. Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate the immune system to develop antibodies against diseases.
2. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and recombinant.
3. Diphtheria toxoid is prepared from toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxins are treated with formalin to remove toxicity while retaining antigenicity.
Drug used in skin and mucus membrane
This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
Chemotherapy
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit II Chemotherapy drugs and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Vaccines and sera
This document discusses vaccines and immunization. It defines active and passive immunization. Active immunization stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies to protect against disease, while passive immunization involves administering pre-formed antibodies to provide immediate, short-term protection. The document describes different types of vaccines, including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and combination vaccines. It also discusses sources of passive immunity like immune globulins and antisera from different species. Hypersensitivity reactions to foreign sera like anaphylaxis and serum sickness are mentioned.
Anticonvulsant notes
This document provides information on anticonvulsant/antiepileptic drugs. It begins by defining epilepsy and describing the main types. It then discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various anticonvulsant classes, including barbiturates, hydantoins, oxazolidinediones, succinimides, ureas, benzodiazepines, and newer agents. For several examples within each class, it provides details on their chemistry, pharmacology, clinical uses, and adverse effects. The document aims to give an overview of the treatment of epilepsy through the use of anticonvulsant medications.
Introduction to pharmacology 1
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit VII Miscellaneous drugs and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Notes sedative & hypnotics
This presentation will help the viewers to get a summed up knowledge about sedatives and hypnotics. the MoA is clearly described.
Antidotes
This document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract toxins and poisons. It defines antidotes and explains that some are made by injecting toxins in animals and extracting resulting antibodies. The document classifies antidotes into physical, chemical, and pharmacological categories based on their mechanisms of action. It provides examples of specific antidotes for various toxins and poisons like paracetamol, morphine, cyanide, and more. The document aims to explain what antidotes are and how they work to neutralize different toxins.
Drugs acting on the central nervous system
This document summarizes drugs that act on the central nervous system, focusing on anticonvulsant drugs. It discusses the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of various anticonvulsant drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, valproic acid, gabapentin and others. It also outlines some of the adverse effects associated with these drugs. The document provides information on how these drugs stabilize neuronal membranes, activate GABA receptors, and alter ion channel permeability to raise the seizure threshold.
Anti malarial drug classification
This document discusses various antimalarial drugs, classifying them and describing their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. It covers quinoline derivatives like chloroquine and amodiaquine, mefloquine, quinine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, primaquine, artemisinin and its derivatives, atovaquone, and others. The drugs act against different life stages of the malaria parasite and are used for prophylaxis, treatment, and radical cure of malaria caused by various Plasmodium species.
3.cholinergic drugs
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and cholinergic transmission. It describes how drugs can have parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic effects by stimulating or opposing muscarinic receptors. There are three main types of muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3) located throughout the body. Drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors can be direct acting parasympathomimetics or indirect acting via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Common cholinergic drugs and their effects/indications are also outlined.
Cholinergic and anti cholinergic drugs
Cholinergic drugs act similarly to acetylcholine by interacting with cholinergic receptors or increasing acetylcholine availability. They include choline esters and alkaloids. Anti-cholinesterases inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, prolonging its effects. They are classified as reversible or irreversible. Anti-cholinergic drugs block muscarinic receptors, antagonizing acetylcholine's effects. They are classified as natural/semi-synthetic alkaloids or synthetic compounds. Examples of each drug class and their mechanisms, indications, side effects and contraindications are provided.
Urinary antiseptic
The document discusses drugs used for the urinary system. It covers several categories of drugs including diuretics, antidiuretics, urinary antiseptics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, acidifiers and alkalinizers. It specifically discusses four urinary antiseptic drugs - nitrofurantoin, mehenamine, nalidixic acid and phenazopyridine. For each drug, it provides information on composition, action, dosage, route of administration, indications, contraindications, drug interactions, side effects and the role of nurses. The drugs work by inhibiting bacterial growth in the urine to treat urinary tract infections.
Introduction and scope of pharmacology
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Anti Pyretic Drugs
The document discusses various antipyretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and side effects. It provides details on common antipyretic drugs like paracetamol, aspirin, meloxicam, and piroxicam. The drugs are used to reduce fever and inflammation, and help relieve pain, with their effects stemming from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
This document discusses two broad-spectrum antibiotics - tetracycline and chloramphenicol. It provides details on their structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial spectrum, resistance, clinical uses and doses, contraindications, and adverse effects. Tetracycline is obtained from soil actinomycetes and has a four-cyclic-anthracyclin ring structure. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol is a naturally occurring antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae that possesses a nitro group and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Both antibiotics have become less used due to increasing bacterial resistance.
