This document discusses different types of anesthesia. It begins by defining anesthesia and its etymology. It then discusses four main types: general anesthesia, which causes loss of sensation; regional anesthesia, which inhibits sensation in a specific part of the body; local anesthesia, which causes loss of sensation locally; and conscious sedation, which reduces the level of consciousness while allowing purposeful response. For each type, it provides brief descriptions and examples of techniques. It also outlines some common side effects of general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia.
Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
Regional anesthesia is anesthesia affecting only a specific area of the body when the patient is conscious, e.g. foot, arm, lower extremities, insensate to stimulus of surgery or other instrumentation.
Post anesthesia care unit or , High Dependency unit is part of hospital for Post surgery/procedures recovery.Nursing, anesthesiologist, surgeons, hospital administration need to know about ideal conditions.
anesthesia is a vast area for study . to make it simple for paramedics some important rules of anesthesia are explained in the most simplest way. rules of anesthesia can very as per the type of anesthesia.
Anesthesia is a common term that you mostly here whenever a clinical treatment or surgery is being carried out. However, very few people know that several types of anesthesia exist that are administered according to the requirement of the invasive treatment.
Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
Regional anesthesia is anesthesia affecting only a specific area of the body when the patient is conscious, e.g. foot, arm, lower extremities, insensate to stimulus of surgery or other instrumentation.
Post anesthesia care unit or , High Dependency unit is part of hospital for Post surgery/procedures recovery.Nursing, anesthesiologist, surgeons, hospital administration need to know about ideal conditions.
anesthesia is a vast area for study . to make it simple for paramedics some important rules of anesthesia are explained in the most simplest way. rules of anesthesia can very as per the type of anesthesia.
Anesthesia is a common term that you mostly here whenever a clinical treatment or surgery is being carried out. However, very few people know that several types of anesthesia exist that are administered according to the requirement of the invasive treatment.
New advancements and discoveries in science and technology had made an intervention in the field of medicine making the lives of the people more efficient.
Peri-operative Nursing/Anesthesia/Pain ManagementWasim Ak
The care provide during surgical intervention (pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative period) is known as Peri-operative Nursing Care.
Peri-operative Nursing Care includes :
Pre-operative Nursing Care
Intra-operative Nursing Care
Post-operative Nursing Care.
Anesthesia means “loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness” .
Medications that cause anaesthesia, are called Anesthetics.
Anesthesia is defined as a temporary state consisting of unconsciousness, loss of memory, lack of pain, and muscle relaxation.
Anesthesia is defined as a loss of feeling or awareness caused by drugs or other substances which keeps patient free from feeling pain during surgery or other procedures.
Management Of Patient Undergoing Surgerykalyan kumar
Preoperative care refers to health care provided before a surgical operation. The aim of preoperative care is to do whatever is right to increase the success of the surgery.
At some point before the operation the health care provider will assess the fitness of the person to have surgery.
During the perioperative period, specialised nursing care is needed during each phase of treatment. For nurses to give effective and competent care, they need to understand the full perioperative experience for the patient.
Perioperative refers to the three phases of surgery.
Preoperative stage
Intraoperative stage
Postoperative stage
Within these stages there are many different roles for nurses and different care needed for the patient dependent on which stage they are in.
As with any nursing care, the goal during these stages is to provide holistic and evidence based care as well as support to the individual.
There are different nursing roles throughout the perioperative process including: admissions nurse, anaesthetic nurse, circulating nurse or scout nurse, instrument or scrub nurse, post anaesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse and the surgical ward nurse. Other nurses may be included in the perioperative process such as pain management specialist nurses, diabetes educators.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
4. • Anesthesia is essential for the practice of surgery.
• Since its beginning in1842 it has evolved into a recognized
specialty providing continuous improvement in patient care
• Anesthetists receive lives of patients in her/ his hands.
• It is a duty to administer the safest anesthetic possible, to
protect the patient and to give full attention for the
anesthetized patient.
5. Definitions
“Anaesthesia is a medical procedure
which is deliberately produced to make a
patient insensible to pain either in a part or
in the whole of the body by which diagnostic
and surgical procedure are done while the
patient safety and comforts are maintained.”
