The human body is organized into four levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. There are four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue. Organs are made of multiple tissue types working together, such as the heart which pumps blood. Organ systems consist of groups of organs that work cooperatively, such as the circulatory system which includes the heart and blood vessels. The human body contains 11 organ systems that work to maintain homeostasis.
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each organ has a specialized role in a plant or animal body, and is made up of distinct tissues.
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each organ has a specialized role in a plant or animal body, and is made up of distinct tissues.
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
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A short story condensed
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compressed, distilled, dense, nutritive value
“Condensed by contraction of volume, with proportional increase of strength.”
without superfluity, excess
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Show, Don't Tell: Tips and Examples of The Golden Rule
Drawing the readers in with action
4 Practical 'Show, Don’t Tell' Tips
'Show, Don’t Tell' Examples
"Telling" is sometimes a better option
Blog > Perfecting your Craft
Last updated on Nov 24, 2022
Show, Don't Tell: Tips and Examples of The Golden Rule
Show, don’t tell is a writing technique in which story and characters are related through sensory details and actions rather than exposition. It fosters a more immersive writing style for the reader, allowing them to “be in the room” with the characters.
In his oft-repeated quoted, Anton Chekhov said, “Don’t tell me the moon is shining. Show me the glint of light on broken glass."
In short: showing illustrates, while telling merely states. Here’s a quick example:
Showing: As his mother switched off the light and left the room, Michael tensed. He huddled under the covers, gripped the sheets, and held his breath as the wind brushed past the curtain.
Telling: Michael was terribly afraid of the dark.
In the “showing” example, rather than merely saying that Michael is afraid of the dark, we’ve put him in a situation where his experience of that fear takes center stage. The reader can deduce the same information they’d get from the “telling” example but in a much more compelling way.
In this post, we'll show you why Show Don't Tell is the most popular "rule" in creative writing and show you how you can add some "showing" skills to your toolkit.
Showing also helps develop characters in a way that isn't just listing their traits. For instance, rather than telling your readers that “Gina was selfish and immature,” you could show this side of her by writing a scene where she whines about how everyone forgot her half-birthday. Or if you have a character who’s extremely determined, show her actually persisting through something — don’t just say “she was persistent.”
When done right, showing draws readers into the narrative with truly immersive description. It contributes to story development but also leaves certain things up to the reader’s interpretation, which is much more interesting than making everything explicit. (Though of course, you can still use language to alter their perception).
The bottom line: telling might be quicker, and it’s certainly necessary to have some telling in every story (more on that later), but showing should almost always be your prime strategy.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
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2. 2
Organization of Your Body
There are four levels of organization, it is called
a HIERARCHY.
1. Cells;
2. Tissues;
3. Organs;
4. Organ Systems.
Bodies of vertebrates (animals with spines) are
composed of different cell types
-Humans have 210
4. 3
Organization of Your Body
1. **You have enough basic information on what
a Cell is, so lets move on…
2. Tissues: are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function. Intro Cells & Tissues Video
In adult vertebrates, there are four primary tissues:
-Epithelial,
-Connective,
-Muscle,
-Nerve Tissue.
All preform different bodily functions, thus are
different cells.
5. 6
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue:
Separates, protects, and keeps organs in place.
Covers the body surface and forms the lining
of most organs.
Ex: Skin (epidermis), & inside of mouth
The Skin Video (5 min)
Layer of skins
6. 6
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue-
Provides support and structure to the
body, also fills spaces.
The most abundant tissue in the human
body.
Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and fat.
Bones & Cartilage Video (3 min)
7. 7
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue -Contracts and relaxes to
support movement.
Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Ex:
Cardiac muscle contracts to
pump blood through the body;
Skeletal muscle moves the
bones when directed by brain.
Smooth muscle contracts in
digesting;
Muscle Video
8. 8
Nerve Tissue
Nerve Tissue
- responds to stimuli in the environment;
- controls movement, reflexes, and receives
sensory information;
Ex:
Brain tissue,
Spinal Cord Tissue,
Peripheral nerve cells.
Nerve Video
9. 4
Organization of Your Body
3. Organs: are combinations of different tissues that
form a structural and functional UNIT.
Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital
organ.
Examples:
Heart - Pumps blood throughout the body.
Liver - Removes toxins from the blood, produces
chemicals that help in digestion.
Lungs - Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes CO2
from blood.
Brain - The control center of the body.
10. 10
Organization of Your Body
4. Organ systems: are groups of organs that
cooperate to perform the
major activities of the body.
-The vertebrate body contains 11 principal organ
systems.
Prepare yourself to name some systems after the film.
11. The 11 Human Body Systems
The 11 human body systems are as follows:
-- nervous system -- integumentary system
-- respiratory system -- digestive system
-- excretory system -- skeletal system
-- muscular system -- circulatory system
-- endocrine system -- reproductive system
-- lymphatic (immune) system
Underlined = most important Bold = on past exams
All are extremely important because each system is responsible
for a specific cellular function, just on a much larger scale.
13. 40
Overview of Organ Systems
Organ systems communicate, integrate, support
and move, maintain and regulate, defend,
reproduce the body.
Communicate outside environment changes:
-Three organ systems detect external stimuli and
coordinate the body’s responses
- Nervous, sensory and endocrine systems
Support and movement:
-The musculoskeletal system consists of two interrelated
organ systems
14. 41
Regulation and maintenance:
-Four organ systems regulate and maintain the body’s
chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS.
Digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems.
Defense:
-The body defends itself with two organ systems:
Integumentary and immune.
Reproduction and development
-The Reproductive system.
16. The Nervous System
Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its
internal and external environment
Major Organs and Their Functions
Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are
relayed through
-- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses)
and cerebellum (controls motor functions)
Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of
the body and vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as
a chordate
Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the
body
19. The Skeletal System
Purpose: to provide structure, support, and movement to the
human body
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the
marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength
Major Bones of the Human Body
-- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm)
-- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull)
-- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade)
-- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back)
-- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone
-- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes)
21. The Muscular System
Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to
produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the
human body
-- muscle cells are fibrous
-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary
Major Muscles in the Human Body
-- biceps -- triceps -- deltoids
-- glutes -- hamstrings
23. The Digestive System
Purpose: to dissolve food so it can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins to breakdown food into particles
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – produces acid that breakdowns food.
Small Intestine – Digested food moves through intestine by Villi.
The Villi absorbs nutrients and water from digested food.
Large Intestine – removes water from the digested food and
gets the waste ready for excretion
25. The Circulatory System
Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and
organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular
respiration
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
-- pumps blood through its four chambers (two
ventricles and two atria)
-- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it
gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then
pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body
-- valve regulate the flow of blood between the
chambers
26. Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major
organs of the body
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major
organs of the body
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich
protein that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood
28. The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with oxygen and to remove
carbon dioxide
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose & Mouth – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at
the back of the throat
Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal
chords, you speak
Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to
your lungs
Lungs- Supplies oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 from
blood.
34. 55
Homeostasis
As animals have evolved, specialization of body
structures has increased
For cells to function efficiently and interact
properly, internal body conditions must be
relatively constant
-The dynamic constancy of the internal
environment is called homeostasis
-It is essential for life
35. 56
Homeostasis
Humans have set points for body temperature, blood
glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion)
concentration, tendon tension, etc.
We are endothermic: can maintain a relatively
constant body temperature (37oC or 98.6oF)
-Changes in body temperature are detected by the
hypothalamus in the brain