Antianxiety drugs
This document provides information on antianxiety drugs. It discusses that anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state associated with unease from an unknown threat. Treatment is needed when anxiety is disproportionate or excessive. It then describes various classes of antianxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, azapirones, barbiturates, beta blockers, and antidepressants. The document focuses on benzodiazepines, explaining their mechanism of action by enhancing GABA through binding sites on GABA receptors. It discusses their therapeutic uses for anxiety disorders, seizures, muscle disorders and as amnesia for medical procedures. Potential adverse effects and drug interactions are also summarized.
Parasympathomimetic agents
This document provides an overview of parasympathomimetic agents or cholinergic drugs. It discusses the organization of the nervous system and types of cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic drugs are classified as directly acting or indirectly acting. Directly acting drugs like choline esters and pilocarpine directly bind to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Indirectly acting drugs like physostigmine and neostigmine inhibit acetylcholinesterase and prolong the action of acetylcholine. These drugs have therapeutic uses in conditions like myasthenia gravis and glaucoma. Organophosphate poisoning is also discussed which occurs due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
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Pharmacology of commonly used antisep, disinfect, insecticide
Pharmacology of commonly used antisep, disinfect, insecticide
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Medicinal Chemistry unit bsc nursing home 4.pptx
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It readily penetrates bacterial cells and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of aminoacyl tRNA and inhibiting peptide bond formation. Sulphonamides are antibacterial and antifungal agents that act as antimetabolites by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, preventing the formation of metabolites vital for microbial growth. Common sulphonamides include sulphanilamide, sulphacetamide, and sulphamethoxazole, often used in combination with trimethoprim. Paracetamol is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic with few anti-
ppt of antivenom.pptx
Antidotes are substances that counteract toxins and poisons. They can work physically by binding or coating toxins, chemically by neutralizing or changing toxins into non-toxic compounds, or physiologically/pharmacologically by competing with or blocking toxins from receptors or restoring normal bodily functions. Antidotes are classified by their mode of action as physical, chemical, or physiological/pharmacological, and by their site of action within the body. Activated charcoal is a common physical antidote that works by adsorbing toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent absorption. Chemical antidotes include chelating agents that bind to heavy metals and antibodies that bind to toxins. Physiological ant
Dental Pharmacology- Pharmacodynamic
Pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, and adverse effects. Drugs can act through various mechanisms including stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, cytotoxicity, and interactions with receptors, enzymes, ion channels, antibodies, and transporters. Adverse drug reactions can be predictable based on a drug's pharmacological properties or unpredictable idiosyncratic reactions. Predictable reactions include side effects, secondary effects, toxicity, and iatrogenic disease, while unpredictable reactions include allergies and idiosyncrasies.
Antidotes
The document defines antidotes as therapeutic substances that counteract the toxic actions of xenobiotics. Antidotes are classified based on their mode of action into physiological, physical, and chemical antidotes. Physiological antidotes counteract poisons through opposing pharmacological effects, while physical antidotes interfere with poisons through adsorption, coating, or dissolving. Chemical antidotes specifically interact with or neutralize toxins through complex formation or metabolic conversion into less toxic products. Common ways antidotes work include inert complex formation, accelerated detoxification, reduced toxic conversion, receptor site competition, receptor site blockage, and bypassing toxic effects.
Antidote
Antidotes are substances that counteract the toxic effects of poisons or xenobiotics. They work through physical, chemical, or physiological mechanisms. Physically, antidotes can adsorb or coat toxins to prevent absorption. Chemically, antidotes can complex or interact with toxins to make them soluble and able to be eliminated. Physiologically, antidotes can produce effects opposite to toxins, compete with toxins for receptor sites, or aid in restoring normal function. Activated charcoal is a common physical antidote that adsorbs many toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.
LECTURER NOTES PRESENNTATION
Soap is a salt of fatty acids. It is produced by the reaction of fats or oils with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Soaps help in removing dirt and grease by dissolving them. Common soaps are sodium stearate, sodium palmitate, etc. Soap works by breaking the bonds between dirt/oil and the surface they are attached to. Their molecules have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions which allow them to dissolve in water and remove non-water soluble dirt/oil from surfaces and skin.
Mechanism of drug action & factor modifying drug action
This document discusses pharmacodynamics and the mechanisms of drug action. It explains that pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. The key mechanisms discussed are: receptor-mediated binding, non-receptor mediated effects, enzyme inhibition or stimulation, and physical or chemical properties. Factors that can modify a drug's action like body weight, age, drug interactions, and tolerance are also summarized.
