Ali Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka , profile picture
Uploaded byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
PPT, PDF5,191 views

Human body overview

The document discusses the 11 body systems that work together to maintain homeostasis and carry out life functions. It focuses on the skeletal, muscular, digestive and excretory systems. The skeletal system provides structure and levers for movement. Muscles contract and relax to produce both voluntary and involuntary movement. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that are absorbed and circulated. The excretory system removes waste through the skin, lungs and kidneys. Together these systems allow humans to obtain nutrients, move, and remove waste.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 73 times
1 / 104
2 / 104
3 / 104
4 / 104
5 / 104
6 / 104
7 / 104
8 / 104
9 / 104
10 / 104
11 / 104
12 / 104
13 / 104
14 / 104
15 / 104
16 / 104
17 / 104
18 / 104
19 / 104
20 / 104
21 / 104
22 / 104
23 / 104
24 / 104
25 / 104
26 / 104
27 / 104
28 / 104
29 / 104
30 / 104
31 / 104
32 / 104
33 / 104
34 / 104
35 / 104
36 / 104
37 / 104
38 / 104
39 / 104
40 / 104
41 / 104
42 / 104
43 / 104
44 / 104
45 / 104
46 / 104
47 / 104
48 / 104
49 / 104
50 / 104
51 / 104
52 / 104
53 / 104
54 / 104
55 / 104
56 / 104
57 / 104
58 / 104
59 / 104
60 / 104
61 / 104
62 / 104
63 / 104
64 / 104
65 / 104
66 / 104
67 / 104
68 / 104
69 / 104
70 / 104
71 / 104
72 / 104
73 / 104
74 / 104
75 / 104
76 / 104
77 / 104
78 / 104
79 / 104
80 / 104
81 / 104
82 / 104
83 / 104
84 / 104
85 / 104
86 / 104
87 / 104
88 / 104
89 / 104
90 / 104
91 / 104
92 / 104
93 / 104
94 / 104
95 / 104
96 / 104
97 / 104
98 / 104
99 / 104
100 / 104
101 / 104
102 / 104
103 / 104
104 / 104
Regulation and Homeostasis in the Human Body: Overview
How do Humans and other complex mammals maintain homeostasis? They must carry out all needed life functions in a coordinated way. What does our species need to accomplish? Growth Repair of injuries Get energy Get building materials Get rid of waste Keep away disease Respond to changing environment Reproduce
Eleven Body Systems work together to maintain homeostasis and carry out these tasks: 1. Nervous System 2. Endocrine System 3. Lymphatic System 4. Circulatory System 5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive System 7. Excretory System 8. Skeletal System 9. Muscular System 10. Integumentary System 11. Reproductive System
1. Nervous System: Structures: Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Neurons (Cells of nervous system) Functions: Coordinates the body’s response to changes to internal and external environment
2. Endocrine System – Hormone System Structures: Glands - Hypothalmus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males) Functions: Produce Hormones. Controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction
3. Lymphatic System – Immune System Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels Function: Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels; returns the fluid to the circulatory system
4. Circulatory System Structures: Heart, Blood vessels, blood Functions: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; regulates body temperature
5. Respiratory System Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs Functions: Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide from body
6. Digestive System Structures: Mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, Function: Breaks down foods into simple molecules that can be used by the body for respiration and building cells
7. Excretory System Structures: Skin, lungs, kidneys (nephrons), ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Functions: Removes waste products of metabolism from the body
8. Skeletal System Structures: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Functions: Supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood formation
9. Muscular System Structures: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle Function: Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system
10. Integumentary System (Skin) Structures: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat and Oil Glands Functions: Serves as a barrier against infection and injury; Helps to regulate temperature; Protects against UV light
11. Reproductive System Structures: Female- Uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovary, cervical canal, cervix, vagina Male – Penis, Vas Deferens, Prostate, Epididymis, Testes, Scrotal Sac, Seminal Vesicle Function: Produces reproductive cells; in females nurtures and protects developing embryo
Support and Motion Functions of the SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM
How does the human body move from place to place and have the ability to run, blink or build things? These things are all made possible by the skeletal and muscular systems.
Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebral column Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Pelvis Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges A. Skeletal System There are 206 bones in the adult human body. These bones provide a system of supports and levers on which muscles can produce movement
Figure 36-3 The Bones are a solid network o fS tlriuvcintugr ec oefl lBso anned protein fibers that are surrounded by calcium deposits. Bones contain blood vessels and cavities containing marrow. Red marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Bone Marrow
Joints are places where one bone attaches to another. Each type of joint is designed to allow movement without damaging the other bones. Joints in the skull allow no movement, joints in the spine allow a small amount of movement and those shown below allow movement in one or more directions. Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Clavicle Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements Section 36-1 Knee Elbow
Muscle Tendon Femur Patella Bursa Ligament Cartilage Fat Fibula Tibia Knee Section 36-1 Joint Ligaments are a tough connective tissue that attach bones to bones Tendons are connective tissue which attach bones and muscles to allow bones to move
B. The Muscular System More than 40% of the average human is muscle. Muscles are involved in both voluntary actions and involuntary actions. Three types of muscles cells are: •Skeletal – Attached to bones for voluntary actions and controlled by the central nervous system •Smooth – Found in the digestive tract and the blood vessels to move food and blood. Control involuntary actions (you do not decide for them to work) •Cardiac – Heart muscle cells are involuntary.
Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure Section 36-2 Skeletal muscles are made up of clusters of filaments of proteins known as actin and myosin which control muscle contraction and relaxation
Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction During Muscle contraction Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments shrinking the muscle
Energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP
Nervous system cells known as motor neurons are attached to skeletal muscle cells to control the voluntary movement. Threadlike Nerve or neuron Axon or junction
Figure 36-11 Opposing Muscle Pairs SkeSelcetiotna 3l6 -2muscles work in opposing pairs. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. Movement Movement Biceps (relaxed) Triceps (contracted) Biceps (contracted) Triceps (relaxed)
Nutrition and Waste Removal How does the human body take in required nutrients and get rid of wastes? The Digestive and Excretory Systems are responsible for bringing in food and getting rid of the leftovers.
Overview of Nutrients Food supplies the raw materials for building molecules your body needs, such as: • enzymes • Lipids in cell membranes • DNA Food contains 45 substances your body needs but cannot manufacture.
The nutrients your body needs are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. WATER – Most of the bodies reactions take place in water. Humans need an average of 1 liter of water a day. Dehydration causes many problems throughout the body. CARBOHYDRATES – Sugars and starches are used by the body to provide the simple sugars needed for Respiration (energy)
FATS- Deposits of fats protect body organs, insulate the body and store energy, make up cell membranes and coat the nervous system cells PROTEINS – Supply the raw materials for growth and repair in the form of enzymes VITAMINS – Organic molecules that work with enzymes to control body processes. MINERALS – Inorganic nutrients that are needed in small amounts. Calcium is needed to build bones, Iron is needed for red blood cells.
Food Guide Pyramid Fats Sugars A Balanced Diet
C. The Digestive System Pharynx Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Rectum Mouth Salivary Glands Stomach Pancreas behind stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine
The Process of Digestion: The path of food Each organ of the digestive system helps convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. Teeth – Cut, Crush and tear food Salivary glands – Moisten food to make it easier to chew and pass through the system, enzymes break down starches Esophagus – Tube from mouth to stomach connected by Pharynx. Works by contraction of the smooth muscles known as peristalsis. Stomach – Muscular sac that churns and mixes food with acid
As food leaves the stomach it travels into the small intestine through the doudenum, and it mixes with Section 38-2 with enzymes and digestive fluids from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Liver Gallbladder Doudenum Bile Duct Pancreas
Chemicals from the pancreas breakdown carbohydrates, . proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In addition chemicals from the pancreas produce substances which neutralize stomach acid. If the acid travels too far without being neutralized it will change the shape of enzymes and cause problems in the body. The Liver makes bile which acts like a detergent to break down fat. The gall bladder is a storage area for the bile
The small intestine absorbs nutrients from the digestive systems and transfers many of the nutrients Section 38-2 to the circulatory system. The small intestine is lined with small fingerlike projections known as villi which designed to have a large surface area for this task. Small Intestine Villus
Large intestine (Colon) Food that enters the large intestine is nutrient-free. Usable nutrients have been absorbed leaving water and undigestible substances. The large intestine removes water from the waste. Once water is eliminated the solid waste passes out of the body through the rectum. The appendix is located just below the entry to the large intestine. In many animals it helps digest difficult materials such as cellulose. In humans the appendix is not used for any purpose in digestion. When it gets infected it is removed.
D. Excretory System: In the process of obtaining nutrients and carrying out chemical reactions the human body produces wastes (CO2, Urea, Salts). If some of these wastes are not removed they could threaten homeostasis. Excess chemicals that are not toxic also need to be removed. The skin, lungs and kidneys all function to get rid of excess or harmful products produced in the body.
Kidneys contain millions of small filters called nephrons, Section 38-3 which filter your entire blood supply every 45 minutes. Filtration takes place because blood pressure forces water, salt, glucose, amino acids and urea into structures known as Bowman’s capsules. (Protein and Blood are too large to enter) Kidney Nephron Bowman’s Capsule
Processes of osmosis and active transport filter the useful materials from the waste (urine). Substances your body needs to keep are returned to the blood stream. Substances your body needs to get rid of are passed from the renal tubes to the urinary bladder. Kidney Vein Artery Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra
Other important parts of the bodies excretory system •The skin excretes excess water and salts •The lungs excrete carbon dioxide produced from respiration Both of these body organs serves multiple functions in the human body.
The Respiratory System links to the Circulatory System to provide cells with Section 37-3 oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System Bronchi branch to air sacs known as aveoli where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli Bronchiole Capillary Gas Exchange in the lungs Section occurs 37-3 through the process of DIFFUSION High concentration of oxygen (O2) moves out of lungs into blood to balance concentration. CO2 does the opposite (moves from blood to lungs)
Figure 37-15 The Mechanics The Lungs are only air sacs. In order foofr Bthreeamth itnog move they must work together with a muscle known as the Diaphragm Air inhaled Rib cage rises Diaphragm Air exhaled Rib cage lowers Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation Section 37-3
Breathing is not an entirely voluntary process. While you have control of breathing so that you can briefly hold your breath or blow up a balloon, your body will not allow you not to breathe. The brain has control over the diaphragm if the level of carbon dioxide in the blood rises to high.
The circulatory system works together with several other body systems to bring needed supplies to cells which cannot move. The circulatory system is a delivery system that consists of the following: • The Heart • Blood Vessels • Blood
The Heart: The heart is about the size of a clenched fist. On average the heart contracts about 72 times a minute, pumping about 70 milliliters of blood with each contraction. The entire circulatory system including Heart has structures which prevent oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood from mixing. All blood is really red but oxygen poor blood is shown as blue in pictures for ease.
The heart has four main chambers with valves that separate each to prevent backflow Pulmonary Artery Oxygen poor blood to lungs Left Atrium Left Ventricle
The heart acts as two pumps. One for sending oxygen poor blood to the lungs and the other for sending oxygen rich blood to the body.
The heart’s contractions are controlled by a small group of cardiac muscle cells known as the sinoatrial node. These are the pacemakers of the heart. These cells send an electrical message from the atrium to the ventricles to contract Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular node Conducting Fibers
Blood moves through 3 different types of vessels: Arteries – Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart Capillaries – Tiny vessels only one cell thick. Bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Remove waste products. Veins – Carry blood back to the heart with wastes ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES
Blood Pressure: When the heart contracts it produces pressure in the arteries. The force of the blood on the arteries is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure decreases when the heart relaxes but it does not disappear. The difference between the two pressures is what is measured when you go to the doctor and have your blood pressure checked. The average adult’s blood pressure is 120/80.
Blood The Human body contains 4 to 6 liters of blood, which is about 8% of the total body mass. Blood is made up of a number of types of cells and substances: 55% Plasma – mostly water with dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products and plasma proteins. 45% Cells – Red Blood cells, White Blood Cells, and platelets.
Whole Blood Sample Plasma Sample Placed in Centrifuge Cells Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged
Red blood cells transport oxygen on an iron containing protein called hemoglobin. They are shaped like flat disks so that they have maximum surface area and don’t get caught in the blood vessels. Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus. Your body produces red blood cells in bone marrow and each one circulates for about 120 days. RBC’s are destroyed by the liver and the spleen.
Platelets and plasma proteins work together to make sure that too much blood is not lost. 1. Injured blood vessel 2. Platelets clump at site and release Thrombin 3. Fibrin forms from Thrombin and clot stops blood loss
White Blood cells (also known as Leukocytes) are also produced in the bone marrow but do not have hemoglobin for carrying oxygen. They contain nuclei and live anywhere from a few days to a few months. They carry out an entirely different function than the Red Blood Cells. White blood cells are the army of the circulatory system. They attack foreign substances or organisms.
Normally the body contains 700 times more red blood cells than white blood cells. The body can increase the number of white blood cells on demand if the body is threatened by a foreign invader. Doctors often test for increased White Blood Cell levels to check your health
Thymus Heart Thoracic Duct Spleen Superior Vena Cava Lymph Nodes Lymph Vessels F. The Lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks into body tissues and returns it to the circulatory system. Lymph nodes are also filters that collect invaders that cause disease.
G. The Integumentary system or Skin is the bodies largest organ. It serves many purposes and overlaps with many of the body systems. • Serves as a barrier against infection and injury • Helps regulate body temperature • removes excess salts and water • Protects internal cells from UV radiation • Serves as one link between the nervous system and the environment (receives information on pressure, temperature, pain)
The skin is made of 2 main layers 1. Epidermis – Outer layer of skin which comes in contact with environment. •The outermost layer is coated in dead cells. •The inner epidermis rapidly divides to produce a constant supply of new cells, constantly pushing old cells to the top. • As skin cells are forced upward they flatten and organelles disappear and they form a layer of waterproof covering
