Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
definition of pain - classification - categories and different clinical types of pain - assessment of pain and how to manage using pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
definition of pain - classification - categories and different clinical types of pain - assessment of pain and how to manage using pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention
Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, and unconsciousness.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes.
Local anesthetics block the nerves that connect a particular body part or region to the brain, preventing the nerves from carrying pain signals to your brain. Examples include novocaine shots, which dentists use to numb the nerves in your mouth during a root canal, and epidurals, which allow for a (relatively) painless childbirth by blocking the nerves that originate at the base of the spinal cord and serve the pelvic region.
For serious surgeries that require a patient to be completely unaware, doctors turn to general anesthesia. This renders patients unconscious with no perception or memory of the surgery (though pain from the surgical procedure will be apparent once you wake up). It also limits the physiological responses to surgical cuts, keeping blood pressure, stress hormone release and heart rate constant during the procedure.
Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They're usually formed as a result of inflammation caused by the bacteria H. pylori, as well as from erosion from stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are a fairly common health problem.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. It's used for people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance.
Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, and unconsciousness.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes.
Local anesthetics block the nerves that connect a particular body part or region to the brain, preventing the nerves from carrying pain signals to your brain. Examples include novocaine shots, which dentists use to numb the nerves in your mouth during a root canal, and epidurals, which allow for a (relatively) painless childbirth by blocking the nerves that originate at the base of the spinal cord and serve the pelvic region.
For serious surgeries that require a patient to be completely unaware, doctors turn to general anesthesia. This renders patients unconscious with no perception or memory of the surgery (though pain from the surgical procedure will be apparent once you wake up). It also limits the physiological responses to surgical cuts, keeping blood pressure, stress hormone release and heart rate constant during the procedure.
Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They're usually formed as a result of inflammation caused by the bacteria H. pylori, as well as from erosion from stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are a fairly common health problem.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. It's used for people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance.
anesthesia in surgery used in hospitals and various clinics for big and small surgical procedures. in this there are all types of anesthesia are described shortly.
This slide comprise the idea of General anesthesia, The intravenous and Inhalation Anesthetics- their mechanism and uses and effects on the organ system. Also the drug distribution and redistribution, MAC and pre-anesthetic medication with proper pictorial demonstration.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a
surgery or procedure by using medicine
called anesthetics. It can help control your
breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and
heart rate and rhythm.
3. Anesthesia may be used to relax
you, block pain , make you sleepy
or forgetful and make you .
unconscious for your surgery.
Besides general anesthesia, other
forms of anesthesia may provide
only light sedation or use injections
to numb only a small area (local
anesthesia) or a larger region
(regional anesthesia) of your body.
4. What are the risks and complications
of anesthesia?
Major side effects and other problems
of anesthesia aren't common, especially
in people who are in good health.
5. But all anesthesia has some risk.
For example:
After general anesthesia heart problems,
pneumonia, sore throat, over vomiting can occur.
With high doses of local anesthesia, the
anesthetic can go into the rest of the body and
affect your brain or heart.
After spinal anesthesia some people
get headaches your risk depends on
the type of anesthesia
6. Some health problems, such
as heart or lung disease,
increase your chances of
problems from anesthesia.
Taking certain medicines,
smoking, drinking alcohol,
and using illegal drugs can
also increase your chance of
problems.
8. Stage 1 :
(Induction, aka voluntary
excitement)
is the period between the initial
administration of the induction
agents and loss of consciousness.
During this stage, the patient
progresses from analgesia without
amnesia to analgesia with amnesia.
Patients can carry on a
conversation at this time.
9. Stage 2 :
(delirium, involuntary excitement)
is the period following loss of
consciousness and marked by excited and
delirious activity. During this stage,
respirations and heart rate may become
irregular. In addition, there may be
uncontrolled movements, vomiting, breath
holding, and papillary dilation.
10. Since the combination of spastic movements,
vomiting, and irregular respirations may lead to
airway compromise, rapidly acting drugs are used to
minimize time in this stage and reach stage 3 as fast as
possible.
11. "surgical anesthesia":Stage 3
During this stage, the skeletal muscles relax, vomiting
stops, and respiratory depression occurs .
Eye movements slow, then stop, the patient is
unconscious and ready for surgery.
It has been divided into 4 planes:
-eyes initially rolling, then becoming fixed
-loss of corneal and laryngeal reflexes
-pupils dilate and loss of light reflex
-intercostals paralysis, shallow abdominal respiration
12. Stage 4 : "overdose“
Is the stage where too much medication has
been given relative to the amount of surgical
stimulation and the patient has severe brain
stem or medullary depression. This results in a
cessation of respiration and potential
cardiovascular collapse. This stage is lethal
without cardiovascular and respiratory support.