6. Definitions
Anesthesiology : The art and science of rendering a patient
insensible to pain by the administration of anesthetic agents
and related drugs and procedures.
An anesthetist : A qualified HCP who administers anesthetics
to produce total or partial loss of sensation in patients during
surgical or diagnostic procedures.
Nurse anesthetist : A nurse who specializes in administration
of anesthesia
7. WHY ANESTHESIA ??
Loss of awareness/Amnesia
Analgesia
Reduce the movement in response to stimuli
Minimize the autonomic response to surgical
stimuli
Muscle relaxant
Autonomic regulation
8. HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA
Pre- 1846: – The foundation of anesthesia
1846-1900: Establishment of anesthesia
20th century: Consolidation and growth
21stcentury: – The future
12. N ON D RU G
M E T HOD
Cold
Concussion
Carotid compression
Nerve compression
Mesmeric Magnetism
Hypnosis
Blood letting
13. Genesis
• Before the discovery of inhalational agent pain was
considered or believed to be an inevitable outcome of
surgery.
• Today, major surgery without adequate anesthesia would be
unthinkable and probably constitute grounds for malpractice
litigation.
• Recent development dating back only 160 years.
14. • Early Analgesia: Dioscorides, a Greek physician from the
first century AD, commented on the analgesia of
mandragora, a drug prepared from the bark and leaves of
the mandrake plant.
• He stated that the plant substance could be boiled in wine,
strained, and used when they wish to produce anesthesia.
• Alcohol was another element of the pre-ether
armamentarium because it was thought to induce stupor
and blunt the impact of pain.
15. Inhaled anesthetics
• Prior to the hypodermic syringe & needle (1855) and
routine venous access, ingestion and inhalation were
the only known routes of administering medicines to
gain systemic effects.
• Ether (1540): Ether was prepared by Valerius Cordus,
and called "sweet oil of vitriol". It was not used as an
anesthetic until 19th C when William Morton (1846), a
Boston dentist, used it.
• Halothane (developed in 1951; released in 1956),
methoxyflurane (developed in 1958; released in 1960),
enflurane (developed in 1963; released in 1973), and
isoflurane (developed in 1965; released in 1981).
16. Nitrous oxide (1772)
• Joseph Priestley in England prepared nitrous oxide but it
was not used as an anesthetic until about 1870.
• Humphrey Davy first noted its analgesic properties in 1800
• Gardner Colton and Horace Wells are credited with having
first used nitrous oxide as an anesthetic
17. Chloroform (1847):
James Simpson, a Scottish obstetrician, used chloroform
as an anesthetic agent.
Gained considerable notoriety after John Snow used it
during the deliveries of Queen Victoria (1853) for the birth
of Prince Leopold, thus giving the royal stamp of approval.
For the next 50 years ether and chloroform dominated the
anesthetic scene.
18. ANCIENT ANESTHESIA
Status of surgery
– Barber shop surgery
Type of surgery
–
–
Amputation and dental
extraction
No antiseptic
Appalling mortality
Indication
Unbearable pain
Crippling deformity
Imminent death
19. WILLIAM T G
MORTON
First GA was given by
use diethyl ether
Inventor and Revealer
of inhalational
anesthesia : Before
whom ,in all time
surgery was agony.
20. 1846 (16T H O C T )
Anesthetist
– William T G Morton
Agent: Ether
Patient
– Gilbert Abort
Operation
– Excision of tumor
under jaw
Surgeon
– John Collin Warren
21. JOHN SNOW
Use chloroform to deliver
the last two children of
Queen Victoria
First anesthesiologist
Describe the stage of
ether anesthesia
Improve the method of
administration of ether
and chloroform
22.
23. The three components…..
1. Analgesia
2. Hypnosis (amnesia) and
3. Muscle relaxation.
???May be Prevention of undesirable autonomic reflex
Drugs used in anesthesia have varying effect on these
three areas and to be combined to optimize the whole
process of anesthesia.
20
24. A. Hypnosis (amnesia):a state of sleep or unconsciousness
which enable the patient unaware any events
B. Analgesia: Insensitivity to pain + loss of
consciousness.
c. Muscle relaxation: aided by drugs which affect
skeletal muscle function and decrease the muscle tone
by which immobility and relaxation of the skeletal
muscle produced ….surgery will be proceeded at ease.
21
25. Be Completely reversible.
Be Safe!...
• Comfort- important
• Safety - essential and must come first.
Provide good operating conditions.
• E.g. good relaxation for abdominal surgery.
Be acceptable to the patient. 22
Features of a good anaesthetic
30. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is a
technique of general anesthesia which uses a
combination of agents given exclusively by the
intravenous route without the use of inhalation
agents (Gas Anesthesia)
TIVA
31. Balanced anesthesia
The concept of balanced anaesthesia was introduced by John
Lundy in 1926 and described a combination including
premedication, regional analgesia and general anaesthesia
utilizing one or more agents in order that pain relief was
obtained by a balance of both agents and techniques
32. A drug-induced reversible depression of the CNS
resulting in the loss of response to & perception of
all external stimuli.
Definition
33.
34. First step of GA :Preop evaln, plan of anesthesia
and premedication
Safe conduction of anesthesia depends on
o Preoperative evaluation,
o Anesthesia plan,
o Monitoring &
o Responding to homeostatic ∆ throughout anesthesia and operation.
35. The fundamental purpose of preoperative evaluation is
o To obtain pertinent information regarding the patient's current
and past medical history and
o To formulate an assessment of the patient's intraoperative risk
and requisite clinical optimization.
36. At a minimum, the preanesthesia visit should include
o An interview with the patient to review the medical history
(including medications, allergies, coexisting diseases, and previous
operations),
o An appropriate physical examination,
o Review of laboratory data,
o Consultation with the operating surgical team and/or involvement of
other specialties according the patient’s condition and need, and
o A formulation and discussion of the planned anesthetic with the
patient.
37. To be valuable, performing a preoperative test implies
that an increased perioperative risk exists when the
results are abnormal and a reduced risk exists when
the abnormality is corrected.
38. Following preoperative evaluation and obtaining informed consent an
anesthetic plan should be formulated that will optimally accommodate the
patient's baseline physiological state, including
• Any medical conditions
• Previous operations
• The planned procedure
• Drug sensitivities
• Previous anesthetic experiences, and
• Psychological makeup
39. • Inadequate preoperative planning & errors in pt
preparation are the most common causes of anesthetic
complications.
Anesthesia and elective operations should not
proceed until the patient is in optimal medical
condition.
40. Anesthesia plan may include
o Premedication for anxiolysis (diazepam 5-10 mg orally/IV),
o Prophylaxis of aspiration (metoclopramide 10mg IV/orally,
Cimetidine 200-300mg orally or Ranitidine 150mg orally),
o Drying airway (Atropine 0.5 – 1mg), etc and
o Withholding some drugs like oral hypoglycemic agent
41. Second step of general anesthesia: Induction and
securing the airway
Induction
Process of initiating GA(unconsciousness) by
administration of drug or combination of drugs
The most critical phase in the whole process.
42. Selection of drugs for induction and maintenance of anesthesia depends on
o The patient preexisting condition and
o Type of anesthetic planned.
Before induction,
o Minimum basic standard monitor should be applied & base line
values are recorded
o Intravenous access should be opened always before anesthesia.
43. Before administering anesthesia we have to administer 100%
oxygen for 3 to 5 minutes to replace the air which contains 78
% of nitrogen in the FRC of the lungs with oxygen.
This practice should increase the margin of safety during
periods of UAW obstruction or apnea that may accompany
induction of anesthesia.
44. Induction of GA can be achieved by
o IV induction agents (e.g., Ketamine 1-2 mg IV or 5- 10 mg IM,
Thiopentone 3-5mg IV & propofol 1-2.5 mg/kg) or
o Inhalation of VAA (e.g., halothane) or combination of both.
In addition to the induction drug, most patients receive an injection
of narcotic analgesic (e.g., pethedine .5 to 1 mg/kg, Fentanyl1-2
µg/kg).
45. Third step: Maintenance
It is the time from the end of induction to emergence phase in
which procedures are performed safely.
Drugs used to initiate the anesthetic are beginning to wear off,
the pt must be kept anesthetized using a maintenance agent.
For the most part, this refers to the delivery of anesthetic
gases into the patient's lungs.
These may be inhaled as the patient breathes himself or
delivered under pressure by bagging manually, or each
mechanical breath of a ventilator.
46. Usually the most stable part of the anesthesia.
However, it is important to understand that anesthesia is
a continuum of different depths.
A level of anesthesia and relaxation that is satisfactory
for surgery to the skin of an extremity may be inadequate
for manipulation of the bowel.
Appropriate levels of anesthesia must be chosen both for
the planned procedure and for its various stages.
47. If muscle relaxants have not been used, inadequate
anesthesia is easy to spot.
The patient will move, cough, or obstruct his airway if the
anesthetic is too light for the stimulus being given.
If muscle relaxants have been used, then clearly the patient is
unable to demonstrate any of these phenomena.
In these pts, rely on observation of autonomic phenomena
such as HTN, tachycardia, sweating, and capillary dilation.
Excessive anesthetic depth is associated with decreased HR
& BP, and can jeopardize perfusion of vital organs.
48. Emergence
Phase of awakening
Should ideally be smooth and gradual awakening in a controlled
env’t.
Experience and close communication enable to predict the time at
which the application of dressings and casts will be complete.
In advance of that time, anesthetic vapors have been decreased or
even switched off to allow time for them to be excreted by the lungs.
Reverse residual MR using Neostigmine 0.2 – 0.5mg/kg
Removal of ETT or other airway device when the pt has8s1ufficient
49. Recovery phase
The patient recovering from anesthesia should be
monitored for common problems postop to ensure their
safety, providing for a smooth and uneventful recovery.
Common complications may include, Hypoxemia related
to AWObsn or inadequate respn, hypoVx, HN,
hypothermia, pain, nausea and vomiting and ∆HR and
rhythm
These should be addressed PACU until full recovery of
consciousness and complications are managed.
50. Documentation
written relevant information about the patient which contains
o An evidence of client findings,
o Detail of procedure and
o Events happened during the procedure.
It is an indicator of quality care and is the responsibility of an
anesthetist to record throughout the procedure on time.
While anesthesia care is a continuum, it is usually viewed as
consisting of preanesthesia, intraoperative/procedural anesthesia
and post anesthesia components.
Anesthesia care should be documented to reflect these components
and to facilitate review.
52. Regional anesthesia is an art of
making specific part of the body numb to
relieve pain or allow surgical procedures to
be done
Definition
53. Spinal
anesthesia
It is a massive & temporary interruption of nerve
transmission within the SAS produced by
injection of a LA solution into cerebrospinal fluid to
produce a reversible loss of sensation &
motor function
54.
55.
56. Epidural
anesthesia
It involves the use of LA injected into the epidural
space to produce a reversible loss of
sensation and motor function.
57.
58. IV regional
anesthesia
It is an Injection of LA in to an exsanguinated limb to
produce anesthesia by direct diffusion of
the anesthetic from the vessels in to the nearby nerves.
59.
60.
61. Topical
anesthesia
Application of LA in the form of spray or jelly to the skin,
mucous membrane of the eye, ear, nose and mouth as well
as other mucous membranes to provide effective short term
analgesia.
65. Field block
anesthesia
Produced by subcutaneous injection of a solution of LA in
order to anesthetize the region distal to the injection. For
example, subcutaneous infiltration of the proximal portion of the
palmar surface of the forearm results in an extensive area of
cutaneous anesthesia that starts 2 to 3 cm distal to the site of
injection.
66.
67. Peripheral
nerve block
Injection of a solution of a local anesthetic into or about
individual peripheral nerves or nerve plexuses produces greater
areas of anesthesia.
Blockade of mixed peripheral nerves and nerve plexuses also
usually anesthetizes somatic motor nerves, producing skeletal
muscle relaxation
71. Side Effects of GA
• Temporary confusion and memory loss, although this is more common in
the elderly
• Dizziness
• Difficulty passing urine
• Bruising or soreness from the IV drip
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shivering and feeling cold
• Sore throat, due to the breathing tube
• Unintended intraoperative awareness
72. Side Effects of SA
• Allergic reaction to the anesthesia used.
• Bleeding around the spinal column (hematoma)
• Difficulty urinating.
• Drop in blood pressure.
• Infection in your spine (meningitis or abscess)
• Nerve damage.
• Seizures (this is rare)
• Severe headache.