2. Dermis – Inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, sense organs, hair follicles. Epidermis Dermis
Hair and Nails are made up of a substance known as keratin. They are both used to protect the skin from damage: • Fingernails and toe nails protect the tips of your toes and fingers •Hair on your head protects from UV rays •Eyelashes, Nose Hair and Ear Hair prevent dirt and other particles from entering the body.
REGULATION of the HUMAN BODY
How does the Human Body Control (Regulate) all these body systems and make them work together? Electrical Impulses from the Nervous System Chemical Hormones from the Endocrine System
The Nervous System: The nervous system is the number one communication center of the body. The basic cell type that carries the communications is a network of neurons that transmit electrical impulses. Axon terminals Myelin Sheath Nodes Cell Body Nucleus Dendrites NEURON CELL
Electrical Impulses depend on the movement of negatively charged electrons compared with the positively charged ions across a cell membrane
Once and impulse begins it moves along the axon in the direction of the impulse. To pass between neurons the impulse must be sent across a gap known as a synapse which sends the message from one neuron to Synapse the other. When the impulse reaches the end of the axon it transfers its impulse to another cell by releasing chemicals known as neurotransmitters which pass the message across the synapse.
The nervous system is divided into two divisions: • The Central Nervous System (CNS)– Responsible for relaying messages, processing and analyzing information. • The Peripheral Nervous System – Receives information from the environment and relays commands from the CNS to the organs and glands
The brain is the main switching area of the central nervous system. Cerebrum – Responsible for voluntary activities of the body (Intelligence, learning and judgement) Cerebellum – Coordinates muscle movement Brain Stem – Consists of the pons and the medulla oblongata. Pass message between brain and body Thalamus – Connects messages from the sense organs to the Cerebrum Hypothalamus - Controll center for hunger, thirst, anger and body temperature.
Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Cerebellum Spinal Cord The Brain Pons Medulla oblongata
The Endocrine System Sends messages throughout the body by way of chemicals known as hormones. Hormones travel throughout the bloodstream to target cells which contain matching receptors. Hormone Receptor
If a cell does not have a specific receptor the hormone will not affect the cell. Responses to hormones take longer and last longer than nervous system messages. Hormones can take minutes, hours or days to influence cells. Examples of functions controlled by hormones: Growth, Metabolism, Sleep, Reaction to stress, Reproduction.
The Endocrine System works through a FEEDBACK system. Glands of the Endocrine system determine the level of a hormone in the blood and then changes the rate of hormone production or sends out the opposite hormone to counteract excess amounts of hormone. Examples of Feedback mechanisms: Control of insulin/sugar levels in blood Hypothalamus can measure water level in blood and sends out hormones that tell the kidneys to conserve water.
Example of Feedback Loop Room temperature increases Thermostat senses temperature change and switches off heating system Thermostat senses temperature change and switches on heating system Room temperature decreases Section 35-1
Feedback Actions of Insulin and Glucagon Beta cells release insulin into the blood Body cells absorb glucose Blood glucose level decreases Blood glucose level increases Liver converts glycogen to glucose Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level Blood glucose level decreases Alpha cells release glucagon into blood Blood glucose level increases Liver converts glycogen to glucose
Important Glands and Hormones of the Human Body Gland Hormone Function Pineal Melatonin Controls sleep and wake cycle Thyroid Thyroxine Controls appetite and metabolism Adrenal Adrenaline Deals with stressful situations Thymus Thymosin T-cell development (fight diseases) Ovary Estrogen Female reproduction Testis Testosterone Male reproduction
Hypothalamus Pituitary Parathyroids Thymus Adrenal Glands Pineal Gland Thyroid Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male)
K. The Reproductive System Functions to make new individuals by producing, storing and releasing specialized sex cells known as gametes. Cells from the male reproductive system, known as sperm, must fuse with cells of the female reproductive system, known as eggs.
Reproduction in both males and females is regulated by hormones. •In males - Testosterone is produced by the testes. It is required for sperm production and development of male physical characteristics. •In females - Estrogen and progesterone are female hormones produced by the ovaries. Estrogen is required for the development of eggs and female physical characteristics. Progesterone prepare the uterus for the arrival of a developing embryo.
Neither males or females are capable of producing active reproductive cells until puberty, which is a period of sexual maturation. Puberty begins when the hypothalmus signals the pituitary to produce increased levels of hormones that affect the sex organs (gonads). The hormones are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
In both the male and female reproductive system sex cells are produced by the process of Meiosis. Meiosis involves producing a cell with only 1 copy of each chromosome (haploid nuclei). When the egg and sperm fuse, a cell with two copies of each chromosome is created. Every cell in the new individual has two copies of each chromosome (diploid nuclei).
The Male Reproductive System Urinary Bladder Vas deferens Pubic Bone Urethra Penis Epididymis Testis Scrotum Seminal Vesicle Rectum Prostate Bulbourethral gland
Sperm development: 1. Sperm are made from special cells in testes that undergo the process of meiosis. 2. Once sperm mature they move through a tube known as the vas deferens upward from the scrotal sacs into the abdomen into the seminal vesicle. The sperm mixes with seminal fluid to form semen. Between 50 and 130 million sperm are present in one milliliter of semen. The seminal vesicle merges with the urethra (also connected to the urinary bladder)
3. During sexual excitement the nervous system of the male contracts the glands of the reproductive tract. The release of semen is controlled by the autonomic nervous system so it is not entirely voluntary. The male reproductive system is designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive system.
The Female Reproductive System Section 39-3 Fallopian Tube Ovary Uterus Urinary Bladder Pubic Bone Urethra Cervix Rectum Vagina
1. The ovaries produce one mature ova or egg per month. Females are born with 400,000 immature eggs which are stored in follicles. The follicle assist in the maturing process of an egg from each ovary once a month based on a signal from the FSH hormone. 2. When the egg matures the follicle breaks open releasing the egg into the fallopian tube. A process known as ovulation. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube if sperm is present. 3. The fallopian tube connects to the uterus which is a cavity designed to protect and nourish a developing embryo.
4. If fertilized egg enters the uterus it is implanted into the lining of the uterus and the embryo develops. If fertilization does not occur the egg is discharged out of the body along with the uterus lining through a canal known as the vagina. Known as MENSTRUATION 5. The endocrine system controls the cycle of events surrounding ovulation through a feedback mechanism that can signal the presence of a fertilized egg. While the egg is maturing and preparing for release the uterus is preparing for a fertilized egg by building up the lining of the uterus. A new lining must be created each month to prepare for nourishing the embryo.
The Menstrual Cycle
Meiosis I Section 11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I Section 11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I Section 11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Section 11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I
Section 11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I
Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II Meiosis II Section 11-4 Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Meiosis produces specialized cells known as gametes Each gamete must contain only half the number of chromosomes that the parent has. The gamete gets a mixture of chromosomes from the parent cells.
Human body overview
Human body overview

More Related Content

PPTX
Module 1- -describing-motion
byDee Bayn
 
PPT
Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis
byCatherine Patterson
 
PPTX
EM wave theory.pptx
bymikeebio1
 
PPT
G8 Science Q4- Week 3-Patterns-of-Inheritance.ppt
byElliePamaPastrana
 
PDF
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
byCharileneUgali
 
PDF
Grade 8 Science Module 2 Quarter 4 Cellular Reproduction
byRandelKennethRaquel2
 
PPT
Biology Sexual and asexual reproduction
byeLearningJa
 
PPT
Meiosis grade 8
bysaleem Halabi
 
Module 1- -describing-motion
byDee Bayn
 
Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis
byCatherine Patterson
 
EM wave theory.pptx
bymikeebio1
 
G8 Science Q4- Week 3-Patterns-of-Inheritance.ppt
byElliePamaPastrana
 
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
byCharileneUgali
 
Grade 8 Science Module 2 Quarter 4 Cellular Reproduction
byRandelKennethRaquel2
 
Biology Sexual and asexual reproduction
byeLearningJa
 
Meiosis grade 8
bysaleem Halabi
 

What's hot

PPTX
Mechanical vs electromagnetic waves
byMakati Science High School
 
PPT
APPLICATIONS OF EM WAVES.ppt
byJane360787
 
PPTX
Science VII: Quarter I: Lesson 1:Free body diagram
byWarleyJabel3
 
PPTX
Unit 3 Matter
byIrvin John Salegon
 
PPTX
1. balanced and unbalanced forces.pptx
byZENAIDAMARTINEZ11
 
PDF
Module 2 atom inside out (grade 8)
byJimnaira Abanto
 
PPT
Particle Theory of Matter
byOhMiss
 
PPT
Other living organism
byMakati Science High School
 
PPT
CHARLE'S LAW.ppt
byKimberlyAnnePagdanga1
 
PPT
Power Point 5.1: Cell Energy (Photosynthesis & Respiration)
byMissWander
 
PPT
Meiosis
byPhil Cohen
 
PPTX
Velocity
byYhanzieCapilitan
 
PPTX
Digestive System (Grade 8, Quarter 4)
byFredimel Ordinado
 
PPTX
grade 10 Biodiversity and Evolution ppt.pptx
byLizelle Reina Tapel
 
PPTX
SCIENCE7: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
byChristian Adriano-ursabia
 
DOCX
semi - detailed lesson plan (Digestive System 8).docx
byMarjoySilva
 
PPTX
Sound G8
byAnabelle Montevirgen
 
PPTX
M3_Digestion Interaction with other Organ Systems.pptx
byKimberlyAnnePagdanga1
 
PPTX
Grade 11 (Organ system of repreentative animals).pptx
byRenmarieLabor
 
PPT
Science 10 Q3 lesson Mutation melc based
byReyAcosta8
 
Mechanical vs electromagnetic waves
byMakati Science High School
 
APPLICATIONS OF EM WAVES.ppt
byJane360787
 
Science VII: Quarter I: Lesson 1:Free body diagram
byWarleyJabel3
 
Unit 3 Matter
byIrvin John Salegon
 
1. balanced and unbalanced forces.pptx
byZENAIDAMARTINEZ11
 
Module 2 atom inside out (grade 8)
byJimnaira Abanto
 
Particle Theory of Matter
byOhMiss
 
Other living organism
byMakati Science High School
 
CHARLE'S LAW.ppt
byKimberlyAnnePagdanga1
 
Power Point 5.1: Cell Energy (Photosynthesis & Respiration)
byMissWander
 
Meiosis
byPhil Cohen
 
Velocity
byYhanzieCapilitan
 
Digestive System (Grade 8, Quarter 4)
byFredimel Ordinado
 
grade 10 Biodiversity and Evolution ppt.pptx
byLizelle Reina Tapel
 
SCIENCE7: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
byChristian Adriano-ursabia
 
semi - detailed lesson plan (Digestive System 8).docx
byMarjoySilva
 
Sound G8
byAnabelle Montevirgen
 
M3_Digestion Interaction with other Organ Systems.pptx
byKimberlyAnnePagdanga1
 
Grade 11 (Organ system of repreentative animals).pptx
byRenmarieLabor
 
Science 10 Q3 lesson Mutation melc based
byReyAcosta8
 

Viewers also liked

PPTX
The Nervous System
byJericho Galope
 
PDF
Jeckongppt7wonders
byJericho Galope
 
PPT
Introduction to nervous system
byStephanie Kennedy
 
PPT
F:\Biology Form 5\Chp 3 Coordination And Response\3 2 The Role Of The Human N...
byracheleasaw
 
PPT
The Nervous System Parts And Functions
byLogos Academy
 
PPT
Nervous system notes
byShakopee Public Schools
 
PPSX
The Nervous System (Slide Show)
byWilliam Banaag
 
The Nervous System
byJericho Galope
 
Jeckongppt7wonders
byJericho Galope
 
Introduction to nervous system
byStephanie Kennedy
 
F:\Biology Form 5\Chp 3 Coordination And Response\3 2 The Role Of The Human N...
byracheleasaw
 
