anesthesia in surgery used in hospitals and various clinics for big and small surgical procedures. in this there are all types of anesthesia are described shortly.
Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
This slide comprise the idea of General anesthesia, The intravenous and Inhalation Anesthetics- their mechanism and uses and effects on the organ system. Also the drug distribution and redistribution, MAC and pre-anesthetic medication with proper pictorial demonstration.
anesthesia in surgery used in hospitals and various clinics for big and small surgical procedures. in this there are all types of anesthesia are described shortly.
Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
This slide comprise the idea of General anesthesia, The intravenous and Inhalation Anesthetics- their mechanism and uses and effects on the organ system. Also the drug distribution and redistribution, MAC and pre-anesthetic medication with proper pictorial demonstration.
Imagine being awake at night, unable speak or move a single muscle while you have major surgery. It has happened before and it will happen again. Even though it is less common than 0.5%, this doesn't make it any easier for patients who are waiting in the holding area to plan their day.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Imagine being awake at night, unable speak or move a single muscle while you have major surgery. It has happened before and it will happen again. Even though it is less common than 0.5%, this doesn't make it any easier for patients who are waiting in the holding area to plan their day.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. WHAT IS ANESTHESIA ?
Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by
using drugs or gases called Anesthetics.
Anesthesia can help:
1. Control your blood pressure
2. Control your breathing
3. Control your blood flow, heart rate, and rythm
3. WHAT IS ANESTHESIA ?
Anesthesia maybe used as well to:
1. Relax you
2. Block your pain
3. Make you sleepy or forgetful
4. Make you unconscious for your surgery
4. WHY IS ANESTHESIA CRUCIAL ?!
Anesthetists evaluate patients before an operation
Determine suitable anesthetic plans
Anesthetist is required to obtain patients’ medical history, conduct
interviews with them and order required blood for transfusion
An anesthetic plan will consider the nature and duration of the
operation, patients’ health conditions and other technical support
factors
5. WHY IS ANESTHESIA CRUCIAL ?!
During surgery, the anaesthetist continues administering anesthetic
drugs or gases to the patient to keep him or her unconscious
throughout the operation
An anesthetist also monitors the patient’s heartbeat, blood pressure,
blood glucose level and oxygen level throughout the operation
He is alert to any unexpected and life-threatening development (such
as blood loss and allergic reaction)
6. WHY IS ANESTHESIA CRUCIAL ?!
Imagine yourself doing a surgery without anesthesia ?!
Laparatomy without anesthesia..
Brain or open heart surgery without anesthesia..
THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST IS THE ONE WHO MUST WATCH WHILE
OTHERS MUST SLEEP !!
7. TYPES OF ANESTHESIA
Main 4 types of Anesthesia:
1. General Anesthesia
2. Regional Anesthesia
3. Sedation (MAC = Monitored Anesthesia Care)
4. Local Anesthesia
8. GENERAL ANESTHESIA
General anesthesia is a combination of medications that put you in a sleep-
like state before a surgery or other medical procedure
Under general anesthesia, you don't feel pain because you're completely
unconscious
General anesthesia usually uses a combination of intravenous drugs and
inhaled gasses (anesthetics)
General anesthesia is more than just being asleep, though it will likely feel
that way to you
Anesthetized brain doesn't respond to pain signals or reflexes.
9. GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Acts primarily on the brain and CNS to make the patient unconscious
and unaware
Administered via patient’s circulatory system by a combination of
inhaled gases and injected drugs
After initial induction, anesthesia is maintened with inhaled gas
anesthetics and additional drugs through an intravenous line (IV)
11. STAGE1 - INDUCTION - VOLUNTARY
EXCITEMENT
Stage 1 is the period between initial administration of the induction
agents and loss of consciousness.
During this stage, the patient progresses from analgesia without
amnesia to analgesia with amnesia.
Patients can carry on a conversation at this time.
12. STAGE2 - DELIRIUM - INVOLUNTARY
EXCITEMENT
Is the period following loss of consciousness and marked by excited
and delirious activity.
During this stage:
1. Respirations and heart rate become irregular.
2. Uncontrolled movements
3. Breath holding
4. Papillary Dilatation
13. STAGE2 - DELIRIUM - INVOLUNTARY
EXCITEMENT
Combination of spastic
movements + irregular breathing
= Airway Compromise
Rapidly acting drugs are used to
minimize time in this stage
14. STAGE3 - SURGICAL ANESTHESIA
During this phase:
1. Skeletal muscles relax
2. Respiratory depression occurs
3. Eye movements slow and then stop
4. Patient becomes unconscious and ready for surgery
15. STAGE4 - OVERDOSE
Too much medication given
Patient has severe brain stem or medullary depression
Cessation of respiration and potential cardiovascular collapse
Lethal Stage without cardiovascular and respiratory support
16. REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
Regional anesthesia is a type of pain management for surgery that
numbs a large part of the body, such as from the waist down.