Poison and antidotes
This document discusses poisons and antidotes. It defines a poison as any substance that causes illness, disease, or death, and provides examples like lead and cyanide poisoning. An antidote is defined as any substance that specifically reacts with or neutralizes a poison, toxic substance, or drug overdose. Antidotes can work physiologically by countering the poison's effects, chemically by changing the poison's nature, or mechanically by absorbing or expelling the poison from the body. Activated charcoal is discussed as a common antidote that works by adsorbing heavy metals, drugs, and gases. Sodium thiosulfate is included as an antidote for cyanide poisoning,
Antidote
Antidotes are drugs used to treat poisoning. They can be classified based on their mechanism of action as physiological, chemical, or mechanical antidotes. Physiological antidotes work by producing effects opposite to the poison. Chemical antidotes act by combining with the poison to change its chemical nature. Mechanical antidotes prevent absorption of the poison into the body.
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This document discusses principles of toxicology. It covers topics like types of toxicity including acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity. It also discusses biaccumulation, biomagnification, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, dose-response relationships, target organ toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, effects of toxicity, and management of poisoning. Yellow card system, tolerance, habituation, dependence and addiction are also summarized.
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Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
DRUG ACTION
DRUG ACTION
For more information regarding PHARMACOVIGILANCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, CLINICAL DATA MANAGEMENT & DRUG REGULATORY AFFAIRS kindly contact us on 9028839789
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DRUGS
Drugs produce their effects by interacting with target biomolecules like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. The main types of drug action are stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement. Drugs can stimulate or inhibit enzymes, affect the opening of ion channels, inhibit transporters, and act as agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists at receptors. The drug effect is the ultimate change in biological function that occurs through a series of steps after the initial drug-receptor interaction or prevention of interaction.
Heavy Metal Poisoning.pdf
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Antidotes
covered antidote definition, classification, mechanisms. also sodium nitrite drug with their molecular formula, molecular weight,physical properties,chemical properties,reactions ,uses etc.refered from various books and search from google also.for any queries comment below.
Drug interaction chemical-delivery system
Drug interactions can occur when two drugs are taken together and one alters the activity of the other. There are several types of interactions including drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-disease. The mechanisms involve pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic changes. Pharmacokinetic interactions affect absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the drug. Multiple prescriptions, diseases, and other factors can increase risk. Careful consideration of a patient's full drug history and monitoring therapy can help reduce interactions. Chemical delivery systems use prodrugs to target drug release through enzymatic activation, improving delivery to specific sites and providing sustained release of the active drug. This can increase therapeutic effects while reducing side effects.
Role of mediciinal chemist in pharma.ppt
have reported the synthesis of a range of fluoroquinolone derivatives with 4-(carbopiperazin-1-yl)piperazinyl moieties at the C-7 position and the results indicated that a 7-[4-(4-(benzoyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives and two 7-[4-(4-(benzenesulfonyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives are showed more have synthesize novel 1,7-disubstituted-6-nitroquinolones. The new derivatives were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) as well as against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Some derivatives were also found more potent
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The document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract toxins. It defines antidotes and classifies them according to their mode of action. Antidotes work by interacting with toxins to form non-toxic complexes, accelerating detoxification, decreasing toxic metabolite formation, competing for receptors, or bypassing toxic effects. Proper antidote use combined with supportive care can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from poisonings. A table provides examples of common toxins, corresponding antidotes, and dosages.
Pharmacodynamics.ppthhhhhhhhhhhghhghhhhhhh
Pharmacodynamics studies how drugs act on the body and their mechanisms of action. There are two types of pharmacological effects - main effects which are therapeutic, and adverse effects which are unwanted. Drugs can act through receptor mechanisms, by influencing enzymes or ion channels, or through transport systems. Their effects depend on factors like chemical structure, dose, and individual variability. Interactions between drugs can cause synergism, where effects are enhanced, or antagonism, where one drug reduces another's effects. Careful consideration of benefits and risks is needed when using drugs.
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Antidotes
- 1. ANTIDOTES Shikha Agrawal B.Pharm : Naraina Vidyapeeth Group Of Institution
- 2. DEFINITION: • According to WHO, an antidote is defined as a therapeutic substance used to counteract the toxic actions of a specified xenobiotic. Antidotes reduce the overall burden of health service in managing of poisoning cases. • Antidote is a substance which is used to nullify the harmful effect of poison .
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIDOTES: According to mode of action, they are classified as follows: 1. Physiological antidote 2. Chemical antidote 3. Mechanical antidote
- 4. PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTIDOTE • It counteracts the effects of a poison by producing the opposite pharmacological effects. e.g. ACHE inhibitor - morphine
- 5. CHEMICALANTIDOTE • It interacts specifically with a toxicant or neutralize the toxicant. e.g. Metal chelators combine with metals to form complexes that can then be eliminated by the kidneys. • It mainly act by 2 mechanisms 1. Complex formation 2. Metabolic conversion. Example : Nitrate interact with haemoglobin and cyanide to form cyanomethaemoglobin, which is less toxic than cyanide
- 6. MECHANICALANTIDOTE • The agent which is used to interfere with poison through physical properties, not change their nature is known as physical antidote • E.g : Activated charcoal (Universal antidote)