The Nervous System Parts And Functions
byLogos Academy
 
Nervous system notes
byShakopee Public Schools
 
The Nervous System (Slide Show)
byWilliam Banaag
 

Similar to Human body overview

PPTX
Human Body Systems types blood vessel mucles and glands
bycahayagleo
 
PPTX
DIFFERENT HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS THAT WORKS TOGETHER
byrondanrodriguez26
 
PPT
2014 The Human Body Systems ppt.ppt
byanami87
 
PDF
Human body-systems in 3D image
byC L GUPTA EYE INSTITUTE MORADABAD UTTER PRADESH
 
PDF
Human body-systems
byEducational Learner
 
DOCX
BONES AND MUSCLES handout 2nd quarter.docx · version 1 orchids.docx
byLiezelDealola
 
PPT
Q2-WEEK-5-ORGAN-SYSTEMS.pptTTTTTTTTTTTTT
byCharmaineAgustin4
 
PPTX
A lesson on General Biology 2 Structure and function
byDarylJeanPaclibar3
 
PDF
Organization of the Human Body PowerPoint
bykalajohn1
 
PPTX
HUMAN BODY SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BODY.pptx
byabbyjoysayat11
 
PPT
Human body systems
byclonardo
 
PDF
Human body systems for kids
byMake Megenius
 
KEY
9a, tissues and homeostasis
bykwiley0019
 
PDF
PATHFIT-1_MODULE.kkjhkjnuunkjnkm,,j-2.pdf
byChemJayderMasilangCa
 
PPTX
9D digestion Quiz.pptx
byHarsha722406
 
PPTX
Understanding Human Body Systems.pptxxxx
byGlennClemente2
 
PPTX
Understanding Human Body Systems.pptxcxx
byGlennClemente2
 
PPT
human_anatomy
byJose Nahum Martinez Hudson
 
PPTX
ORGAN_ SYSTEMS97756742235466544787564.pptx
byErikaRama3
 
PPTX
ORGAN SYSTEMS_grade11 quarter two__.pptx
byErikaRama3
 
Human Body Systems types blood vessel mucles and glands
bycahayagleo
 
DIFFERENT HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS THAT WORKS TOGETHER
byrondanrodriguez26
 
2014 The Human Body Systems ppt.ppt
byanami87
 
Human body-systems in 3D image
byC L GUPTA EYE INSTITUTE MORADABAD UTTER PRADESH
 
Human body-systems
byEducational Learner
 
BONES AND MUSCLES handout 2nd quarter.docx · version 1 orchids.docx
byLiezelDealola
 
Q2-WEEK-5-ORGAN-SYSTEMS.pptTTTTTTTTTTTTT
byCharmaineAgustin4
 
A lesson on General Biology 2 Structure and function
byDarylJeanPaclibar3
 
Organization of the Human Body PowerPoint
bykalajohn1
 
HUMAN BODY SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BODY.pptx
byabbyjoysayat11
 
Human body systems
byclonardo
 
Human body systems for kids
byMake Megenius
 
9a, tissues and homeostasis
bykwiley0019
 
PATHFIT-1_MODULE.kkjhkjnuunkjnkm,,j-2.pdf
byChemJayderMasilangCa
 
9D digestion Quiz.pptx
byHarsha722406
 
Understanding Human Body Systems.pptxxxx
byGlennClemente2
 
Understanding Human Body Systems.pptxcxx
byGlennClemente2
 
human_anatomy
byJose Nahum Martinez Hudson
 
ORGAN_ SYSTEMS97756742235466544787564.pptx
byErikaRama3
 
ORGAN SYSTEMS_grade11 quarter two__.pptx
byErikaRama3
 

More from Ali Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka

PPT
abdominal assessment
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
thoracic & lung assessment
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 3 perioperative management
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 2 angina
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 5 cannulation students
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 1 heart disease patient education
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Lect 1 cardiovascular disorders
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 6 wound mangement
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Lect 2 integumentary system
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 1 physical assessment
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPT
Lect 1 physical assessment acute care nursing program 2005
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
DOCX
Your body's systems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PDF
Male reproductive system
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Introduction to human body systems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Human bodysystems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Human body
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Human body systems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Human body systems 1
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PDF
Genito urinary tract disorder
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
PPTX
Elevenb body systems with common probleme
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
abdominal assessment
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
thoracic & lung assessment
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 3 perioperative management
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 2 angina
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 5 cannulation students
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 1 heart disease patient education
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 1 cardiovascular disorders
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 6 wound mangement
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 2 integumentary system
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 1 physical assessment
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Lect 1 physical assessment acute care nursing program 2005
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Your body's systems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Male reproductive system
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Introduction to human body systems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Human bodysystems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Human body
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Human body systems
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Human body systems 1
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Genito urinary tract disorder
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 
Elevenb body systems with common probleme
byAli Mohamed Aziz eldin Mohamed Elazaka
 

