Animal cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems. There are 11 major organ systems that make up animal bodies and help maintain homeostasis through negative feedback mechanisms. These organ systems include the muscular, skeletal, integumentary, respiratory, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, excretory, nervous, endocrine and reproductive systems. Homeostasis in animal bodies is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems acting as sensors and signal transducers through negative feedback loops.
Introduction of human anatomy physiologySohan Patel
ย
The document discusses anatomy and physiology, describing them as the study of structure and function respectively. It outlines the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism. These include chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels. It then provides examples of organ systems like the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems, describing their main components and functions. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms that maintain the stable internal environment are also summarized.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Living Organization & Ratsrozeka01
ย
This document provides an overview of anatomy and organ systems. It discusses the levels of organization of living things from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. It then focuses on several organ systems - the lymphatic system, reproductive system, endocrine system and integumentary system. The remainder discusses the internal organs of rats that will be dissected, including the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and spleen. It provides the locations and basic functions of these organs.
The document summarizes two major human body systems: the endocrine system and the immune system. The endocrine system controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction through major organs like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The immune system removes infectious diseases and other pathogens from the body using skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, and antibodies to tag and destroy antigens.
The document discusses the structural organization of the human body from the chemical level up to the organ system level. It begins by explaining the organization from atoms and molecules, then cells, tissues, organs, and systems. It then provides details on the 11 organ systems that make up the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Each system is described by its organs and their main functions.
The document discusses anatomy and physiology, describing anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It then outlines the levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level. Finally, it introduces some basic physiological terminology related to maintenance of life, homeostasis, and anatomical terminology including anatomical position, body planes, and regional terms.
Our body contains many internal organs that work together in organ systems to carry out vital functions. There are two main types of organs - external organs that can be seen, and internal organs that cannot be seen and are protected by bones. The internal organs are grouped into organ systems like the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems to perform functions such as transporting blood, supplying oxygen, and breaking down food.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure and relationship between body parts, while physiology is the study of how living organisms function. The document then describes the levels of anatomical organization from cells to organ systems. It provides examples of organ systems like the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems. It also explains anatomical terminology used to describe body positions, planes, and regions. Homeostasis and control mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions are defined.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems include the digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, reproductive, and integumentary systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work to perform a specific function for the body.
Introduction of human anatomy physiologySohan Patel
ย
The document discusses anatomy and physiology, describing them as the study of structure and function respectively. It outlines the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism. These include chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels. It then provides examples of organ systems like the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems, describing their main components and functions. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms that maintain the stable internal environment are also summarized.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Living Organization & Ratsrozeka01
ย
This document provides an overview of anatomy and organ systems. It discusses the levels of organization of living things from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. It then focuses on several organ systems - the lymphatic system, reproductive system, endocrine system and integumentary system. The remainder discusses the internal organs of rats that will be dissected, including the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and spleen. It provides the locations and basic functions of these organs.
The document summarizes two major human body systems: the endocrine system and the immune system. The endocrine system controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction through major organs like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The immune system removes infectious diseases and other pathogens from the body using skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, and antibodies to tag and destroy antigens.
The document discusses the structural organization of the human body from the chemical level up to the organ system level. It begins by explaining the organization from atoms and molecules, then cells, tissues, organs, and systems. It then provides details on the 11 organ systems that make up the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Each system is described by its organs and their main functions.
The document discusses anatomy and physiology, describing anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It then outlines the levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level. Finally, it introduces some basic physiological terminology related to maintenance of life, homeostasis, and anatomical terminology including anatomical position, body planes, and regional terms.
Our body contains many internal organs that work together in organ systems to carry out vital functions. There are two main types of organs - external organs that can be seen, and internal organs that cannot be seen and are protected by bones. The internal organs are grouped into organ systems like the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems to perform functions such as transporting blood, supplying oxygen, and breaking down food.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure and relationship between body parts, while physiology is the study of how living organisms function. The document then describes the levels of anatomical organization from cells to organ systems. It provides examples of organ systems like the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems. It also explains anatomical terminology used to describe body positions, planes, and regions. Homeostasis and control mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions are defined.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems include the digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, reproductive, and integumentary systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work to perform a specific function for the body.
This document provides information on the main human organ systems and their key organs. It discusses the nervous system including the brain; respiratory system including the trachea and lungs; circulatory system including the heart; urinary system including the kidneys, ureters and bladder; and digestive system including the stomach, liver, pancreas, and intestines. For each organ, it outlines the organ's location and main function within the body.
This document describes the key human body systems and their functions. It discusses the digestive system and the process of digestion from mouth to anus. It also outlines the circulatory system including the heart, blood and blood vessels, as well as the three types of circulation. Finally, it summarizes the skeletal, muscular and excretory systems and their roles in supporting movement, structure and waste removal.
Chapter 1--Organization and General Plan of the BodySamantha Imanil
ย
The document provides an overview of the organization and terminology used to describe the human body. It discusses how chemicals combine to form cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. The 11 organ systems and their functions are identified. Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms that maintain stability in the body are also described. Key anatomical terminology, body cavities, planes, sections and abdominal regions are defined.
The document summarizes the 12 major systems of the human body. It lists each system and provides 1-2 sentences about their main functions. The systems are: 1) digestive, 2) circulatory, 3) nervous, 4) excretory, 5) respiratory, 6) skeletal, 7) muscular, 8) endocrine, 9) immune, 10) integumentary, 11) lymphatic, and 12) reproductive. Each system works with organs to perform important tasks that support life and homeostasis.
Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made up of cells. Some animals and plants consist of only one cell. Other plants and animals are made up of many cells. The body of a man has more than a million of cells (100 trillion cells). A cell is composed primarily of four elements โ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and trace elements. Living things are composed of over 60% water. The major building substances of cells are proteins.
This PowerPoint presentation is an introduction to the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the body, the role of genetic in the formation of these structures and the related anomalies.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the human body. It begins by defining anatomy and describing different levels of structural organization in the body, from cells to organ systems. It then outlines several key life processes including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homeostasis. It provides an overview of the 11 organ systems and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It concludes by describing anatomical terminology used to communicate locations in the body.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology concepts including:
1) It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It also states that structure dictates function.
2) It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level.
3) It introduces the 11 organ systems and provides brief descriptions and components/functions of several key systems like the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems.
4) It discusses homeostasis and how homeostatic control mechanisms maintain the body's internal environment through negative and positive feedback loops.
Control of digestion,Different mechanisms for absorption.RAHANAMOIDEENKOYAVK
ย
This document summarizes the neural and hormonal control of digestion as well as the mechanisms of absorption of lipids, electrolytes, and other nutrients. The digestive system is regulated by both the intrinsic and extrinsic nervous systems as well as hormones like GLP, GIP, and VIP. Nutrients are absorbed via passive diffusion, active transport, and bulk transfer. Lipids require emulsification and are absorbed as triglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids. Electrolytes like sodium and calcium use both passive and active mechanisms to enter the bloodstream.
The document summarizes the major human body systems, including:
- The nervous system which includes the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurons.
- The integumentary system which includes skin, hair, and nails to protect the body.
- The respiratory system which allows for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide through the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs.
- The digestive system which converts food into nutrients through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Other systems summarized include excretory, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic.
This document discusses a science lesson on the digestive system. It provides instructions for an activity where students will fill out a chart labeling the organs of the digestive system and their functions. It also instructs students to add the liver, gallbladder and pancreas to the chart and describe their roles. The document outlines the stations students will rotate through to learn about the circulatory system over multiple class periods.
The document discusses the 10 organ systems that make up the human body. It provides details on each system, including their functions and main organs. The organ systems work together and include: the circulatory system which transports blood; respiratory system which intakes oxygen; skeletal system which protects and allows movement; muscular system which works with skeletal; digestive system which breaks down food; excretory system which removes waste; reproductive system; nervous system which coordinates actions; endocrine system which secretes hormones; and integumentary system which protects the body surface.
This document provides instructions and materials for a lesson on the human body systems. It includes an outline of the 11 major organ systems, their organs and tissues, and their primary functions. Students are asked to identify and label organs on a diagram, then assemble the systems into a book with folded bodies labeled with the system name and function. The objective is for students to understand how cells, tissues and organs work together across body systems to maintain homeostasis.
The document provides an overview of 11 human body systems: digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, skeletal, muscular, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine, and reproductive. For each system, the key organs and their functions are described. Common diseases associated with each system are also listed. The document emphasizes how body systems work interdependently, with the circulatory system connecting many organs and the nervous system coordinating responses across systems.
The document discusses the human digestive system, including the organs and processes involved in digestion. It begins with an overview of digestion and the digestive tract. It then describes each organ in detail, from the mouth to the large intestine, and their roles in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The document also covers accessory organs like the liver and pancreas, the role of enzymes, and examples of digestive disorders.
The document discusses several important glands in the human body, including their locations and functions. It describes how the pituitary gland regulates other glands and growth. The adrenal gland plays a role in fight or flight responses by releasing epinephrine. The pancreas processes glucose and secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. The thyroid gland controls metabolism through hormones that affect energy levels. Other glands mentioned include the ovaries, parathyroid glands, and pineal gland.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and how it breaks down food into a usable form for cells. It discusses the two main parts of the digestive system - the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs like the liver and pancreas. It then goes into more detail about each part of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and large intestine. It explains the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion carried out by these organs to break down food and explains how the end products are used by cells for energy, growth, and repair.
The human body and other organisms have five levels of organization: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism. Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules form cells, similar cells form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs that work together form organ systems, and all the organ systems combine to form the whole organism. The document then provides examples of the 10 major organ systems that make up the human body.
The document provides an overview of the major body systems, including the integumentary, digestive, nervous, reproductive, muscular, skeletal, renal, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Each system is comprised of different organs and tissues that work together to perform important functions like protection, movement, waste removal, nutrient transport, and maintaining homeostasis. The body systems coordinate to keep the human body functioning properly.
Key literary forms in Animal Farm - George OrwellLeonie Krieger
ย
George Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegorical fable and political satire that critiques Stalinism and the Soviet Union. Through talking animals and their struggle for freedom against human masters, the novel exposes the corruption of power and betrayal of ideals that Orwell witnessed under communist rule. It uses techniques like parody, irony, and caricature to comment on the abuse of power and the flawed human nature that can undermine even the noblest of causes.
This document provides information on the main human organ systems and their key organs. It discusses the nervous system including the brain; respiratory system including the trachea and lungs; circulatory system including the heart; urinary system including the kidneys, ureters and bladder; and digestive system including the stomach, liver, pancreas, and intestines. For each organ, it outlines the organ's location and main function within the body.
This document describes the key human body systems and their functions. It discusses the digestive system and the process of digestion from mouth to anus. It also outlines the circulatory system including the heart, blood and blood vessels, as well as the three types of circulation. Finally, it summarizes the skeletal, muscular and excretory systems and their roles in supporting movement, structure and waste removal.