The medication is delivered through an injection or small tube called
a catheter.
Includes:
1. Spinal anesthesia
2. Epidural Anesthesia
3. Nerve Blocks
17. SPINAL ANESTHESIA
Spinal anesthesia is a type of neuraxial anesthesia
Local anesthetic (LA) is injected into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the
lumbar spine to anesthetize nerves that exit the spinal cord
Spinal anesthesia is most commonly used for anesthesia and/or
analgesia for a variety of lower extremity, lower abdominal, pelvic,
and perineal procedures
24. EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
An epidural is a procedure that involves injecting a medication, either
an anesthetic or a steroid into the epidural space.
The goal of an epidural procedure is to provide pain relief (analgesia)
or a complete lack of feeling (anesthesia) for one region of your body,
such as your legs or belly.
28. INTERSCALENE BLOCK
Anesthesia and analgesia for surgery on shoulder, distal clavicle and
proximal humerus.
Transducer placement over external jugular vein approximately 3cm
above clavicle
Brachial plexus C5 C6 C7 nerve roots
31. AXILLARY NERVE BLOCK
Anesthesia nad analgesia for surgery on forearm and hand (AV
fistula, Ulna radius ORIF, hand ORIF, Carpal tunnel … )
Transducer placement perpendicular to humerus in the axillary fossa
at intersection between pectoralis and biceps muscles
34. FEMORAL NERVE BLOCK
Surgery on femur, anterior thigh and knee, patella fracture,
quadriceps tendon repair.
Transducer Placement in femoral crease parallel and inferior to
inguinal ligament.
Can be done as well with nerve stimulator without ultrasound.
35. SCIATIC NERVE BLOCK
Anesthesia and analgesia for surgeries below knee
Transducer placement transverse 4-5cm above popliteal crease
Can be done as well with nerve stimulator without ultrasound.
37. PARAVERTEBRAL NERVE BLOCK
A paravertebral block is essentially a unilateral block of the spinal
nerve including:
1. Dorsal and ventral rami
2. Sympathetic chain ganglion.
These blocks can be performed at any vertebral level
Most commonly performed at the thoracic level because of anatomic
considerations
39. PUEDENDAL NERVE BLOCK
A pudendal nerve block aims to block the nerve as it enters the lesser
sciatic foramen, 1 cm inferior and medial relative to the attachment of
the sacrospinous ligament to the ischial spine.
Different anatomical approaches are utilized to achieve successful
PNB
41. BENZODIAZEPINES – MIDAZOLAM
(DORMICUM)
The actions of benzodiazepines are due to the potentiation of the neural
inhibition that is mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
All effects of the benzodiazepines result from their actions on the ionotropic
GABA(A) receptors in the central nervous system.
The main effects of benzodiazepines are:
1. Sedation and hypnosis
2. Decreased anxiety
3. Anterograde amnesia
4. Centrally mediated muscle relaxation and anti-convulsant activity.
42. MIDAZOLAM
Benzodiazepines have a dose-dependent ventilatory depressant effect.
Cause a modest reduction in arterial blood pressure and an increase in heart
rate as a result of a decrease of systemic vascular resistance.
The benzodiazepines, widely used in clinical anaesthesia, are the agonists:
1. Midazolam
2. Diazepam
3. Lorazepam
The antagonist flumazenil
43. FENTANYL
Fentanyl, a potent lipid-soluble opioid which was first synthesized
more than 40 years ago, is still the most popular opioid used in the
perioperative period throughout the world.
Intravenous fentanyl is often used for anesthesia and to treat pain
To induce anesthesia, it is given with a sedative-hypnotic,
like propofol, and a muscle relaxant.
To maintain anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics and additional fentanyl
may be used
44. PROPOFOL
Propofol slows the activity of your brain and nervous system
Propofol is used to put you to sleep and keep you asleep during
general anesthesia for surgery or other medical procedures
It is used in adults as well as children
Propofol is also used to sedate a patient who is under critical care and
needs a mechanical ventilator (breathing machine)
47. QUESTIONS - MCQS
The antidote of benzodiazepines is :
1. Midazolam
2. Naloxone
3. Flumazenil
4. Propofol
The mixture of fentanyl and dormicum give an:
1. Additive effect
2. Synergistic effect
3. Antagonist effect
4. No effect
48. QUESTIONS - MCQS
Axillary nerve block includes blocking all of the following nerves except:
1. Median Nerve
2. Ulnar Nerve
3. Radial Nerve
4. Saphenous Nerve
All of the following are true about epidural except:
1. Central neruaxial block
2. Faster than spinal
3. Depends on the volume of the local anesthetic given
4. Is absolutely contraindicated in septic patients
49. QUESTIONS - MCQS
The 3rd stage of general anesthesia is:
1. Excitement
2. Surgical anesthesia
3. Medullary paralysis
4. Analgesia