Human body overview

  • 1.
    Regulation and Homeostasisin the Human Body: Overview
  • 2.
    How do Humansand other complex mammals maintain homeostasis? They must carry out all needed life functions in a coordinated way. What does our species need to accomplish? Growth Repair of injuries Get energy Get building materials Get rid of waste Keep away disease Respond to changing environment Reproduce
  • 3.
    Eleven Body Systemswork together to maintain homeostasis and carry out these tasks: 1. Nervous System 2. Endocrine System 3. Lymphatic System 4. Circulatory System 5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive System 7. Excretory System 8. Skeletal System 9. Muscular System 10. Integumentary System 11. Reproductive System
  • 4.
    1. Nervous System: Structures: Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Neurons (Cells of nervous system) Functions: Coordinates the body’s response to changes to internal and external environment
  • 5.
    2. Endocrine System– Hormone System Structures: Glands - Hypothalmus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males) Functions: Produce Hormones. Controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction
  • 6.
    3. Lymphatic System– Immune System Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels Function: Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels; returns the fluid to the circulatory system
  • 7.
    4. Circulatory System Structures: Heart, Blood vessels, blood Functions: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; regulates body temperature
  • 8.
    5. Respiratory System Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs Functions: Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide from body
  • 9.
    6. Digestive System Structures: Mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, Function: Breaks down foods into simple molecules that can be used by the body for respiration and building cells
  • 10.
    7. Excretory System Structures: Skin, lungs, kidneys (nephrons), ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Functions: Removes waste products of metabolism from the body
  • 11.
    8. Skeletal System Structures: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Functions: Supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood formation
  • 12.
    9. Muscular System Structures: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle Function: Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system
  • 13.
    10. Integumentary System(Skin) Structures: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat and Oil Glands Functions: Serves as a barrier against infection and injury; Helps to regulate temperature; Protects against UV light
  • 14.
    11. Reproductive System Structures: Female- Uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovary, cervical canal, cervix, vagina Male – Penis, Vas Deferens, Prostate, Epididymis, Testes, Scrotal Sac, Seminal Vesicle Function: Produces reproductive cells; in females nurtures and protects developing embryo
  • 15.
    Support and Motion Functions of the SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM
  • 16.
    How does thehuman body move from place to place and have the ability to run, blink or build things? These things are all made possible by the skeletal and muscular systems.
  • 17.
    Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebral column Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Pelvis Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges A. Skeletal System There are 206 bones in the adult human body. These bones provide a system of supports and levers on which muscles can produce movement
  • 18.
    Figure 36-3 TheBones are a solid network o fS tlriuvcintugr ec oefl lBso anned protein fibers that are surrounded by calcium deposits. Bones contain blood vessels and cavities containing marrow. Red marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Bone Marrow
  • 19.
    Joints are placeswhere one bone attaches to another. Each type of joint is designed to allow movement without damaging the other bones. Joints in the skull allow no movement, joints in the spine allow a small amount of movement and those shown below allow movement in one or more directions. Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Clavicle Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements Section 36-1 Knee Elbow
  • 20.
    Muscle Tendon Femur Patella Bursa Ligament Cartilage Fat Fibula Tibia Knee Section 36-1 Joint Ligaments are a tough connective tissue that attach bones to bones Tendons are connective tissue which attach bones and muscles to allow bones to move
  • 21.
    B. The MuscularSystem More than 40% of the average human is muscle. Muscles are involved in both voluntary actions and involuntary actions. Three types of muscles cells are: •Skeletal – Attached to bones for voluntary actions and controlled by the central nervous system •Smooth – Found in the digestive tract and the blood vessels to move food and blood. Control involuntary actions (you do not decide for them to work) •Cardiac – Heart muscle cells are involuntary.
  • 22.
    Figure 36-7 SkeletalMuscle Structure Section 36-2 Skeletal muscles are made up of clusters of filaments of proteins known as actin and myosin which control muscle contraction and relaxation
  • 23.
    Figure 36-8 MuscleContraction During Muscle contraction Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments shrinking the muscle
  • 24.
    Energy for musclecontraction is supplied by ATP
  • 25.
    Nervous system cellsknown as motor neurons are attached to skeletal muscle cells to control the voluntary movement. Threadlike Nerve or neuron Axon or junction
  • 26.
    Figure 36-11 OpposingMuscle Pairs SkeSelcetiotna 3l6 -2muscles work in opposing pairs. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. Movement Movement Biceps (relaxed) Triceps (contracted) Biceps (contracted) Triceps (relaxed)
  • 27.
    Nutrition and WasteRemoval How does the human body take in required nutrients and get rid of wastes? The Digestive and Excretory Systems are responsible for bringing in food and getting rid of the leftovers.
  • 28.
    Overview of Nutrients Food supplies the raw materials for building molecules your body needs, such as: • enzymes • Lipids in cell membranes • DNA Food contains 45 substances your body needs but cannot manufacture.
  • 29.
    The nutrients yourbody needs are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. WATER – Most of the bodies reactions take place in water. Humans need an average of 1 liter of water a day. Dehydration causes many problems throughout the body. CARBOHYDRATES – Sugars and starches are used by the body to provide the simple sugars needed for Respiration (energy)
  • 30.
    FATS- Deposits offats protect body organs, insulate the body and store energy, make up cell membranes and coat the nervous system cells PROTEINS – Supply the raw materials for growth and repair in the form of enzymes VITAMINS – Organic molecules that work with enzymes to control body processes. MINERALS – Inorganic nutrients that are needed in small amounts. Calcium is needed to build bones, Iron is needed for red blood cells.
  • 31.
    Food Guide Pyramid Fats Sugars A Balanced Diet
  • 32.
    C. The DigestiveSystem Pharynx Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Rectum Mouth Salivary Glands Stomach Pancreas behind stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine
  • 33.
    The Process ofDigestion: The path of food Each organ of the digestive system helps convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. Teeth – Cut, Crush and tear food Salivary glands – Moisten food to make it easier to chew and pass through the system, enzymes break down starches Esophagus – Tube from mouth to stomach connected by Pharynx. Works by contraction of the smooth muscles known as peristalsis. Stomach – Muscular sac that churns and mixes food with acid
  • 34.
    As food leavesthe stomach it travels into the small intestine through the doudenum, and it mixes with Section 38-2 with enzymes and digestive fluids from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Liver Gallbladder Doudenum Bile Duct Pancreas
  • 35.
    Chemicals from thepancreas breakdown carbohydrates, . proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In addition chemicals from the pancreas produce substances which neutralize stomach acid. If the acid travels too far without being neutralized it will change the shape of enzymes and cause problems in the body. The Liver makes bile which acts like a detergent to break down fat. The gall bladder is a storage area for the bile
  • 36.