Chapter 1--Organization and General Plan of the BodySamantha Imanil
ย
The document provides an overview of the organization and terminology used to describe the human body. It discusses how chemicals combine to form cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. The 11 organ systems and their functions are identified. Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms that maintain stability in the body are also described. Key anatomical terminology, body cavities, planes, sections and abdominal regions are defined.
The document summarizes the 12 major systems of the human body. It lists each system and provides 1-2 sentences about their main functions. The systems are: 1) digestive, 2) circulatory, 3) nervous, 4) excretory, 5) respiratory, 6) skeletal, 7) muscular, 8) endocrine, 9) immune, 10) integumentary, 11) lymphatic, and 12) reproductive. Each system works with organs to perform important tasks that support life and homeostasis.
Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made up of cells. Some animals and plants consist of only one cell. Other plants and animals are made up of many cells. The body of a man has more than a million of cells (100 trillion cells). A cell is composed primarily of four elements โ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and trace elements. Living things are composed of over 60% water. The major building substances of cells are proteins.
This PowerPoint presentation is an introduction to the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the body, the role of genetic in the formation of these structures and the related anomalies.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the human body. It begins by defining anatomy and describing different levels of structural organization in the body, from cells to organ systems. It then outlines several key life processes including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homeostasis. It provides an overview of the 11 organ systems and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It concludes by describing anatomical terminology used to communicate locations in the body.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology concepts including:
1) It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It also states that structure dictates function.
2) It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level.
3) It introduces the 11 organ systems and provides brief descriptions and components/functions of several key systems like the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems.
4) It discusses homeostasis and how homeostatic control mechanisms maintain the body's internal environment through negative and positive feedback loops.
Control of digestion,Different mechanisms for absorption.RAHANAMOIDEENKOYAVK
ย
This document summarizes the neural and hormonal control of digestion as well as the mechanisms of absorption of lipids, electrolytes, and other nutrients. The digestive system is regulated by both the intrinsic and extrinsic nervous systems as well as hormones like GLP, GIP, and VIP. Nutrients are absorbed via passive diffusion, active transport, and bulk transfer. Lipids require emulsification and are absorbed as triglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids. Electrolytes like sodium and calcium use both passive and active mechanisms to enter the bloodstream.
The document summarizes the major human body systems, including:
- The nervous system which includes the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurons.
- The integumentary system which includes skin, hair, and nails to protect the body.
- The respiratory system which allows for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide through the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs.
- The digestive system which converts food into nutrients through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Other systems summarized include excretory, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic.
This document discusses a science lesson on the digestive system. It provides instructions for an activity where students will fill out a chart labeling the organs of the digestive system and their functions. It also instructs students to add the liver, gallbladder and pancreas to the chart and describe their roles. The document outlines the stations students will rotate through to learn about the circulatory system over multiple class periods.
The document discusses the 10 organ systems that make up the human body. It provides details on each system, including their functions and main organs. The organ systems work together and include: the circulatory system which transports blood; respiratory system which intakes oxygen; skeletal system which protects and allows movement; muscular system which works with skeletal; digestive system which breaks down food; excretory system which removes waste; reproductive system; nervous system which coordinates actions; endocrine system which secretes hormones; and integumentary system which protects the body surface.
This document provides instructions and materials for a lesson on the human body systems. It includes an outline of the 11 major organ systems, their organs and tissues, and their primary functions. Students are asked to identify and label organs on a diagram, then assemble the systems into a book with folded bodies labeled with the system name and function. The objective is for students to understand how cells, tissues and organs work together across body systems to maintain homeostasis.
The document provides an overview of 11 human body systems: digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, skeletal, muscular, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine, and reproductive. For each system, the key organs and their functions are described. Common diseases associated with each system are also listed. The document emphasizes how body systems work interdependently, with the circulatory system connecting many organs and the nervous system coordinating responses across systems.
The document discusses the human digestive system, including the organs and processes involved in digestion. It begins with an overview of digestion and the digestive tract. It then describes each organ in detail, from the mouth to the large intestine, and their roles in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The document also covers accessory organs like the liver and pancreas, the role of enzymes, and examples of digestive disorders.
The document discusses several important glands in the human body, including their locations and functions. It describes how the pituitary gland regulates other glands and growth. The adrenal gland plays a role in fight or flight responses by releasing epinephrine. The pancreas processes glucose and secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. The thyroid gland controls metabolism through hormones that affect energy levels. Other glands mentioned include the ovaries, parathyroid glands, and pineal gland.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and how it breaks down food into a usable form for cells. It discusses the two main parts of the digestive system - the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs like the liver and pancreas. It then goes into more detail about each part of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and large intestine. It explains the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion carried out by these organs to break down food and explains how the end products are used by cells for energy, growth, and repair.
The human body and other organisms have five levels of organization: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism. Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules form cells, similar cells form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs that work together form organ systems, and all the organ systems combine to form the whole organism. The document then provides examples of the 10 major organ systems that make up the human body.
The document provides an overview of the major body systems, including the integumentary, digestive, nervous, reproductive, muscular, skeletal, renal, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Each system is comprised of different organs and tissues that work together to perform important functions like protection, movement, waste removal, nutrient transport, and maintaining homeostasis. The body systems coordinate to keep the human body functioning properly.
