The document discusses anatomy and physiology, describing them as the study of structure and function respectively. It outlines the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism. These include chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels. It then provides examples of organ systems like the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems, describing their main components and functions. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms that maintain the stable internal environment are also summarized.

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Introduction to Human Anatomy
&
Physiology

5. 5
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

6. Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)

7. • Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)

8. Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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9. 9
1.3: Levels of Organization
Chemical
• Atoms
– made up of subatomic
particles
• Molecules
– 2 or more atoms
• Macromolecules
– small molecules joined
together

10. 10
1.3: Levels of Organization
Cellular
• Macromolecules
combine to form cells
• Basic structural and
functional unit of the
body

11. 11
1.3: Levels of Organization
Tissue
• Group of cells
working together to
perform a function
• 4 basic types
– epithelial (epi)
– connective tissue (CT)
– muscle (mm)
– nerve (n)

12. 12
1.3: Levels of Organization
Organ
• 2 or more tissues
joined together with a
specific function and
shape

13. 13
1.3: Levels of Organization
Systems
• Related organs with a
common function
• 11 systems

14. 14
Organ Systems
Integumentary system
• Components
– skin
– hair
– glands
• Functions
– protection
– regulates body temperature
– eliminates waste
– vitamin D
– sensations

15. 15
Organ Systems
Skeletal system
• Components
– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage
• Functions
– Support
– Protection
– Body movement
– Produces blood cells
– Stores minerals & fats

16. 16
Organ Systems
Muscular system
• Components
– skeletal muscles
• Functions
– body movement
– posture
– generates heat

17. 17
Organ Systems
Nervous system
• Components
– brain
– spinal cord
– nerves
– special sense organs
• Functions
– action potentials (nerve
impulses)
– detects, interprets, and
responds to changes in
environment

18. 18
Organ Systems
Endocrine system
• Components
– hormone-producing glands
and cells
• Functions
– regulates body activities

19. 19
Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system
• Components
– blood
– heart
– blood vessels
• Functions
– pumps blood
– carries O2 and nutrients to
cells and wastes away
– regulates temperature,
acid-base balance, and
H2O

20. 20
Organ Systems
Lymphatic system
• Components
– lymph fluid & vessels
– spleen
– thymus
– lymph nodes
– tonsils
• Functions
– transports dietary lipids
– protection

21. 21
Organ Systems
Respiratory system
• Components
– lungs
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
– bronchial tree
• Functions
– exchange of gases
– acid-base balance
– sound production

22. 22
Organ Systems
Digestive system
• Components
– mouth
– pharynx
– esophagus
– stomach
– small intestines
– large intestines
– salivary glands
– liver
– gallbladder
– pancreas
• Functions
– breakdown of food
– absorption of food
– eliminates wastes

23. 23
Organ Systems
Urinary system
• Components
– kidneys
– ureters
– urinary bladder
– urethra
• Functions
– eliminates waste
– regulates blood composition &
volume
– acid-base balance

24. 24
Organ Systems
Reproductive system
• Components
– ovaries
– testes
– associated structures
• Functions
– produce gametes
– hormone regulation of
reproduction

25. 25
1.3: Levels of Organization
Organism

26. 26

27. 27
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing
energy from foods
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
•Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized

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Characteristics of Life Continued
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically
different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

29. 29
1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

31. 31
Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• “physiological normal”
• dynamic
• involves maintaining
the volume and
composition of body
fluids

34. 34
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• continually disrupted by internal and
external environments
• balance regulated by
– nervous
– endocrine

36. 36
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

40. 40
Negative feedback :
• Negative feedback occurs when some function of the
output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a
manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output,
whether caused by changes in the input or by other
disturbances

42. 42
Positive feedback summary:
• Positive feedback is a process that occurs in
a feedback loop in which the effects of a small
disturbance on a system include an increase in
the magnitude of the perturbation

44. 44
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position –
standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward and
thumbs out
Integumentary system
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45. Anatomical Position
Body erect,
feet slightly apart,
palms facing forward,
thumbs point away
from the body

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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position
(based on anatomical
position):
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
(only in the
extremities)
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External

47. 47
Body Sections or Planes (3)
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

48. Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical Position
• Body planes and sections
– Sagittal
– Frontal
– Transverse (cross)
Figure 1.8, pg. 15 text

49. Body Sections
49
(a) (b) (c)
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a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

50. Body Cavities

51. Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
– Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds
the remaining thoracic organs
– Pericardial – encloses the heart

52. Figure 1.11A Abdominopelvic regions

53. Figure 1.11B Abdominopelvic regions

54. Regional Terms for Body Areas

55. Regional Terms for Body Areas