    The small intestineabsorbs nutrients from the digestive systems and transfers many of the nutrients Section 38-2 to the circulatory system. The small intestine is lined with small fingerlike projections known as villi which designed to have a large surface area for this task. Small Intestine Villus
  • 37.
    Large intestine (Colon) Food that enters the large intestine is nutrient-free. Usable nutrients have been absorbed leaving water and undigestible substances. The large intestine removes water from the waste. Once water is eliminated the solid waste passes out of the body through the rectum. The appendix is located just below the entry to the large intestine. In many animals it helps digest difficult materials such as cellulose. In humans the appendix is not used for any purpose in digestion. When it gets infected it is removed.
  • 38.
    D. Excretory System: In the process of obtaining nutrients and carrying out chemical reactions the human body produces wastes (CO2, Urea, Salts). If some of these wastes are not removed they could threaten homeostasis. Excess chemicals that are not toxic also need to be removed. The skin, lungs and kidneys all function to get rid of excess or harmful products produced in the body.
  • 39.
    Kidneys contain millionsof small filters called nephrons, Section 38-3 which filter your entire blood supply every 45 minutes. Filtration takes place because blood pressure forces water, salt, glucose, amino acids and urea into structures known as Bowman’s capsules. (Protein and Blood are too large to enter) Kidney Nephron Bowman’s Capsule
  • 40.
    Processes of osmosisand active transport filter the useful materials from the waste (urine). Substances your body needs to keep are returned to the blood stream. Substances your body needs to get rid of are passed from the renal tubes to the urinary bladder. Kidney Vein Artery Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra
  • 41.
    Other important partsof the bodies excretory system •The skin excretes excess water and salts •The lungs excrete carbon dioxide produced from respiration Both of these body organs serves multiple functions in the human body.
  • 42.
    The Respiratory Systemlinks to the Circulatory System to provide cells with Section 37-3 oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System Bronchi branch to air sacs known as aveoli where gas exchange occurs
  • 43.
    Alveoli Bronchiole Capillary Gas Exchange in the lungs Section occurs 37-3 through the process of DIFFUSION High concentration of oxygen (O2) moves out of lungs into blood to balance concentration. CO2 does the opposite (moves from blood to lungs)
  • 44.
    Figure 37-15 TheMechanics The Lungs are only air sacs. In order foofr Bthreeamth itnog move they must work together with a muscle known as the Diaphragm Air inhaled Rib cage rises Diaphragm Air exhaled Rib cage lowers Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation Section 37-3
  • 45.
    Breathing is notan entirely voluntary process. While you have control of breathing so that you can briefly hold your breath or blow up a balloon, your body will not allow you not to breathe. The brain has control over the diaphragm if the level of carbon dioxide in the blood rises to high.
  • 46.
    The circulatory systemworks together with several other body systems to bring needed supplies to cells which cannot move. The circulatory system is a delivery system that consists of the following: • The Heart • Blood Vessels • Blood
  • 47.
    The Heart: Theheart is about the size of a clenched fist. On average the heart contracts about 72 times a minute, pumping about 70 milliliters of blood with each contraction. The entire circulatory system including Heart has structures which prevent oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood from mixing. All blood is really red but oxygen poor blood is shown as blue in pictures for ease.
  • 48.
    The heart hasfour main chambers with valves that separate each to prevent backflow Pulmonary Artery Oxygen poor blood to lungs Left Atrium Left Ventricle
  • 49.
    The heart actsas two pumps. One for sending oxygen poor blood to the lungs and the other for sending oxygen rich blood to the body.
  • 50.
    The heart’s contractionsare controlled by a small group of cardiac muscle cells known as the sinoatrial node. These are the pacemakers of the heart. These cells send an electrical message from the atrium to the ventricles to contract Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular node Conducting Fibers
  • 51.
    Blood moves through3 different types of vessels: Arteries – Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart Capillaries – Tiny vessels only one cell thick. Bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Remove waste products. Veins – Carry blood back to the heart with wastes ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES
  • 52.
    Blood Pressure: Whenthe heart contracts it produces pressure in the arteries. The force of the blood on the arteries is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure decreases when the heart relaxes but it does not disappear. The difference between the two pressures is what is measured when you go to the doctor and have your blood pressure checked. The average adult’s blood pressure is 120/80.
  • 53.
    Blood The Humanbody contains 4 to 6 liters of blood, which is about 8% of the total body mass. Blood is made up of a number of types of cells and substances: 55% Plasma – mostly water with dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products and plasma proteins. 45% Cells – Red Blood cells, White Blood Cells, and platelets.
  • 54.
    Whole Blood Sample Plasma Sample Placed in Centrifuge Cells Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged
  • 55.
    Red blood cellstransport oxygen on an iron containing protein called hemoglobin. They are shaped like flat disks so that they have maximum surface area and don’t get caught in the blood vessels. Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus. Your body produces red blood cells in bone marrow and each one circulates for about 120 days. RBC’s are destroyed by the liver and the spleen.
  • 56.
    Platelets and plasmaproteins work together to make sure that too much blood is not lost. 1. Injured blood vessel 2. Platelets clump at site and release Thrombin 3. Fibrin forms from Thrombin and clot stops blood loss
  • 57.
    White Blood cells(also known as Leukocytes) are also produced in the bone marrow but do not have hemoglobin for carrying oxygen. They contain nuclei and live anywhere from a few days to a few months. They carry out an entirely different function than the Red Blood Cells. White blood cells are the army of the circulatory system. They attack foreign substances or organisms.
  • 58.
    Normally the bodycontains 700 times more red blood cells than white blood cells. The body can increase the number of white blood cells on demand if the body is threatened by a foreign invader. Doctors often test for increased White Blood Cell levels to check your health
  • 59.
    Thymus Heart Thoracic Duct Spleen Superior Vena Cava Lymph Nodes Lymph Vessels F. The Lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks into body tissues and returns it to the circulatory system. Lymph nodes are also filters that collect invaders that cause disease.
  • 60.
    G. The Integumentarysystem or Skin is the bodies largest organ. It serves many purposes and overlaps with many of the body systems. • Serves as a barrier against infection and injury • Helps regulate body temperature • removes excess salts and water • Protects internal cells from UV radiation • Serves as one link between the nervous system and the environment (receives information on pressure, temperature, pain)
  • 61.
    The skin ismade of 2 main layers 1. Epidermis – Outer layer of skin which comes in contact with environment. •The outermost layer is coated in dead cells. •The inner epidermis rapidly divides to produce a constant supply of new cells, constantly pushing old cells to the top. • As skin cells are forced upward they flatten and organelles disappear and they form a layer of waterproof covering
  • 62.
    2. Dermis –Inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, sense organs, hair follicles. Epidermis Dermis
  • 63.
    Hair and Nailsare made up of a substance known as keratin. They are both used to protect the skin from damage: • Fingernails and toe nails protect the tips of your toes and fingers •Hair on your head protects from UV rays •Eyelashes, Nose Hair and Ear Hair prevent dirt and other particles from entering the body.
  • 64.
    REGULATION of the HUMAN BODY
  • 65.
    How does theHuman Body Control (Regulate) all these body systems and make them work together? Electrical Impulses from the Nervous System Chemical Hormones from the Endocrine System
  • 66.
