This document discusses different types of anesthesia used in surgery. It describes general anesthesia as making the patient completely unconscious using intravenous drugs and inhaled gases. Regional anesthesia involves injecting local anesthetics around nerves or the spinal cord to numb a specific body region. Local anesthesia temporarily stops pain sensation in a localized area using injections. The stages and phases of general anesthesia are also outlined, including induction to prepare the patient, maintenance during surgery, and recovery afterward. Risks of anesthesia are generally low but can include side effects like nausea, depending on individual health factors.

1. ANESTHESIA & ITS TYPES
NAME – TUSHAR SINGH
GROUP – MA1709O
FACULTY - MEDICINE

2. DEFINITION
 Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a
SURGERY or any PROCEDURE by using
medicines called ANESTHETICS.
 It can help control to control Breathing, Blood
Pressure, Blood Flow, Heart Rhythm and
Heart Rate.
 Anesthesia maybe used to relax, to block pain
and to make unconscious for surgery.

3. TYPES OF
ANESTHESIA
General
Anesthesia
Regional
Anesthesia
Local
Anesthesia

4. GENERAL ANESTHESIA
• General Anesthesia acts primarily on the brain and Central
Nervous System [CNS] to make patient completely
unconscious and unaware.
• It usually uses as combination of intravenous drugs and
inhaled gases (anesthetics).
• An anesthesiologist is a specially trained doctor who
specializes in anesthesia. While you're under anesthesia, the
anesthesiologist monitors your body's vital functions and
manages your breathing.

5. ANESTHETIC MACHINE
It is administered via the
patient's Circulatory system
by a combination of inhaled
gas and injected drugs.
After the initial injection,
anesthesia is maintained
with inhaled gas anesthetics
and additional drugs
through an Intravenous line
(IV).

6. STAGES OF
ANESTHESIA
1) INDUCTION [analgesia]
2) DELIRIUM
3) SURGICAL ANESTHESIA
4) MEDULLARY PARALYSIS

8. STAGE 1 : INDUCTION [ANALGESIA]
This is the period between the initial administration
of INDUCTION agents and loss of consciousness. During
this stage, the patient progresses from analgesia
without amnesia to analgesia with amnesia. Patient can
talk at this time.

9. STAGE 2 : DELIRIUM
This is the period following loss of consciousness and marked by
excited and delirious activity. During this stage, respirations and
heart rate may become irregular. In addition, there may be
uncontrolled movements, vomiting, breath holding, and papillary
dilation. Since the combination of spastic movements, vomiting,
and irregular respirations may lead to airway compromise. Rapidly
acting drugs are used to minimize time in this stage and reach stage
3 as fast as possible.

10. STAGE 3 : SURGICAL ANESTHESIA
During this stage, the skeletal muscles relax, vomiting stops, and respiratory
depression occurs. Eye movements slow, then stop, the patient is unconscious
and ready for surgery.
It has been divided into 4 planes:
- Eyes initially rolling, then becoming fixed.
- Loss of corneal and laryngeal reflexes.
- Pupils dilate and loss of light reflex.
- Intercostals paralysis, shallow abdominal respiration.

11. STAGE 4 : MEDULLARY PARALYSIS
This is the stage of overdose, where too much medication has
been given relative to the amount of surgical stimulation and
the patient has severe brain stem or medullary depression.
This results in a cessation of respiration and potential
cardiovascular collapse. This stage is lethal without
cardiovascular and respiratory Support.

12. PHASES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
1) Induction
2) Maintenance
3) Recovery

13. INDUCTION
 Intravenous – in majority
 Inhalational – children, needle
phobic
 Monitoring
 Pre-oxygenation
 Hypnotics/Analgesics/Relaxant
 Mask/Endotracheal tube

14. MAINTENANCE
Intravenous or Inhalational
Oxygen – 40% - 100%
Nitrous Oxide
Myorelaxant
Analgesia

15. RECOVERY
Turn off agent.
Reverse relaxation
Cough reflex
Extubate when awake
Recovery position
Monitor until discharge

16. LOCAL ANESTHESIA
• It is medicine given to temporarily stop the sense of pain in
a particular area of the body. A patient remains conscious
during a local anesthetic.
• For minor surgery, a local anesthetic can be administered
via injection to the site.
• However, when a large area needs to be numbed, or if a
local anesthetic injection will not penetrate deep enough
physicians may resort to regional anesthetics.

18. REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
It involves injection of a local anesthetic (numbing
agent) around major nerves or the spinal cord to block
pain from a larger but still limited part of the body. You
will likely receive medicine to help you relax or sleep
during surgery Major types of regional anesthesia
include :

19. SPINAL ANESTHESIA
 Often used for lower
abdominal, pelvic, rectal,
or lower extremity
surgery.
 This type of
anesthetic involves
injecting a single dose of
the anesthetic agent
directly into the spinal
cord in the lower back,
numbness in the lower
body.

20. EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
 This anesthetic is similar to Spinal
anesthetic and also is commonly used for
surgery of the lower limbs and during
labor and childbirth.
 This type of anesthesia involve
continuously infusing drug through a
thin catheter that has been placed
into a space that surrounds spinal cord
in the lower back, causing numbness
in lower body.

21. NERVE BLOCK
 This anesthetic is injected
near a specific nerve or group of
nerves to block pain from the area of
the body supplied by that nerve.
 Nerve blocks are most
commonly used for procedures
on the hands, arms, feet, legs, or
face. i.e.; Brachial Plexus block may
be used by your anesthesiologist
to provide anesthesia to
your entire arm and shoulder.

22. RISKS & COMPLICATIONS
• Severe side effects and other problems of anesthesia aren't common,
especially in people who are in good health.
• But sometimes after general anesthesia, Heart problems, Pneumonia, Sore
throat, Vomiting can occur.
• With high dose of local anesthesia, the anesthetic can go in rest of the body
and can affect your brain and heart.
• Some health problems such as Heart or Lung disease, increases the chances
of risks from anesthesia.
• Or taking some Medicines, Smoking, Drinking Alcohol, and using illegal
drugs can also increase risks from anesthesia.

23. THANK YOU!!
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