Key literary forms in Animal Farm - George OrwellLeonie Krieger
ย
George Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegorical fable and political satire that critiques Stalinism and the Soviet Union. Through talking animals and their struggle for freedom against human masters, the novel exposes the corruption of power and betrayal of ideals that Orwell witnessed under communist rule. It uses techniques like parody, irony, and caricature to comment on the abuse of power and the flawed human nature that can undermine even the noblest of causes.
1. The document analyzes characters and events from George Orwell's Animal Farm by comparing them to real world figures and events surrounding the Russian Revolution.
2. Key figures like Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer from Animal Farm are compared to real leaders like Stalin, Trotsky, and the Ministry of Information in the Soviet Union.
3. Events and outcomes of the Animal Farm revolution, like Boxer being betrayed, are reflected in what happened to dedicated supporters of the Russian Revolution under Stalin's rule.
The document discusses propaganda techniques used in George Orwell's novel Animal Farm. It defines propaganda as generally appealing to emotion over intellect and sharing techniques with advertising and public relations. Common propaganda methods mentioned include news reports, books, movies, repetition of ideas, and appealing to authority, fear, or prejudice. The document lists specific examples of propaganda techniques used in Animal Farm, such as Old Major's speech, Squealer's explanations, and blaming failures on Snowball.
The document summarizes key figures and events from the Russian Revolution in 1917 that set the stage for George Orwell's Animal Farm. It describes Czar Nicholas II as the oppressive ruler of Russia, and Karl Marx as the philosopher who envisioned communism. It then outlines the ideals of communism, and figures like Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin who led the revolution but had competing visions for Russia's future. Stalin eventually consolidated power through brutal means like the secret police KGB and propaganda from Pravda newspaper. The document characterizes the classes of people in Soviet Russia and the failures of Stalin's five-year plans, leading to widespread poverty, starvation, and deaths.
The document provides background information on George Orwell and his famous allegorical novel Animal Farm. It discusses Orwell's life and experiences that influenced his political beliefs. It then analyzes Animal Farm as an allegory for the Russian Revolution and Stalinism, describing how characters and events in the novel correspond to real historical figures and events. The summary also explains the use of literary devices like satire, irony and fable form in Orwell's social commentary.
The document provides an overview of the book Animal Farm by George Orwell. It introduces the main characters like Old Major, Snowball, Napoleon, and Boxer. It describes how the animals stage a rebellion against the farmer Mr. Jones and take over the farm, establishing Seven Commandments. However, over time, the pigs Napoleon and Squealer begin to take control and corrupt the rebellion's ideals, with Napoleon becoming the tyrannical leader of the farm.
The document discusses themes from George Orwell's Animal Farm and their parallels to the Russian Revolution. It notes that in both Animal Farm and revolutionary Russia, the masses had no individual identity or voice and simply existed as extensions of the totalitarian leader. It also discusses how good intentions, hard work and loyalty were not rewarded and often led to harm. Additionally, it explores how power became increasingly corrupt as it became more concentrated in single authoritarian figures like Napoleon and Stalin.
Snowball is an intelligent pig who comes up with the idea for the windmill but is later exiled by Napoleon. Old Major is a respected boar who inspires the animals with the principles of Animalism. Napoleon initially cooperates with Snowball but later exiles him to gain full control over the farm and institutes a tyrannical rule similar to Mr. Jones. Squealer uses propaganda to support Napoleon's version of events.
The document provides an overview of animal function, including nutrition, digestion, circulation, defense, reproduction, development, sensation, and the nervous system. It begins by outlining learning objectives related to these topics and providing a concept map showing their relationships. It then discusses topics like animal nutrition and the uptake of nutrients, the stages of digestion from ingestion to absorption, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport via hemoglobin, and the cardiovascular and immune systems. Later sections cover reproduction and development, including gamete formation, zygote formation, embryo development stages like cleavage and gastrulation, and the sensory and nervous systems.
Anatomy is the study of structure, while physiology is the study of function. Anatomy can be studied at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Microscopic anatomy includes histology, the study of tissues, and cytology, the study of cells. The human body is composed of organ systems that work together, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Each system contains different components that allow it to carry out its specialized functions necessary for maintaining life.
The human body is organized into four hierarchical levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and when cells perform similar functions they are organized into tissues like skin tissue. Organs are made up of combinations of tissues and perform vital functions like the heart pumping blood. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together, like the circulatory system which transports blood and nutrients around the body. Homeostasis refers to the dynamic maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body, which is essential for life.
Introduction to human body, Definition of anatomy and physiology and its branches, Levels of Structural Organization like Chemical level,
Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level. Systems Of The Human Body like Integumentary System/ย Exocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system/circulatory system, Lymphatic system and immunity system,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system and renal system,
Reproductive system and its structure and functions.
Characteristics of the living human organism, Basic life processes like Metabolism, Responsivenes, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Homeostasis and Feedback system and its three basic components: Sensor, control center and an effector. Anatomical terminology like prone and supine position. Regional names lie Head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs.
Directional terms like Anterior and posterior. Planes and Sections like Sagittal plane, midsagittal or median plane, parasagittal, Frontal plane, Transverseย or horizontal plane, Body Cavity like ventral and dorsal cavity, thoracicย cavityย and abdominopelvicย cavity, cranialย cavityย and spinalย cavity. Serous membrane like Parietal layer Visceral layer.
Abdominopelvic region and quadrants: four quadrants and nine areas like right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants and the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
This document provides an overview of frog anatomy and physiology. It describes several of frog's key body systems that are simpler versions of human systems, making frogs a useful model organism. The summary includes:
- Frogs have simpler versions of the same major organ systems as humans, like skeleton, heart, skin, and nervous system.
