One of the important parts in the study of Immunology.I prepared it for the sake of a seminar series competition conducted in my university. Now I thought of sharing it with others.
The ppt covers the following topic-
1.Introduction about antibody.
2. Types of antibody.
3.Genetic basis of antibody diversity.
4. Antibody diversity.
5.Light chain gene segment.
6. Mechanism of variable region DNA rearrangment.
7. Heavy chain gene segment.
8.Alternate splicing.
One of the important parts in the study of Immunology.I prepared it for the sake of a seminar series competition conducted in my university. Now I thought of sharing it with others.
The ppt covers the following topic-
1.Introduction about antibody.
2. Types of antibody.
3.Genetic basis of antibody diversity.
4. Antibody diversity.
5.Light chain gene segment.
6. Mechanism of variable region DNA rearrangment.
7. Heavy chain gene segment.
8.Alternate splicing.
Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
From studies and predictions such as Dreyer and Bennett's, it shows that the light chains and heavy chains are encoded by separate multigene families on different chromosomes. They are referred to as gene segments and are separated by non-coding regions. The rearrangement and organization of these gene segments during the maturation of B cells produce functional proteins. The entire process of rearrangement and organization of these gene segments is the vital source where our body immune system gets its capabilities to recognize and respond to variety of antigens.
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
From studies and predictions such as Dreyer and Bennett's, it shows that the light chains and heavy chains are encoded by separate multigene families on different chromosomes. They are referred to as gene segments and are separated by non-coding regions. The rearrangement and organization of these gene segments during the maturation of B cells produce functional proteins. The entire process of rearrangement and organization of these gene segments is the vital source where our body immune system gets its capabilities to recognize and respond to variety of antigens.
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
color atlas on bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytologyAshish Jawarkar
this is a color atlas on bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytology. there are nearly 300 images in atlas with explanatory text which will help students and practitioners alike. All images are taken from pap society web atlas.. and entire credit for this work should go to the society.. I have put together images available at one place..
THIS IS A PREVIEW ONLY..ENTIRE DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE ON SCRIBD.. LINK PROVIDED IN DOCUMENT
Strucure, functions and genetics of immunoglobulinsJESSE OWAKI
The power-point contains summerised concept on Structures, Functions and Genetics of Immunoglobulins.
It is to help my fellow undergraduate students to have a basic understanding on the topic.
Kindly contact me for more materials. Thank you.
Generation of Antibody Diversity- Quick revision from Kuby through presentationSharmistaChaitali
Immunology, Kuby's fifth edition notes for strong background in the topic, General introduction, Types of Antibody and Structure, Experiments, Mechanisms
Structure and function of immunoglobulins(antibodies) Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are glycoproteins that are produced by plasma cells. B cells are instructed by specific immunogens.For, example, bacterial proteins, to differentiate into plasma cells, which are protein-making cells that participate in humoral immune responses against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cellular antigens, chemicals, and synthetic substances.
The immunogen or antigen reacts with a B-cell receptor (BCR) on the cell surface of B lymphocytes, and a signal is produced that directs the activation of transcription factors to stimulate the synthesis of antibodies, which are highly specific for the immunogen that stimulated the B cell. Furthermore, one clone of B cell makes an immunoglobulin (specificity). Besides, the immune system remembers the antigens that caused a previous reaction (memory) due to the development of memory B cells. These are intermediate, differentiated B cells with the capability to quickly become plasma cells. Circulating antibodies recognize antigen in tissue fluids and serum. This activity describes the physiology and pathophysiology of immunoglobulins
I took major content from this website i came across. https://www.thevirtualnotebook.com
it's legit since it's sources are books. My other references are mentioned in the last second clip.
The cells of the B line synthesize immunoglobulins. They are either produced at a membrane (on the surface of the B-lymphocytes) or are secreted (by the plasmocytes)
General structure of Antibody and its functions pptRenukaR17
This presentation explains the general structure of immunoglobulins, action of papain, pepsin and mercaptoethanol on the structure of Igs and its functions.
This presentation deals with the Scope and Importance of Beverage Industry in India. It also talks about the Evolution of Beverage Industry, Future Prospects of Beverage Industry by taking the two major leading companies as example.
This Presentation deals with the Definition, History, Ingredients, Properties and Classification of the Candies. Classification includes Hard Boiled Candies and Soft Candies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
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spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
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. Our search finds no candidates
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are immunoglobulin's, consisting of two identical heavy chains and
two identical light chains, that recognizes a particular epitope on an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen.
Secretedby plasma cells of the immune systemagainst an antigen.
Antibodies are highlyspecific for an antigen.
There are five majorclasses of antibodies .(IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgG)
3. FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODY
An antibody has several diverse roles in the immune system, primary functions include:
Neutalization: Direct inactivation of pathogen or toxin thereby preventing its interaction with
human cells.
