This document discusses different types of anesthesia including local, regional, and general anesthesia. It provides details on common regional anesthesia techniques like spinal blocks, epidurals, and caudal blocks. It also describes local anesthesia techniques such as infiltration, nerve blocks, and intravenous regional anesthesia. The document discusses the mechanisms of local anesthetics and some potential complications as well as benefits of local and regional anesthesia compared to general anesthesia.
Regional anesthesia is anesthesia affecting only a specific area of the body when the patient is conscious, e.g. foot, arm, lower extremities, insensate to stimulus of surgery or other instrumentation.
Regional anesthesia is anesthesia affecting only a specific area of the body when the patient is conscious, e.g. foot, arm, lower extremities, insensate to stimulus of surgery or other instrumentation.
Local anaesthetics are drugs which upon topical application or local injection cause reversible loss of sensory perception, especially of pain in a localized area of the body.
– Block generation and conduction of nerve impulses at a localized site of contact without structural damage to neurons.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Local and regional anesthesia
1. Dr. Nisar Ahmed Arain
Assistant Professor
Anesthesia / Critical Care / ICU
LOCAL AND REGIONAL
ANAESTHESIA
2. Types of Anesthesia
--The administration of an anesthetic
agent is done in any part of the body
by local infiltration or topical application.
--It is used for minor procedures if the
patient’s co-operation and other relative
conditions acceptable and are normal.
Local anesthesia
3. Types of Anesthesia contd.
It is broadly defined as a reversible loss of
sensation in a specific area or region of the body
when a local anesthetic is injected to purposefully
block or anaesthetize nerve fibers in and around
the operative site.
Commonly R.A techniques include
1-Spinals (subarachnoid block)
2-Epidurals (extradural space)
3-Caudal blocks, and
4-Major peripheral nerve blocks.
Regional Anesthesia
4. Types of Anesthesia Care
Monitored anesthesia care (MAC)
-It is scheduled when an anesthesia provider’s
presence is necessary.
-The infiltration of the operative site with a local
anesthesia and supplements of local anesthesia
like IV drugs to provide sedation and systemic
analgesia. This additional medication may be
used to optimize the patient’s physiologic status.
-This also can be used for some procedures for
critically ill patients who may poorly tolerate a
general anesthetic without extensive invasive
monitoring and pharmacologic support.-
5. Types of Anesthesia Care contd.
-It is administered for specific short-term
surgical, diagnostic, and therapeutic
procedures within the hospital.
-It allows patients to tolerate unpleasant
procedures while maintaining adequate
cardio-respiratory function and the ability
to respond purposefully to verbal command.
Conscious sedation/analgesia
6. Conduction Anesthesia
--It is a comprehensive term which encompasses
a great variety of local and regional anesthetic
techniques.
--Conduction anesthesia allows patients to
undergo many surgical procedures without
significant pain or distress. In many situations,
such as cesarean section, conduction anesthesia
is safer and therefore superior to general
anesthesia. In other situations, either conduction
or general anesthesia are suitable. Anaesthetists
sometimes combine both techniques.
-Conduction anesthesia
7. Conduction Anesthesia contd.
Conduction anesthesia is also used
for relief of non-surgical pain, also to
enable diagnosis of the cause of
some chronic pain conditions.
The most common form of conduction
anesthesia is probably local
anesthesia to enable dental
procedures.
8. Clinical techniques include
Surface anesthesia - application of local
anesthetic spray, solution or cream to the skin
or a mucous membrane. The effect is short
lasting and is limited to the area of contact.
Infiltration anesthesia - injection of local
anesthetic into the tissue to be anesthetized.
Surface anesthesia and infiltration anesthesia
are collectively known as topical anesthesia.
Field block - subcutaneous injection of a local
anesthetic in an area bordering on the field to
be anesthetized.
11. Clinical techniques include
--Peripheral nerve blocks - injection of local
anesthetic agent is injected in the vicinity of a
peripheral nerve to anesthetize that nerve's area of
innervation.
--Plexus anesthesia - injection of local anesthetic
in the vicinity of a nerve plexus, often inside a
tissue compartment that limits the diffusion of the drug
away from the intended site of action. The anesthetic
effect extends to the innervation areas of several or all
nerves stemming from the plexus.
13. Clinical techniques include
Epidural anesthesia - A local anesthetic is injected
into the epidural space where it acts primarily on the
spinal nerve roots. Depending on the site of injection
and the volume injected, the anesthetized area
varies from limited areas of the abdomen or chest to
large regions of the body.
Spinal anesthesia - a local anesthetic is injected into
the cerebrospinal fluid, usually at the lumbar spine
(in the lower back), where it acts on spinal nerve
roots and part of the spinal cord. The resulting
anesthesia usually extends from the legs to the
abdomen.
18. Clinical techniques include
Blood circulation of a limb is interrupted
using a tourniquet (a device similar to a
blood pressure cuff) then a large volume
of local anesthetic is injected into a
peripheral vein.
The drug fills the limb's venous system
and diffuses into tissues where
peripheral nerves and nerve endings are
anesthetized.
The anesthetic effect is limited distal to the
cuff.
- Intravenous regional anesthesia
-(Bier's block)
20. Caudal Block
-Anatomy of Caudal Space
-Caudal analgesia is
produced by injection of
local anesthetic into the
caudal(sacral) canal. This
produces block of the sacral
and lumbar nerve roots. It is
useful as a supplement to
general anesthesia and for
provision of postoperative
analgesia. This technique is
popular in pediatric patients.
Catheter insertion may be
performed for continuous
caudal block.
-Caudal Block
22. Local Anesthetics
Local anesthetic agents can be defined as
drugs which are used clinically to produce
reversible loss of sensation in a
circumscribed area of the body.
Additional drugs include Beta-adrenoceptor
antagonists, opioid analgesics, anticonvulsants
and antihistamines.
Local anesthetic agents can be divided into two
groups on the basis of their chemical structure:
-amides: Lignocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine
- esters: Amethocaine, benzocaine, cocaine
amethocaine lozenges for the
oropharynx, cocaine for nasal surgery.
Most blocks take 5 – 20 minutes to work.
23. --The most common side effect of a block is
a temporary weakness or paralysis of the
affected area.
--The complications may arise when the L.A
is injected in the wrong place, e.g., 10-
20mls of L.A is injected into a vein by
mistake, it may cause convulsions and even
cardiac arrest.
-Complications or
-The potential side effects
24. L.A avoids some of the risks and
unpleasantness, such as nausea and
vomiting, which sometimes occurs with G.A.
L.A often lasts longer than the surgery,
providing pain relief for several hours after
operation.
L.A may reduce blood loss.
Some patients feel more “in control” when
they are awake during surgery.
-Why choose
-a Local or Regional Anesthesia