- Their physiology is well-understood, diverse taxonomically, and similar enough to humans to enable comparative studies.
- Key anatomical features described include the flat skull, 9 vertebrae backbone, lack of ribs, single-chamber heart, thin moist skin aiding respiration, and digestive system leading from mouth to intestines to cloaca.
Lecture 1-Introduction to Physiology.pdfssuserb9be11
ย
The document outlines key concepts in anatomy and physiology, including:
1) It describes the early origins of medical science from superstition and magic to experimentation and the study of cadavers.
2) It defines anatomy and physiology, explaining that anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function.
3) It discusses the levels of organization of the human body from the subatomic to the organism level.
The document discusses the 11 body systems that work together to maintain homeostasis and carry out life functions. It focuses on the skeletal, muscular, digestive and excretory systems. The skeletal system provides structure and levers for movement. Muscles contract and relax to produce both voluntary and involuntary movement. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that are absorbed and circulated. The excretory system removes waste through the skin, lungs and kidneys. Together these systems allow humans to obtain nutrients, move, and remove waste.
Physiology is the study of life from biochemical reactions to coordinated cells in living animals. Animal cells have structures like the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles that carry out specialized functions. The physiology of domesticated animals involves systems like the muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, nervous, sensory, reproductive, and lymphatic systems. Each system has organs that perform key functions necessary for the animal's life and reproduction. Reproductive hormones regulate sexual characteristics, gamete production, pregnancy, and other reproductive processes.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in the introduction to human anatomy and physiology, including:
1. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to organ systems.
2. It outlines the 11 major organ systems and their basic functions.
3. It discusses the basic life processes and physiological needs required to maintain life, including homeostasis, and the mechanisms by which the body maintains stable internal conditions.
Physiology is the study of how the body functions at different levels including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The goal is to explain the physical and chemical processes responsible for life. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions and balance despite changes in the external environment through coordinated physiological mechanisms. Key variables regulated through homeostasis include body temperature, fluid levels, gas concentrations, pH, electrolyte levels, blood pressure, and secretions of hormones.
The document provides information about the five main body systems - digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems. It discusses the key organs and functions of each system. The digestive system breaks down food for energy and nutrients. The circulatory system transports blood around the body. The respiratory system provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The excretory system cleans blood and eliminates waste. The reproductive system allows for reproduction through different organs in males and females.
The 11 body systems work together to maintain homeostasis and carry out life's functions. The circulatory system transports nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones throughout the body using the heart, blood vessels and blood. The digestive system extracts nutrients from food through a multi-step process involving the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines. The nervous system controls and coordinates the body using the brain, spinal cord and nerves to regulate sensory and motor functions.
The human body is organized into four levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. There are four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue. Organs are made of multiple tissue types working together, such as the heart which pumps blood. Organ systems consist of groups of organs that work cooperatively, such as the circulatory system which includes the heart and blood vessels. The human body contains 11 organ systems that work to maintain homeostasis.
The human body is organized into four levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. There are four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue. Organs are made of tissues performing specific functions. The 11 organ systems work together to carry out vital functions like communication, support, movement, regulation, defense, and reproduction. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions necessary for normal functioning despite external changes.
The human body is organized into four levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. There are four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue. Organs are made of multiple tissue types working together, such as the heart which pumps blood. Organ systems consist of groups of organs that work cooperatively, such as the circulatory system which includes the heart and blood vessels. There are 11 major organ systems that work to carry out vital functions like movement, regulation, and defense.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, and physiology as the study of how the body and its organs function. The document then outlines the main subdivisions of both anatomy and physiology. It also lists and briefly describes the 11 major body systems, including their main organs and functions. Finally, it discusses some key characteristics of the living human body, such as the basic life processes and homeostasis through feedback mechanisms that help maintain stability in the internal environment.
Pertemuan 4 Level of Organization, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System).pdfHiNchillPku
ย
1. Life is organized into levels from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms. Multicellular organisms have tissues made of groups of similar cell types that perform specific functions.
2. The four basic types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Epithelial tissues cover surfaces and line organs. Connective tissues bind and support other tissues. Muscle tissues contract to cause movement. Nervous tissues conduct electrical signals.
3. Organs such as the heart and liver are composed of multiple tissue types working together to perform complex functions. Groups of organs working in coordination form organ systems like the circulatory or digestive systems.
This document provides additional practice problems for balancing oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic and basic solutions. The problems cover reactions involving silver, zinc, chromium, phosphorus, manganese, chlorine, iron, hydrogen peroxide, and copper species. Balanced equations are provided as answers for each reaction.
This document summarizes important oxidizers and reducers formed in redox reactions under different conditions. It lists common oxidizing agents like MnO4-, Cr2O7-2, and HNO3 that form reduced products like Mn(II), Cr(III), and NO in acid solutions. It also lists common reducers like halide ions, metals, and sulfite ions that form oxidized products like halogens, metal ions, and SO4-2. The document concludes that redox reactions involve electron transfer between oxidizing and reducing agents, and that acidic or basic conditions often indicate a redox reaction will occur.
The document discusses naming acids. It divides acids into binary and oxyacids. Binary acids contain two elements, while oxyacids contain three elements including oxygen. Oxyacids are named based on their "-ate" ion, with variations indicating one more, one less, or two less oxygen atoms than the reference "-ic" acid. Common "-ate" ions include sulfate, nitrate, chlorate, and phosphate.