Opsonization: Antibodies promote coating of pathogens and make them more efficient for
phagocytosis.
Activation of Complement: Antibodies activate complement pathway, thereby helping in more
efficient phagocytosis .
4. Basic structure is a ‘Y’ -Shaped tetrapeptide;
A basic antibody exists as a monomer(IgD,IgG,IgE;) secreted antibodies can be
dimeric (IgA) or pentameric (IgM).
Antibodies are made up of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.
In mammals there are two types of immunoglobulin light chain, which are lambda (λ)
and kappa(к)
Other type of light chains include iota( і)chain, found in sharks and body fish.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
5. HEAVY CHAIN
There are five types of mammalian Ig heavy chain, denoted by α,δ,ε,γ,μ.
The type of heavy chain present defines the class of antibody; these chains are found
as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG,IgM respectively.
Each heavy chain has two regions, the constant region and the variable region.
The constant region is identical in all antibodies of the same isotype, but differs in
antibodies of different isotypes.
The variable region of each heavy chain is approximately 110 amino acids long.
6. REGIONS OF ANTIBODY
1. Fab region
2. Fc region
3. Heavy chain (blue) with one variable(VH)
domain followed by constant domain.
4. Light chain (green) with a variable and a
constant domain.
5. Antigen binding site (paratope)
6. Hinge regions
8. The к and λ light chains and the heavy chains are encoded by multigene families
situated on different chromosomes.
These multigene families contains several coding sequences, called gene
segments(Intons) separated by noncoding regions. During B-cell maturation, these
gene segments are rearranged and brought together to form functional
immunoglobulin genes.
The к and λ light-chain families contain V, J, and C gene segments; the rearranged VJ
segments encode the variable region of the light chains.
GENE REARRANGEMENT
9. The heavy-chain family contains V, D, J, and C gene
segments; the rearranged VDJ gene segments encode
the variable region of the heavy chain.
Each V gene segment is preceded at its 5ˈ end by a
short signal or leader (L) peptide that guides the heavy
or light chain through the endoplasmic reticulum.
The signal peptide is cleaved from the nascent light
and heavy chains before assembly of the finished
immunoglobulin molecule.
10. COMPOSITION OF LIGHT AND HEAVY
CHAIN
In humans, the lambda locus is complex, there are 31 functional Vλ gene
segments, 4 Jλsegments and 7 Cλsegments.
The kappa locus is composed of 85 Vк gene segments, 5 Jк segments and a
single Cк segment.
The heavy chain gene family has 51 VH gene segments, 27 DH gene segments
6 JH segments and a series of CH gene segments of which 5CH gene segments
are arranged sequentially.
11. LIGHT CHAIN REARRANGEMENT
Expression of both к and λ light chains requires rearrangement of the variable-
region V and J gene segments.
In humans, any of the functional V λ genes can combine with a functional J λ -C λ
combination, Similarly in к light-chain DNA, any Vк gene segments can be
combine with a functional Jк gene segments.
Rearranged к and λ genes contain the following regions in order from the 5ˈto 3ˈ
end: a short leader (L) exon, a noncoding sequence (intron), a joined VJ gene
segment, a second intron, and the constant region.
Upstream from each leader gene segment is a promoter sequence.
12. The rearranged light chain sequence is transcribed by RNA polymerase to
form a light-chain primary RNA transcript.
The introns in the primary transcript are removed by RNA processing
enzymes, and the resulting light-chain messenger RNA then exits from the
nucleus.
The light-chain mRNA binds to ribosomes and is translated into the light-
chain protein.
14. HEAVY CHAIN REARRANGEMENT
Generation of a functional immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene requires two separate
rearrangement events within the variable region.
A DH gene segment first joins to a JH segment; the resulting DH-JH segment then moves and joins
a VH segment to generate a VH-DH-JH unit that encodes the entire variable region.
In heavy-chain DNA, variable-region rearrangement produces a rearranged gene consisting of
the following sequences, starting from the 5 end: a short L exon, an intron, a joined VDJ segment,
another intron, and a series of C gene segments.
As with the light-chain genes, a promoter sequence is located a short distance upstream from
each heavy-chain leader sequence.
15. Once heavy-chain gene is rearranged, RNA polymerase can
bind to the promoter sequence and transcribe the entire
heavy-chain gene, including the introns.
Initially, both Cμ and Cδ gene segments are transcribed.
These two mRNAs are then translated, and the leader
peptide of the resulting nascent polypeptide is cleaved,
generating finished μ and δ chains.
17. HOW ARE THESE REARRANGEMNTS
BROUGHT ABOUT??
Recombination signal sequences (RSSs)
Located between V, D, and J segments
Serve as signal for recombination
2 kinds
12 base pairs (bp) – 1 turn RSS
23 bp – 2 turn RSS