Anatomy is the study of structure, while physiology is the study of function. Anatomy can be studied at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Microscopic anatomy includes histology, the study of tissues, and cytology, the study of cells. The human body is composed of organ systems that work together, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Each system contains different components that allow it to carry out its specialized functions necessary for maintaining life.

1. Introduction to Human
Anatomy
.

2. Anatomy
• Anatomy – study of structure(Greek – “a
cutting up”).
• Physiology – study of function (Greek –
“relationship to nature”)

3. •“Structure dictates
function,

4. LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION.

5. Definition of anatomy
• Study of structure.
• The study of anatomy is divided into
(i)Macroscopic anatomy-gross
(ii)Microscopic anatomy

6. Definition of anatomy.
• Gross anatomy is the study of structures that
can, when suitably presented or dissected, be
seen by unaided vision with the naked eye.
• Microscopic anatomy is the study of
structures on a microscopic scale, including
histology (the study of tissues) and cytology
(the study of cells).

7. Cytology ?

8. Cytology ?
• Cytology, the study of cells as
fundamental units of living
things. The earliest phase of
cytology began with the English
scientist Robert Hooke’s
microscopic investigations of cork
in 1665.

9. Histology
• Is the study of the microscopic anatomy of
cells and tissues of plants and animals.
• It is commonly performed by examining cells
and tissues by sectioning and staining,
followed by examination under a light
microscope or electron microscope.

10. Cell biology
• Is a scientific discipline that studies cells –
their physiological properties, their structure,
the organelles they contain, interactions with
their environment, their life cycle, division and
death.
• This is done both on a microscopic and
molecular level.

11. Cell biology
• Cell biology research encompasses both the
great diversity of single-celled organisms like
bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many
specialized cells in multicellular organisms
such as humans, plants, and sponges.
• The cell is the basic structural, functional and
biological unit of all known living organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit of life that is
classified as a living things.

12. Summary
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Systems
• Organism

13. ANATOMY+PHYSIOLOGY

14. ORGAN SYSTEM
14
Integumentary system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– skin
– hair
– glands
• Functions
– protection
– regulates body temperature
– eliminates waste
– vitamin D
– sensations

15. Organ Systems
15
Skeletal system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage
• Functions
– Support
– Protection
– Body movement
– Produces blood cells
– Stores minerals & fats

16. 16
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Muscular system
• Components
– skeletal muscles
• Functions
– body movement
– posture
– generates heat

17. Organ Systems
17
Nervous system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– brain
– spinal cord
– nerves
– special sense organs
• Functions
– action potentials (nerve
impulses)
– detects, interprets, and
responds to changes in
environment

18. 18
Organ Systems
Endocrine system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– hormone-producing glands
and cells
• Functions
– regulates body activities

19. Organ Systems
19
Cardiovascular system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– blood
– heart
– blood vessels
• Functions
– pumps blood
– carries O2 and nutrients to
cells and wastes away
– regulates temperature,
acid-base balance, and
H2O

20. 20
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lymphatic system
• Components
– lymph fluid & vessels
– spleen
– thymus
– lymph nodes
– tonsils
• Functions
– transports dietary lipids
– protection

21. Organ Systems
21
Respiratory system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– lungs
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
– bronchial tree
• Functions
– exchange of gases
– acid-base balance
– sound production

22. 22
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Digestive system
• Components
– mouth
– pharynx
– esophagus
– stomach
– small intestines
– large intestines
– salivary glands
– liver
– gallbladder
– pancreas
• Functions
– breakdown of food
– absorption of food
– eliminates wastes

23. 23
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Urinary system
• Components
– kidneys
– ureters
– urinary bladder
– urethra
• Functions
– eliminates waste
– regulates blood composition &
volume
– acid-base balance

24. Organ Systems
24
Reproductive system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components
– ovaries
– testes
– associated structures
• Functions
– produce gametes
– hormone regulation of
reproduction

25. NEXT SAGA
DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Digestive system(alimentary tract and
accessory organs)
• Basic structures of the elementary canal
(mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large
intestine(colon),rectum and anal cal).