    The Nervous System: The nervous system is the number one communication center of the body. The basic cell type that carries the communications is a network of neurons that transmit electrical impulses. Axon terminals Myelin Sheath Nodes Cell Body Nucleus Dendrites NEURON CELL
  • 67.
    Electrical Impulses dependon the movement of negatively charged electrons compared with the positively charged ions across a cell membrane
  • 68.
    Once and impulsebegins it moves along the axon in the direction of the impulse. To pass between neurons the impulse must be sent across a gap known as a synapse which sends the message from one neuron to Synapse the other. When the impulse reaches the end of the axon it transfers its impulse to another cell by releasing chemicals known as neurotransmitters which pass the message across the synapse.
  • 69.
    The nervous systemis divided into two divisions: • The Central Nervous System (CNS)– Responsible for relaying messages, processing and analyzing information. • The Peripheral Nervous System – Receives information from the environment and relays commands from the CNS to the organs and glands
  • 70.
    The brain isthe main switching area of the central nervous system. Cerebrum – Responsible for voluntary activities of the body (Intelligence, learning and judgement) Cerebellum – Coordinates muscle movement Brain Stem – Consists of the pons and the medulla oblongata. Pass message between brain and body Thalamus – Connects messages from the sense organs to the Cerebrum Hypothalamus - Controll center for hunger, thirst, anger and body temperature.
  • 71.
    Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Cerebellum Spinal Cord The Brain Pons Medulla oblongata
  • 72.
    The Endocrine System Sends messages throughout the body by way of chemicals known as hormones. Hormones travel throughout the bloodstream to target cells which contain matching receptors. Hormone Receptor
  • 73.
    If a celldoes not have a specific receptor the hormone will not affect the cell. Responses to hormones take longer and last longer than nervous system messages. Hormones can take minutes, hours or days to influence cells. Examples of functions controlled by hormones: Growth, Metabolism, Sleep, Reaction to stress, Reproduction.
  • 74.
    The Endocrine Systemworks through a FEEDBACK system. Glands of the Endocrine system determine the level of a hormone in the blood and then changes the rate of hormone production or sends out the opposite hormone to counteract excess amounts of hormone. Examples of Feedback mechanisms: Control of insulin/sugar levels in blood Hypothalamus can measure water level in blood and sends out hormones that tell the kidneys to conserve water.
  • 75.
    Example of Feedback Loop Room temperature increases Thermostat senses temperature change and switches off heating system Thermostat senses temperature change and switches on heating system Room temperature decreases Section 35-1
  • 76.
    Feedback Actions ofInsulin and Glucagon Beta cells release insulin into the blood Body cells absorb glucose Blood glucose level decreases Blood glucose level increases Liver converts glycogen to glucose Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level Blood glucose level decreases Alpha cells release glucagon into blood Blood glucose level increases Liver converts glycogen to glucose
  • 77.
    Important Glands andHormones of the Human Body Gland Hormone Function Pineal Melatonin Controls sleep and wake cycle Thyroid Thyroxine Controls appetite and metabolism Adrenal Adrenaline Deals with stressful situations Thymus Thymosin T-cell development (fight diseases) Ovary Estrogen Female reproduction Testis Testosterone Male reproduction
  • 78.
    Hypothalamus Pituitary Parathyroids Thymus Adrenal Glands Pineal Gland Thyroid Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male)
  • 79.
    K. The ReproductiveSystem Functions to make new individuals by producing, storing and releasing specialized sex cells known as gametes. Cells from the male reproductive system, known as sperm, must fuse with cells of the female reproductive system, known as eggs.
  • 80.
    Reproduction in bothmales and females is regulated by hormones. •In males - Testosterone is produced by the testes. It is required for sperm production and development of male physical characteristics. •In females - Estrogen and progesterone are female hormones produced by the ovaries. Estrogen is required for the development of eggs and female physical characteristics. Progesterone prepare the uterus for the arrival of a developing embryo.
  • 81.
    Neither males orfemales are capable of producing active reproductive cells until puberty, which is a period of sexual maturation. Puberty begins when the hypothalmus signals the pituitary to produce increased levels of hormones that affect the sex organs (gonads). The hormones are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
  • 82.
    In both themale and female reproductive system sex cells are produced by the process of Meiosis. Meiosis involves producing a cell with only 1 copy of each chromosome (haploid nuclei). When the egg and sperm fuse, a cell with two copies of each chromosome is created. Every cell in the new individual has two copies of each chromosome (diploid nuclei).
  • 83.
    The Male ReproductiveSystem Urinary Bladder Vas deferens Pubic Bone Urethra Penis Epididymis Testis Scrotum Seminal Vesicle Rectum Prostate Bulbourethral gland
  • 84.
    Sperm development: 1.Sperm are made from special cells in testes that undergo the process of meiosis. 2. Once sperm mature they move through a tube known as the vas deferens upward from the scrotal sacs into the abdomen into the seminal vesicle. The sperm mixes with seminal fluid to form semen. Between 50 and 130 million sperm are present in one milliliter of semen. The seminal vesicle merges with the urethra (also connected to the urinary bladder)
  • 85.
    3. During sexualexcitement the nervous system of the male contracts the glands of the reproductive tract. The release of semen is controlled by the autonomic nervous system so it is not entirely voluntary. The male reproductive system is designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive system.
  • 86.
    The Female ReproductiveSystem Section 39-3 Fallopian Tube Ovary Uterus Urinary Bladder Pubic Bone Urethra Cervix Rectum Vagina
  • 87.
    1. The ovariesproduce one mature ova or egg per month. Females are born with 400,000 immature eggs which are stored in follicles. The follicle assist in the maturing process of an egg from each ovary once a month based on a signal from the FSH hormone. 2. When the egg matures the follicle breaks open releasing the egg into the fallopian tube. A process known as ovulation. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube if sperm is present. 3. The fallopian tube connects to the uterus which is a cavity designed to protect and nourish a developing embryo.
  • 88.
    4. If fertilizedegg enters the uterus it is implanted into the lining of the uterus and the embryo develops. If fertilization does not occur the egg is discharged out of the body along with the uterus lining through a canal known as the vagina. Known as MENSTRUATION 5. The endocrine system controls the cycle of events surrounding ovulation through a feedback mechanism that can signal the presence of a fertilized egg. While the egg is maturing and preparing for release the uterus is preparing for a fertilized egg by building up the lining of the uterus. A new lining must be created each month to prepare for nourishing the embryo.
  • 89.
  • 90.
    Meiosis I Section11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis
  • 91.
    Meiosis I Section11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis
  • 92.
    Meiosis I Section11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis
  • 93.
    Section 11-4 Figure11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I
  • 94.
    Section 11-4 Figure11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I
  • 95.
    Meiosis II ProphaseII Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
  • 96.
    Meiosis II ProphaseII Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
  • 97.
    Meiosis II ProphaseII Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
  • 98.
    Meiosis II ProphaseII Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
  • 99.
    Meiosis II ProphaseII Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
  • 100.
    Figure 11-17 MeiosisII Meiosis II Section 11-4 Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
  • 102.
    Meiosis produces specializedcells known as gametes Each gamete must contain only half the number of chromosomes that the parent has. The gamete gets a mixture of chromosomes from the parent cells.