Acids have a sour taste, are electrolytes, turn indicators red, and have a pH less than 7. They donate protons and can neutralize bases to form salts and water. Bases have a bitter taste, are electrolytes, turn indicators blue or yellow, and have a pH greater than 7. They accept protons and can neutralize acids to form salts and water. Common acids include nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid. Common bases include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.
- Researchers studied the genetics of fur color in rock pocket mouse populations, investigating how coat color relates to survival in different environments.
- Two varieties of mice occur - light-colored and dark-colored - that correspond to the two major substrate colors in their desert habitat. The dark volcanic substrates are patches separated by kilometers of light-colored sand and granite.
- Data was collected on 225 mice across 35km of desert, recording substrate color and coat color frequencies. Calculations using Hardy-Weinberg equations estimated genotype frequencies within the populations.
Natural selection and genetic mutations have led to the evolution of different coat colors in rock pocket mouse populations. Mice with dark coats are commonly found on dark basalt rocks, while light-colored mice typically live on light sand and granite rocks. Scientists discovered the mice living on basalt carried a mutation in the Mc1r gene, which controls melanin production and results in dark fur that provides camouflage from predators. Multiple rock pocket mouse populations across different lava flows also exhibited Mc1r mutations leading to dark coats, revealing this gene commonly evolves through natural selection to aid survival.
This document provides the syllabus for the STEM 352: STEM 2 course offered at Teachers College of San Joaquin. The syllabus outlines the dates, times, instructor contact information, course description, learning outcomes, assignments, grading policy, schedule, and expectations for the course. The course focuses on examining STEM curriculum, active learning strategies, and student assessment. Students will learn STEM education pedagogy and make connections between STEM education and Common Core and NGSS standards. The syllabus provides the framework and requirements for students to develop skills in STEM curriculum design and instruction.
This document outlines rubrics for evaluating a teacher's lesson plan and reflection. It contains 5 rubrics that assess different aspects of lesson planning and instruction, including the teacher's knowledge of students, learning objectives, instructional strategies, formative assessment, quality of materials, and ability to reflect on lesson effectiveness. Each rubric has 4 levels of performance from limited (Level 1) to extensive (Level 4). The rubrics provide detailed descriptions of the knowledge and skills expected at each level of performance.
S.s. midterm capstone cover sheet spring 2017Timothy Welsh
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This document provides an overview of the mid-term capstone project for the Teaching for Learning 2 cohort in spring 2017. Students will plan, teach, record, assess and reflect on a lesson that incorporates content-area literacy. The lesson should be aligned to both content standards and English Language Development standards. Students must obtain consent forms from all students and adults appearing in their video recording before filming their lesson. Consent forms can either be collected individually or the school may have blanket forms on file.
This document provides the syllabus for an education course focused on teaching science. The course will take place over 10 sessions from January to May, with specific dates and times listed. It will be taught by instructor Tim Welsh at the CTECH building.
The course aims to help emerging teachers design content-specific science lessons that engage all learners. Students will develop lessons aligned to state standards and learn to incorporate assessments to inform instruction. Assignments include observing a science lesson, creating 10 lesson plans, a lab report, and an integrated lesson plan addressing common core standards. Students are expected to actively participate in class discussions and complete all readings and assignments. Grades are based on a 200-point scale, with criteria provided for letter
This document provides an introduction to academically productive talk in science classrooms. It discusses the key elements of productive talk, including establishing ground rules, having clear academic purposes for discussions, and using strategic "talk moves" to facilitate discussions. Productive talk is important because it allows teachers to assess student understanding, supports learning through memory and language development, encourages students to reason with evidence, and apprentices students into the social practices of science.
This document is a tutorial on atoms and molecules from the Rapid Learning Center. It begins by defining key terms like atom, element, isotope, ion, and molecule. It then delves into the subatomic particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains how atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons and how isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The tutorial also covers molecular formulas and how elements combine to form compounds with new properties. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these important foundational chemistry concepts.
This document contains the syllabus for the STEM 352: STEM 2 course offered at Teachers College of San Joaquin. The syllabus outlines the dates, instructor contact information, course description, learning outcomes, assignments, grading policy, schedule, and policies for the course. The course focuses on examining STEM curriculum and pedagogy through labs, a field trip, and a culminating individual course project applying design thinking to develop a STEM experience aligned with academic standards.
This document provides an overview of geology topics including plate tectonics, evidence for continental drift, layers of the earth, types of plate boundaries, volcanoes, earthquakes, rocks, minerals, and earth system history. It covers key concepts such as P and S waves, convection currents, types of lava and crystals, and the geological time scale divided into eons, eras, and periods. The multi-page document acts as a study guide for students, with definitions and diagrams related to the structure and dynamics of the Earth.
This document appears to be a table for an AP Physics experiment recording trial numbers, angle measurements, distances, masses, and elevations for 10 trials. The document also has a section to record observations from the experiment.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the bodyโs response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
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The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
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Animal form
1. AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 19
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AP Biology in 24 Hours
*AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not endorse, nor is
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Animal Form
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Center
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Wayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhD
Elizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD
Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhD
Jessica Barnes, PhD
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Learning Objectives
Animal Cell and Tissue
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Animal Organ System
Homeostasis
3/40
Basic Animals Concept Map
Animals
Food
Plants
Animal Form
Animal Function Physiology
PlantNutrients
Reproduction
Genetics
4/40
y gy
Animal waste
P
Environment Biochemistry
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Animal Form Concept Map
TissuesCell
CEpithelial Tissue
Nervous
Tissue
A i l b d
ConnectiveConnective
Tissue
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Respiratory
11 major organ systems11 major organ systems
Muscular
Tissue
Tissues are organized into organs
HomeostasisHomeostasis
EnvironmentEnvironment
5/40
Animal body
Digestive
Respiratory
Skin
Immune
Nervous
ReproductiveReproductive
Excretory
Muscular
Circulatory
Skeletal
EndocrineEndocrine
Animal Cells and Tissues
6/40
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Animal Organization
Animal cells are
organized into tissues,
organs and organ
Organ systems comprise
of the body of the animal.