14. General Anesthesia :
General anesthesia acts primarily on the
brain and central nervous system to make
the patient unconscious and unaware.
15. It is administered via the patient's
circulatory system by a combination of
inhaled gas and injected drugs.
After the initial injection, anesthesia is
maintained with inhaled gas anesthetics
and additional drugs through an
intravenous line (IV) .
16. Local Anesthesia :
is medicine given to temporarily stop the sense
of pain in a particular area of the body. A patient
remains conscious during a local anesthetic. For
minor surgery, a local anesthetic can be
administered via injection to the site..
17. However, when a large area needs to
be numbed, or if a local anesthetic
injection will not penetrate deep
enough, physicians may resort to
regional anesthetics
18. Regional Anesthesia :
involves injection of a local
anesthetic (numbing agent) around
major nerves or the spinal cord to
block pain from a larger but still
limited part of the body. You will
likely receive medicine to help you
relax or sleep during surgery. Major
types of regional anesthesia include:
19. Spinal :
often used for lower abdominal, pelvic,
rectal, or lower extremity surgery. This type
of anesthetic involves injecting a single dose
of the anesthetic agent directly into the
spinal cord in the lower back, causing
numbness in the lower body.
20. Epidural, and caudal anesthesia:
this anesthetic is similar to a spinal
anesthetic and also is commonly used for
surgery of the lower limbs and during
labor and childbirth.
21. This type of anesthesia involves
continually infusing drugs through a
thin catheter that has been placed into
the space that surrounds the spinal cord
in the lower back, causing numbness in
the lower body.
22. Nerve blocks :
A local anesthetic is injected near a specific
nerve or group of nerves to block pain from
the area of the body supplied by the nerve.
23. Nerve blocks are most commonly used for
procedures on the hands, arms, feet, legs, or
face. Example - a Brachial Plexus block may be
used by your anesthesiologist to provide
anesthesia to your entire arm and shoulder.
24. Drugs for General Anesthesia
Atracurium :
is a neuromuscular-blocking agent, used
as an adjuvant in anesthesia. This
medication provides relaxation of skeletal
muscles during surgery.
25. Cisatracurium Besylate :
is a neuromuscular blocking agent, used as an
adjunct to general anesthesia .
Desflurane :
is a general anesthetic, prescribed for
induction of anesthesia during surgery.
26. Enflurane :
is a structural isomer of isoflurane, prescribed for
induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
Halothane :
is an inhalational general anesthetic, prescribed for
the induction and maintenance of general
anesthesia
27. Ketamine :
is a hydrochloride salt, used as an anesthetic.
Hyoscyamine :
is an anticholinergic agent, used as pain killer (Belladonna
alkaloid). It blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during
anesthesia induction and intubation, used to relax muscles.
28. Methohexital :
is a barbiturate anesthetic, prescribed for inducing anesthesia before
surgery.
Propofol :
is a general anesthetic, prescribed for induction and maintenance of
general anaesthesia
29. Rapacuronium :
is a neuromuscular blocker, prescribed as an adjunct
to general anesthesia to facilitate tracheal
intubations.
Rocuronium :
is a neuromuscular blocker, prescribed as an adjunct
to general anesthesia for muscle relaxation and to
provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or
external breathing.
30. Sevoflurane :
is a halogenated hydrocarbon, acts as a general
anesthetic during surgery either alone or combined
with other medications. It is given by inhalation. This
helps to produce more effective anesthesia in some
patients.
Succinylcholine :
is a depolarizing muscle relaxant, used for induction
and maintenance of general anesthesia
31. Drugs for Local Anesthesia
Articane HCl and Epinephrine:
Injection is a local dental anesthetic, used as an
anesthesia for dental procedures.
32. Benzocaine :
is a local anesthetic used to treat painful conditions such as
mouth ulcers, sore throat, before inserting instruments into
the rectum or vagina for examination.
Bupivacaine:
is a local anesthetic, used for surgery and for obstetrical
procedures.
33. Lidocaine:
is a local anesthetic, indicated for
local or regional anesthesia.
Lidocaine and Prilocaine :
is a dermal anesthesia, prescribed for tingling,
pricking or numbness of a person's skin.
34. Mepivacaine:
is a local anesthetic, prescribed for inducing local or regional
analgesia and anesthesia during surgical procedures, labor, or
delivery.
Oxethazaine :
is a potent local anesthetic, prescribed for rapid and effective
relief in gastritis, esophagitis, hiatus hernia, heartburn of
pregnancy and peptic ulcer.
35. Bupivacaine :
is a local anesthetic, used for surgery and for
obstetrical procedures.
Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia
