anesthesia in surgery used in hospitals and various clinics for big and small surgical procedures. in this there are all types of anesthesia are described shortly.

1. • Yash Pratap Joshi
• Group:- 1
• Dr. Archil
Aladashvili

2. Anesthesia is a way to
control pain during a
surgery or procedure by
using medicine called
anesthetics. It can help
control your breathing,
blood pressure, blood
flow, and heart rate and
rhythm.
Anesthesia may be used
to relax you, block pain ,
make you sleepy or
forgetful and make you
unconscious for your
surgery.

3. Types of
Anesthesia

4. General anesthesia
General anesthesia acts
primarily on the brain and
central nervous system to
make the patient unconscious
and unaware. It is
administered via the patient's
circulatory system by a
combination of inhaled gas
and injected drugs. After the
initial injection, anesthesia is
maintained with inhaled gas
anesthetics and additional
drugs through an intravenous
line (IV)

5. LOCAL ANESTHESIA
 Is medicine given to
temporarily stop the
sense of pain in a
particular area of the
body. A patient
remains conscious
during a local
anesthetic. For minor
surgery, a local
anesthetic can be
administered via
injection to the site.
Retrobulbar block

6. Regional Anesthesia
Involves injection of a local
anesthetic (numbing agent) around
major nerves or the spinal cord to
block pain from a larger but still
limited part of the body. You will
likely receive medicine to help you
relax or sleep during surgery. Major
types of regional anesthesia include:-

7. 1)Spinal
often used for lower
abdominal, pelvic,
rectal, or lower
extremity surgery. This
type of anesthetic
involves injecting a
single dose of the
anesthetic agent directly
into the spinal cord in
the lower back, causing
numbness in the lower

8. 2) Epidural & caudal Anesthesia
This anesthetic is similar to
a spinal anesthetic and also
is commonly used for
surgery of the lower limbs
and during labor and
childbirth. This type of
anesthesia involves
continually infusing drugs
through a thin catheter that
has been placed into the
space that surrounds the
spinal cord in the lower back,
causing numbness in the

9. A local anesthetic is injected
near a specific nerve or
group of nerves to block
pain from the area of the
body supplied by the
nerve. Nerve blocks are
most commonly used for
procedures on the hands,
arms, feet, legs, or face.
Example - a Brachial Plexus
block may be used by your
anesthesiologist to provide
anesthesia to your entire
arm and shoulder.
Nerve blocks

11. Stages of anesthesia
 Stage 1 : (Induction, aka voluntary excitement) is the
period between the initial administration of the
induction agents and loss of consciousness. During
this stage, the patient progresses from analgesia
without amnesia to analgesia with amnesia. Patients
can carry on a conversation at this time.
 Stage 2 : (delirium, involuntary excitement) is the
period following loss of consciousness and marked by
excited and delirious activity. During this stage,
respirations and heart rate may become irregular. In
addition, there may be uncontrolled movements,
vomiting, breath holding, and papillary dilation.

12.  Stage 3 : (surgical anesthesia) During this stage, the
skeletal muscles relax, vomiting stops, and respiratory
depression occurs . Eye movements slow, then stop, the
patient is unconscious and ready for surgery. It has been
divided into 4 planes: -eyes initially rolling, then
becoming fixed -loss of corneal and laryngeal reflexes -
pupils dilate and loss of light reflex -intercostals
paralysis, shallow abdominal respiration
Stage 4 : "overdose“ Is the stage where too much
medication has been given relative to the amount of
surgical stimulation and the patient has severe brain
stem or medullary depression. This results in a cessation
of respiration and potential cardiovascular collapse. This
stage is lethal without cardiovascular and respiratory
support.

13. Drugs for general Anesthesia
Atracurium, Cisatracurium Besylate,
Enflurane, Ketamine, Methohexital,
Rapacuronium ect
Drugs for local & Regional Anesthesia
Articane HCl and Epinephrine,
Benzocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine
Bupivacaine

14. Risks and complications of anesthesia
Major side effects and other problems of anesthesia aren't
common, especially in people who are in good health.
 But all anesthesia has some risk. For example: After
general anesthesia heart problems, pneumonia, sore
throat, over vomiting can occur. With high doses of local
anesthesia, the anesthetic can go into the rest of the body
and affect your brain or heart. After spinal anesthesia
some people get headaches your risk depends on the type
of anesthesia.
Some health problems, such as heart or lung disease,
increase your chances of problems from anesthesia.
Taking certain medicines, smoking, drinking alcohol, and
using illegal drugs can also increase your chance of