Organization from cells toorgans and organ
system.
Organization from cells to
entire body is critical for
animal form and function.
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Animal Cell Structure
8/40
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Animal Tissues: Four Major Types
Epithelial Tissue
Closely packed in either
single or multiple layers,
and cover both internal
f f
Connective Tissue
Tissue with an extensive
extracellular matrix that
often serves to supportand external surfaces of
the animal body.
often serves to support,
bind together, and
protect organs.
9/40
Nervous Tissue
Bundles of neuronal
processes enclosed in
connective tissue that
carry signals to and
from muscles.
Muscle Tissue
Formed by muscle
cells for movement
of and/or within the
animal.
Epithelial Tissue Structure Function
Pseudostratified
columnar
1. Cell Shape: three types
โข Squamous epithelium is flattened cells.
C b id l i h li i b h d ll epithelial cellโข Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells.
โข Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells.
2. Cell layer:
โข Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer.
โข Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of
cells
3. Functions
โข Movement materials in, out, or around the body.
P t ti f th i t l i t i t
10/40
โข Protection of the internal environment against
the external environment.
โข Secretion of a product.
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Connective Tissue Form & Function
Fibrous
connective
tissue
There are two major
types of connective
tissue: loose (LCT)
Special Types
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
tissue: loose (LCT)
adipose tissue and
fibrous (FCT)
tendons.
11/40
Blood Tissue
Functions
Binding
Supporting
Protecting
Forming blood
Storing fats
Filling space
Three Types Muscle Fibers
There are three
types of muscle
fibers. Smooth: Lack the banding,
also consists of actin and
i It i l t
Smooth
myosin. It powers involuntary
movements of the viscera
Skeletal muscle is striated and
usually attached to the skeleton.
They create movement by applying
force to bones and joints by
12/40
Skeletal
g gcontracting and relaxing.
Cardiac muscle is striated muscle
found only in the heart. The cells
are usually connected to each
other by intercalated disks. It
powers the heartbeat
Cardiac
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Nervous Tissue Two Types
C ll B d
Dendrites
1) Neurons (made up of three
parts): A cell body - contains
the nucleus, mitochondria and
other organelles. A long axon -
Cell Body
Axon
Long fibers that carry signals
away from the cell body. Many
dendrites: receive information
from another cell and transmit
the message to the cell body.
13/40
Glial cells are nonconducting
cells that serve as support
cells in the nervous system
and help to protect neurons.
What do Groups of Tissue Form?
Certain group of
cells form tissues,
what do tissues
Several tissues
form a functional
unit called
organs
form?
g
14/40
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Animal Organ System
The functional unit
15/40
Tissues Are Organized Into Organs
Several types of tissue form a
functional unit called an organ.
Muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
16/40
tissue
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Animal Body
Animal body
has 11 major
organ systems.
โ Muscular System
โ Skeletal System
โ Skin or Integument
โ Respiratory System
โ Digestive System
โ Circulatory System
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โ Circulatory System
โ Lymphatic System
โ Excretory System
โ Nervous System
โ Endocrine System
โ Reproductive System
Muscular System
Muscle composition all skeleton is attached to muscles.
Muscle function to allow movement and locomotion. They
power the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems.
Muscles play a role in regulating temperature.
18/40
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Digestive System
The digestive system
functions to ingest food and
break it down into smaller
chemical units. It also
The digestive system is
composed of: mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, liver,
pancreas gallbladder colon
absorbs the nutrients and
eliminates wastes.
pancreas, gallbladder, colon
(large intestine), rectum and
anus.
19/40
Respiratory System
Composition:
โ Nose
โ Pharynx
โ Larynx
โ Trachea
โ Bronchi
โ Lung
Function:
โ Exchange gas
between body and
environment:
Inhale Oxygen
20/40
โ Lung Remove carbon
dioxide
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Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is
composed of: blood vessels,
arteries (from heart), veins (to
heart), capillaries from arteries to
veins
It also includes: blood, red
and white cells as well as
platelets, plasma and the
heart organ itself.
veins.
21/40
Cardiovascular system functions
to transport oxygen, CO2,
nutrients and waste between cells
and the respiratory system. It
also carries chemical signals
from the endocrine system.
Lymphatic System: Immune System
Composition
Function
โ Defense against invading
microorganisms and viruses
p
โ Central lymphoid tissue
Bone Marrow: produce all cells
in immune system
Thymus: T cell maturation
โ Peripheral lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
-- lymphatic sinuses
โ Defense against the growth of cancer
cells.
22/40
y p
-- blood vessels
-- parenchyma
Spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue
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Excretory System
The excretory
system is
composed of the
liver skin and
Liver
Kidney These function
liver, skin and
urinary system.
23/40
Ureter
Kidney
Bladder
These function
to remove
organic
wastes.
Liver, Skin, Urinary System
Urinary System - kidneys filter
the blood to form urine, which
is excess water, salt, urea and
uric acid
Liver: produces urea and
uric acid as a by product of
the breakdown of proteins.
uric acid.
24/40
The function of the
Excretory System is
to remove organic
waste and maintain
fluid levels.Skin - removal of
excess water, salt,
urea and uric acid
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Endocrine System
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
The endocrine system is made
up of: pineal, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal and
d ti l d It i l
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Adrenal gland
Thymus
reproductive glands. It is also
part of the endocrine system is
the: hypothalamus, thymus and
pancreas.
25/40
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles
The endocrine system secretes hormones to
control growth and coordinates long range
responses to external and internal stimuli.
Reproductive System
Male
โ The testicles
โ The duct system, which
i d f th
Seminal vesicles
is made up of the
epididymis and the vas
deferens
โ The accessory glands,
which includes the seminal
vesicles and prostate
gland
โ The penis
Vas Deferens
Testicles
Prostate
Penis
Epididymis
26/40
Female
โ Fallopian tubes
โ Ovaries
โ Uterus
โ Vagina
โ Accessory glands
โ External genital organs
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Nervous System
Brain
The nervous system is made up of the
brain and spinal cord. The peripheral
nervous system includes neurons and
nerves that are not in the central
Spinal
Cord
nervous system.
The nervous system
functions to coordinate
27/40
Central nervous system
functions to coordinate
the activity of the
muscles, monitors the
organs, processes input
from the senses and
initiates actions and
responses.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system is
composed of bones.
Most of the bones are
The function of the skeletal system is
to support the body, to move and to
store minerals. It is also the site of
internally linked.
store minerals. It is also the site of
haematopoiesis: producing blood and
immune cells.
28/40
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Skin System
The skin is composed of the:
epidermis (keratinocytes, basal cells
and melanocytes), and dermis which
contains elastic and collagen fiberscontains elastic and collagen fibers
as well as capillary networks and
nerve endings.
29/40
The skin has hair, nails, skin
glands and their products. It
functions in: protection, exchange
and secretion.
Homeostasis
Internal balance
30/40
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Homeostasis
Living organisms regulate
its internal environment to
maintain a stable, constant
condition, by means of
The components
of homeostasis
includes
maintenance of:
It must also
maintain the
concentration of
nutrients and, y
multiple dynamic
equilibrium adjustments,
controlled by interrelated
regulation mechanisms.
maintenance of:
O2, CO2 and pH. waste products.
31/40
The concentration of
salt and electrolytes
must be maintained
as well as the volume
and pressure of the
extracellular fluid.
Mechanism of Homeostasis
The mechanism of homeostasis is negative feedback.
Set a threshold
Sense the change
Signal the change
32/40
Effector to bring the
change back to normal
range
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic
Extrinsic homeostatic systems are controlled
from outside the body by two systems.
1. Nervous system: sensors.
2. Endocrine system: signal transmission.
33/40
Intrinsic homeostatic systems often involve
only one or two organs, e.g. blood vessel
regulation by oxygen and CO2.
Sensor of Homeostasis
Controlled by two systems: Nervous System and Endocrine System
Nervous System: sensory system homeostasis.
โข Sensory nerve (dorsal root of spinal nerves)
โข Synapse (in the spinal cord for monosynaptic
reflexes)
โข Motor nerve (ventral root of spinal nerves)-
controls effectors
โข Effectors: muscles and glands
34/40
Endocrine: sensory system homeostasis.
โข Upon receiving signals from nervous
system, endocrine system secretes
hormones into blood.
โข Hormones are broken down rapidly, but they
set in motion effects that may persist after
the hormones are gone: stimulate
metabolism, turn on genes, etc.
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Example of Homeostasis
Fat cells synthesize
lipids from glucose
Blo
Fall
Negative Feedback
Blood glucose
> 1.0 g/dm-3
Pancreas
Islet ฮฒ-cell
Insulin
Liver cells synthesize
glycogen from glucose
Other cells uptake
glucose
odglucose
lsBlood
Rises
Li ll b k d
Return to
normal level
Glu
35/40
Blood glucose
< 0.7 g/dm-3
dglucose
s
Liver cells break down
glycogen --> glucose
Amino Acid--> glucose
Pancreas
Islet ฮฑ-cell
ucagon
Negative Feedback
Animals and Homeostasis
How does an animal
body maintain
homeostasis?
Through negative
feedbacks and
achieved by nervous
system (as sensors)system (as sensors)
and endocrine system
(signal transduction)
36/40
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Question: Review
Animal cells are _____ into
cells, tissues, organs and
organ systems.
___________Organized
___________
___________
Cell Shapes
Loose and Fibrous
Glial Neurons
Squamous, cuboidal and
columnar represent what?
Two types of nervous
Types of connective tissue.
37/40
___________Glial, Neuronssystem tissue.
The skeletal system is
composed of _____. ___________Bones
Animal cells
k
Animal cells
k
Learning Summary
There are 11
organ system
There are 11
organ system
make up
animal tissues.
make up
animal tissues.
HomeostasisHomeostasis
g y
for vertebrate
animals.
g y
for vertebrate
animals.
38/40
Homeostasis
mechanisms are
controlled by
negative feedback.
Homeostasis
mechanisms are
controlled by
negative feedback.
Animal tissues form
organs
Animal tissues form
organs
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Congratulations
You have successfully completed the
core tutorial
Animal Forms
39/40
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Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math
Whatโs Next โฆ
Step 1: Concepts โ Core Tutorial (Just Completed)
Step 2: Practice โ Interactive Problem Drill
Step 3: Recap โ Super Review Cheat Sheet
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